CN113070464A - Aluminum-based porous composite material, preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Aluminum-based porous composite material, preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D23/00—Casting processes not provided for in groups B22D1/00 - B22D21/00
- B22D23/04—Casting by dipping
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F1/00—Springs
- F16F1/02—Springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction; Wound, torsion, leaf, cup, ring or the like springs, the material of the spring not being relevant
- F16F1/021—Springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction; Wound, torsion, leaf, cup, ring or the like springs, the material of the spring not being relevant characterised by their composition, e.g. comprising materials providing for particular spring properties
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F1/00—Springs
- F16F1/02—Springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction; Wound, torsion, leaf, cup, ring or the like springs, the material of the spring not being relevant
- F16F1/025—Springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction; Wound, torsion, leaf, cup, ring or the like springs, the material of the spring not being relevant characterised by having a particular shape
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Abstract
The invention discloses an aluminum-based porous composite material, a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of composite materials. The preparation method of the aluminum-based porous composite material comprises the following steps: laying a plurality of groups of composite blank raw materials in a mould layer by layer and carrying out cold press molding to obtain a prefabricated blank; pressurizing and infiltrating the prefabricated blank body by adopting an aluminum melt; the raw materials of the multiple groups of composite blank bodies comprise aluminum material powder and hollow microspheres, and the ratio of the aluminum material powder to the hollow microspheres in the two adjacent groups of composite blank body raw materials is different. The composite material with the hollow microspheres distributed in a gradient or periodic manner can be prepared by the preparation method, the interlayer interface combination is good, the continuous transmission of impact load is facilitated, and the material has more excellent buffering and energy-absorbing performance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of composite materials, in particular to an aluminum-based porous composite material, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
At present, the impact-resistant, shock-absorbing and energy-absorbing protective material has wide application requirements in the fields of aerospace, industrial construction, automobile safety, nuclear power chemical industry, public safety and the like. The aluminum-based porous composite material is a novel buffering energy-absorbing material taking hollow microspheres as holes and aluminum alloy as a matrix, and has the advantages of light weight, high specific strength, high rigidity, functional designability and the like. The aluminum-based porous composite material shows excellent stress platform effect under dynamic load, has obviously improved energy absorption performance compared with foamed aluminum, and accords with the material selection and development trend of new materials in the field of impact protection engineering materials.
In the application of impact resistance protection, the buffering energy-absorbing protection material is applied to various complex environments from quasi-static state to dynamic load, and the energy absorption process of the protection material is required to be as mild as possible in order to ensure the high-efficiency safety of a protected structure. However, the existing aluminum-based porous composite material always has a large stress peak value when being impacted, and each micro-area component tends to be crushed in a short-time linkage manner, so that the impact energy is not favorably alleviated and absorbed.
In view of this, the invention is particularly proposed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an aluminum-based porous composite material and a preparation method thereof, and aims to improve the buffering and energy-absorbing performance of the composite material.
The invention also aims to provide application of the aluminum-based porous composite material in preparing a buffering energy-absorbing material.
The invention is realized by the following steps:
in a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing an aluminum-based porous composite material, comprising:
laying a plurality of groups of composite blank raw materials in a mould layer by layer and carrying out cold press molding to obtain a prefabricated blank;
pressurizing and infiltrating the prefabricated blank body by adopting an aluminum melt;
the raw materials of the multiple groups of composite blank bodies comprise aluminum material powder and hollow microspheres, and the ratio of the aluminum material powder to the hollow microspheres in the two adjacent groups of composite blank body raw materials is different.
In a second aspect, the invention provides an aluminum-based porous composite material prepared by the preparation method.
In a third aspect, the invention provides an application of the aluminum-based porous composite material in preparing a buffering energy-absorbing material.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention mixes aluminum material powder and hollow microspheres with different proportions to obtain a plurality of groups of composite blank raw materials, lays the plurality of groups of composite blank raw materials in a mould layer by layer and carries out cold press molding to obtain a prefabricated blank, and then carries out pressure infiltration by matching with aluminum melt. The composite material with the hollow microspheres distributed in a gradient or periodic manner can be prepared by the preparation method, the interlayer interface combination is good, the continuous transmission of impact load is facilitated, and the material has more excellent buffering and energy-absorbing performance.
The inventor creatively discovers that: due to the macroscopic isotropy of the porous composite material with the single structure, a larger stress peak value always exists when the porous composite material is impacted, and the components of each micro-area tend to be crushed in a linkage manner in a short time, so that the porous composite material is not beneficial to the relaxation and absorption of impact energy. The invention introduces gradient distribution in the structure to form function gradient, effectively reduces local stress concentration when receiving impact load, and has time delay effect on impact wave, thereby better buffering and energy absorption.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it should be understood that the following drawings only illustrate some embodiments of the present invention and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope, and for those skilled in the art, other related drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without inventive efforts.
FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the internal structure of a composite material prepared in example 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the internal structure of a composite material prepared in example 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing the internal structure of a composite material prepared in example 3;
fig. 5 is a schematic view of the internal structure of the composite material prepared in example 4.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.
The embodiment of the invention provides a preparation method of an aluminum-based porous composite material, and refers to fig. 1, the method comprises the steps of preparing a plurality of groups of composite blank raw materials by using aluminum material powder and hollow microspheres with different proportions as main raw materials, paving the plurality of groups of composite blank raw materials in a mold layer by layer according to a pre-designed gradient or arrangement rule of the hollow microspheres, carrying out cold press molding, and filling an aluminum melt in gaps of a prefabricated blank body by matching with a pressure infiltration technology.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
s1 preparation of composite blank raw material
According to the pre-designed distribution rule of the hollow microspheres, the aluminum material powder and the hollow microspheres with different proportions are respectively mixed to obtain a plurality of groups of composite blank raw materials. Specifically, the raw material of the composite green body is obtained by mixing aluminum material powder, hollow microspheres and an inorganic binder, and the aluminum material powder and the hollow microspheres are bonded into a whole by the binder, so that the subsequent laying is facilitated.
In a preferred embodiment, the aluminum material powder and the hollow microspheres are mixed for 2 to 4 hours, and then the inorganic binder is added for mixing for 4 to 12 hours. The aluminum material powder and the hollow microspheres are uniformly mixed, and then the inorganic binder is added for bonding, so that the distribution uniformity of the hollow microspheres is improved.
Furthermore, the addition amount of the inorganic binder is 3-5% of the total mass of the aluminum material powder and the hollow microspheres, and the effective mixing of the aluminum material powder and the hollow microspheres can be realized under the condition of the addition amount. Specifically, the inorganic binder is selected from at least one of liquid silicates, phosphates and borates; preferably a liquid silicate; more preferably a water glass binder.
It should be noted that the water glass binder is a soluble inorganic silicate, and is easy to undergo condensation polymerization reaction with carbon dioxide in the air to generate polysilicate with higher modulus and molecular weight, and meanwhile, due to volatilization of water in the water glass, the concentration of the silicate is increased, so that the occurrence of condensation polymerization reaction is accelerated, the effect of curing the blank is realized, finally, a-Si-O-Si-net-shaped skeleton gel structure is formed, high-permeability porosity is formed after water is completely volatilized, and the characteristics of through holes among blank raw material powders are retained, so that the subsequent aluminum melt infiltration of the blank is not affected.
Further, the hollow microspheres are selected from at least one of ceramic hollow microspheres, glass hollow microspheres and metal hollow microspheres with melting points higher than that of the aluminum material; the aluminum material powder is selected from at least one selected from the group consisting of 1 xxx-series aluminum alloys, 2 xxx-series aluminum alloys, 3 xxx-series aluminum alloys, 4 xxx-series aluminum alloys, 5 xxx-series aluminum alloys, 6 xxx-series aluminum alloys, and 7 xxx-series aluminum alloys, such as 1100 aluminum powder, 5a03 aluminum powder, 4032 aluminum powder, and 7075 aluminum powder. The hollow microspheres and the aluminum material powder are all suitable for the preparation method provided by the embodiment of the invention and are used for preparing the aluminum-based porous composite material.
The grain size of the hollow microsphere and the aluminum material powder can be selected widely, the grain size of the hollow microsphere is 16-1000 meshes, the grain size of the aluminum material powder is 150-1000 meshes, and gradient composite materials with different grain size distributions can be formed.
In some embodiments, the composite green body feedstock used to prepare the preform green body is selected from at least two of a high porosity feedstock, a mesoporous feedstock, and a low porosity feedstock; wherein, the volume fraction of the hollow microspheres in the high-porosity raw material is 60-90%, the volume fraction of the hollow microspheres in the medium-porosity raw material is 30-60%, and the volume fraction of the hollow microspheres in the low-porosity raw material is less than 30%. Specifically, the integral number of the hollow microspheres refers to the proportion of the volume of the hollow microspheres in the total volume of the two main raw materials when the raw materials are weighed.
It should be noted that the plurality of groups of composite green body raw materials may include three raw materials, i.e., a high-porosity raw material, a medium-porosity raw material and a low-porosity raw material, or may include only two raw materials, i.e., a 1-n group of high-porosity raw materials and a 1-n group of medium-porosity raw materials, e.g., a 1-n group of high-porosity raw materials and a 1-n group of low-porosity raw materials, e.g., a 1-n group of medium-porosity raw materials and a 1-n group of low-porosity. That is, the total number of the raw materials of the composite blank is not limited, and the number of the raw materials of each kind is also not limited, and the raw materials can be configured according to a preset design rule.
Preferably, the high-porosity raw material is prepared by mixing aluminum material powder with small particle size and hollow microspheres with different particle sizes, and the aluminum material powder with small particle size has a particle size of 800-1000 meshes so as to fill the small-particle size hollow microspheres in the gaps of the large-particle size hollow microspheres.
S2, forming of prefabricated blank
And paving a plurality of groups of composite blank raw materials in a mould layer by layer and carrying out cold press molding to obtain a prefabricated blank, wherein the operation pressure of the cold press molding is 5-30MPa, and the operation pressure of the cold press molding is not too high so as to form a certain pore, and impregnating the pore with an aluminum melt.
The number of the layers paved by the composite green body raw materials is 2-10, and can be 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and the like, and the specific number of the layers is not limited.
In some embodiments, drying is performed after cold press forming to remove moisture from the binder to provide a cleaner composite. The drying temperature is 60-100 ℃, and the drying time is 4-12h, so as to more fully remove the water in the binder.
S3 preparation of aluminum melt
The aluminum melt is obtained by melting an aluminum material having the same composition as the aluminum material powder, so that the components of the introduced aluminum melt and the aluminum material powder are the same.
In some embodiments, the smelting temperature is 700-.
S4 impregnation composite
And (3) pressurizing and infiltrating the prefabricated blank body by adopting the aluminum melt, so as to compactly fill the gap of the prefabricated blank body by adopting the aluminum melt. The process of pressure infiltration includes: and heating the prefabricated blank body to 550-650 ℃, preheating for 1-3h, pouring the aluminum melt into the prefabricated blank body, applying pressure and maintaining the pressure until natural cooling is performed, so that the aluminum melt is fully filled into the gap of the prefabricated blank body.
In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of the applied pressure to the compressive strength of the hollow microspheres during pressure infiltration is 70-80: 100. The applied pressure needs to be set according to the compressive strength of the hollow microspheres, and is generally preferably 20 to 30 percent less than the compressive strength of the hollow microspheres. If the applied pressure is too large, the hollow microspheres can be broken, so that the porosity is too low, and the buffering and energy-absorbing performance of the composite material is influenced; if the applied pressure is too low, the filling effect of the aluminum melt is not sufficiently dense.
It is to be noted that, if two or more types of hollow microspheres are selected, the magnitude of the applied pressure is determined based on the hollow microspheres having a small compressive strength.
Optionally, after the hold pressure time is over, cooling and demolding are performed. The cooling method is not limited, and a natural cooling method may be used.
S5, heat treatment
In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of carrying out heat treatment on the composite material after the pressure impregnation, wherein the heat treatment schedule is matched with the type of the aluminum material powder. If the 1100 aluminum alloy is not heat-treatable strengthened, heat treatment is not needed; such as 4032 aluminum alloy, is subjected to a T6 heat treatment for further strengthening.
The embodiment of the invention also provides an aluminum-based porous composite material prepared by the preparation method. The invention realizes the construction of the internal structure gradient of the aluminum-based porous composite material by regulating the ladder-type arrangement of the volume fraction and the grain size distribution of the hollow microspheres, and the volume fraction or the grain size distribution of the hollow microspheres in the prepared aluminum-based porous composite material is in gradient distribution or periodic arrangement along the axial direction.
It should be noted that the aluminum-based porous composite material prepared by the embodiment of the invention introduces gradient distribution in the structure to form a function gradient, effectively reduces local stress concentration when being subjected to impact load, and has a delay effect on impact waves, so that the aluminum-based porous composite material can better buffer and absorb energy, and can be applied to the preparation of buffer and energy-absorbing materials.
The features and properties of the present invention are described in further detail below with reference to examples.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a preparation method of an aluminum-based porous composite material, which comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a composite blank raw material: respectively weighing 1100 aluminum powder with the mesh size of 200-400 meshes and Al with the mesh size of 60-150 meshes according to the volume fractions of 20%, 40% and 60% of the hollow microspheres2O3The ceramic hollow microspheres (the compressive strength is 38MPa), one group of raw materials are weighed according to each group of volume fractions, each group of raw materials are respectively put into a mixer to be mixed for 2 hours, and then the water glass binder with the mass fraction of 5% (namely the mass fraction of the water glass binder occupies 5% of the total mass of the hollow microspheres and the aluminum powder) is added to be mixed for 4 hours.
(2) Forming a prefabricated blank body: and (2) paving the uniformly mixed blank raw materials in the step (1) in the steel mould layer by layer from bottom to top along the axial direction of the steel mould according to the sequence of the integral number of the hollow microspheres from low to high, cold-pressing the blank into a blank under the condition of the pressure of 30MPa, then placing the blank in a constant-temperature drying box for drying to remove residual binder, drying at the temperature of 100 ℃, preserving heat for 4 hours, and then placing the mould filled with the blank in an electric furnace to obtain a prefabricated blank.
(3) Smelting an aluminum material matrix: smelting an aluminum material at the temperature of 700 ℃ for 4h to obtain an aluminum matrix melt; wherein the aluminum material is 1100 aluminum block.
(4) And (3) putting the die with the prefabricated blank in the step (2) into an electric furnace by adopting a pressure infiltration composite technology, heating to 600 ℃ for preheating for 2h, then pouring the aluminum matrix melt obtained in the step (3) into the gradient aluminum matrix porous composite prefabricated blank, pressurizing and infiltrating, keeping the pressure at 30MPa, naturally cooling, and demolding to obtain the gradient aluminum matrix porous composite with the volume fraction of the three-layer hollow microspheres gradually decreasing.
As shown in fig. 2, the aluminum melt densely fills the gap of the preform body during the pressure infiltration compounding process, and is detected as follows: the volume fractions of the three layers of hollow microspheres of the gradient aluminum-based porous composite material prepared in the embodiment, which are gradually decreased from top to bottom, are 55.6%, 36.7% and 18.2% respectively.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a preparation method of an aluminum-based porous composite material, which comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a composite blank raw material: respectively weighing 1000-mesh 5A03 aluminum powder with the mesh size of 800-sand-screen according to the volume fractions of 35%, 55% and 75% of the hollow microspheres, and glass hollow microspheres (the compressive strengths of 42MPa and 110MPa respectively) with the mesh sizes of 150-400-mesh and 500-1000-mesh, wherein the volume fraction ratio of 150-400-mesh to 500-1000-mesh in the composite raw material with the volume fraction of 35% of the hollow microspheres is 2: 1; in the composite raw material with the hollow microspheres volume fraction of 55%, the volume fraction ratio of 150-400 meshes to 500-1000 meshes is 1: 1; in the composite raw material with the hollow microspheres volume fraction of 75%, the volume fraction ratio of 150-400 meshes to 500-1000 meshes is 1: 2; and weighing a group of raw materials according to the volume fraction of each group, respectively putting each group of raw materials into a mixer for mixing for 4 hours, and then adding a water glass binder with the mass fraction of 5% for mixing for 12 hours.
(2) Forming a prefabricated blank body: and (2) paving the uniformly mixed blank raw materials in the step (1) in a steel mould layer by layer from bottom to top along the axial direction of the steel mould according to the sequence of the integral number of the hollow microspheres from low to high, cold-pressing the blank into a blank under the condition of 10MPa, then placing the blank in a constant-temperature drying box for drying to remove residual binder, drying at the temperature of 60 ℃, and preserving heat for 12 hours to obtain a prefabricated blank.
(3) Smelting an aluminum material matrix: smelting an aluminum material at the temperature of 800 ℃ for 2h to obtain an aluminum matrix melt; wherein the aluminum material is 5A03 aluminum block.
(4) And (3) putting the die with the prefabricated blank in the step (2) into an electric furnace by adopting a pressure infiltration composite technology, heating to 550 ℃, preheating for 1h, then pouring the aluminum matrix melt obtained in the step (3) into the prefabricated blank of the gradient aluminum-based porous composite material, pressurizing and infiltrating under the pressure of 30MPa, keeping the pressure until natural cooling, and demolding to obtain the gradient aluminum-based porous composite material with the volume fraction of three-layer hollow microspheres graded by two hollow microspheres with different particle sizes gradually decreasing.
(5) And (3) heat treatment: according to a low-temperature annealing heat treatment schedule of 5A03 aluminum alloy, the composite material is kept at the temperature of 300 ℃ for 1h and cooled in air.
As shown in fig. 3, the volume fractions of the hollow microspheres of the three-layer aluminum-based porous composite material with a hollow microsphere gradation gradually decreasing are 72.3%, 53.6% and 33.8% from top to bottom, respectively.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a preparation method of an aluminum-based porous composite material, which comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a composite blank raw material: according to the volume fraction of the hollow microspheres of 20 percent and 60 percent, 4032 aluminum powder with the mesh size of 200-400 meshes and iron hollow microspheres (the compressive strength is 65MPa) with the mesh size of 16-30 meshes are respectively weighed, two groups of raw materials are respectively weighed under each group of volume fraction, each group of raw materials are respectively put into a mixer to be mixed for 3 hours, and then, a water glass binder with the mass fraction of 3 percent is added to be mixed for 8 hours.
(2) Forming a prefabricated blank body: and (2) paving the uniformly mixed blank raw materials in the step (1) in a steel mould layer by layer from bottom to top along the axial direction of the steel mould according to the sequence that the volume fraction of the hollow microspheres of the raw materials is 20% -60% -20% -60%, cold-pressing the blank into a blank under the condition that the pressure is 25MPa, then placing the blank in a constant-temperature drying box to be dried to remove residual binder, drying at the temperature of 80 ℃, and preserving the heat for 8 hours to obtain a prefabricated blank.
(3) Smelting an aluminum material matrix: smelting an aluminum material for 4 hours at the temperature of 750 ℃ to obtain an aluminum matrix melt; wherein the aluminum material is 4032 aluminum block.
(4) And (3) putting the die with the prefabricated blank in the step (2) into an electric furnace by adopting a pressure infiltration composite technology, heating to 650 ℃, preheating for 3h, then pouring the aluminum matrix melt obtained in the step (3) into the gradient aluminum matrix porous composite prefabricated blank, pressurizing and infiltrating, keeping the pressure at 50MPa, naturally cooling, and demolding to obtain the gradient aluminum matrix porous composite with the volume fraction of the four layers of hollow microspheres changing periodically.
(5) And (3) heat treatment: according to the heat treatment schedule of 4032 aluminum alloy T6, the composite material is subjected to solution treatment at 520 ℃ for 1h, and then artificial aging at 170 ℃ for 3.5 h.
As shown in fig. 4, the volume fractions of the four layers of hollow microspheres of the gradient aluminum-based porous composite material prepared in this example are periodically changed, and the volume fractions of the hollow microspheres from top to bottom are 54.3%, 17.4%, 55.1% and 18.0%, respectively.
Example 4
The embodiment provides a preparation method of an aluminum-based porous composite material, which comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a composite blank raw material: respectively weighing 7075 aluminum powder with the granularity of 800-1000 meshes and glass hollow microspheres (the compressive strength is 42MPa and 110MPa respectively) with the granularity of 150-400 meshes and 500-1000 meshes according to the volume fractions of 35% and 75% of the hollow microspheres, wherein the volume fraction ratio of 150-400 meshes to 500-1000 meshes in the composite raw material with the volume fraction of 35% of the hollow microspheres is 2: 1; in the composite raw material with the hollow microspheres volume fraction of 75%, the volume fraction ratio of 150-400 meshes to 500-1000 meshes is 1: 2; and (3) weighing two groups of raw materials according to the volume fraction of each group, respectively putting each group of raw materials into a mixer for mixing for 4 hours, and then adding a water glass binder with the mass fraction of 5% for mixing for 12 hours.
(2) Forming a prefabricated blank body: and (2) paving the uniformly mixed blank raw materials in the step (1) in a steel mould layer by layer from bottom to top along the axial direction of the steel mould according to the sequence that the volume fraction of the hollow microspheres of the raw materials is 35% -75% -35% -75%, cold-pressing the blank into a blank under the condition that the pressure is 5MPa, then placing the blank in a constant-temperature drying box to be dried to remove residual binder, drying at the temperature of 100 ℃, and preserving heat for 6 hours to obtain a prefabricated blank.
(3) Smelting an aluminum material matrix: smelting an aluminum material at the temperature of 850 ℃ for 2h to obtain an aluminum matrix melt; wherein the aluminum material is 7075 aluminum block.
(4) And (3) putting the die with the prefabricated blank in the step (2) into an electric furnace by adopting a pressure infiltration composite technology, heating to 550 ℃, preheating for 2h, then pouring the aluminum matrix melt obtained in the step (3) into the prefabricated blank of the gradient aluminum-based porous composite material, pressurizing and infiltrating under the pressure of 30MPa, keeping the pressure until natural cooling, and demolding to obtain the gradient aluminum-based porous composite material with the volume fraction of four layers of hollow microspheres graded by two different particle sizes and periodically changing.
(5) And (3) heat treatment: the composite was solution treated at a temperature of 470 ℃ for 2h, followed by artificial aging at 120 ℃ for 12h according to the 7075 aluminum alloy T6 heat treatment schedule.
As shown in fig. 5, the volume fractions of the hollow microspheres of the gradient aluminum-based porous composite material with the hollow microsphere gradation of four layers periodically changing are actually 71.4%, 32.5%, 72.1% and 31.8% from top to bottom, respectively.
Comparative example 1
The comparative example provides a preparation method of an aluminum-based porous composite material, which comprises the following specific steps: the comparative example provides a preparation method of an aluminum-based porous composite material, which is different from the preparation method of the example 1 in that: and (3) adopting a stirring casting technology, and sequentially placing the composite body raw materials in the step (1) in molten aluminum liquid for stirring and compounding.
As a result, it was found that: the hollow microspheres in the raw material of the composite blank float in the melt due to low density in the casting process, and the result shows that the preparation method cannot obtain the gradient aluminum-based porous composite material.
Comparative example 2
The comparative example provides a preparation method of an aluminum-based porous composite material, which is different from the preparation method of the example 1 in that: in the step (4), aluminum melt is not added, and after preheating is directly carried out for 2 hours at the temperature of 600 ℃, the pressure is increased to 30MPa, and the pressure is maintained until natural cooling is carried out.
The results show that the composite material aluminum matrix and the hollow microspheres have obvious pore gaps, and the pre-design effect is difficult to obtain.
Comparative example 3
The comparative example provides a preparation method of an aluminum-based porous composite material, which is different from the preparation method of the example 1 in that: the integral number of hollow microspheres in the three-layer prefabricated blank body is 40 percent.
The results show that the integral number of hollow microspheres is actually 36.3%.
Comparative example 4
The present comparative example provides a method for preparing an aluminum-based porous composite material, which is different from example 1 only in that: the applied pressure in step (4) was 40 MPa.
The results show that more hollow microspheres in the composite are filled with the aluminum matrix or crushed and compacted, losing the hollow structure.
Comparative example 5
The present comparative example provides a method for preparing an aluminum-based porous composite material, which is different from example 1 only in that: in the step (4), the applied pressure is 5 MPa.
The result shows that the aluminum matrix and the hollow microspheres in the composite material have obvious pore gaps, and the pre-designed effect is difficult to obtain.
Comparative example 6
The present comparative example provides a method for preparing an aluminum-based porous composite material, which is different from example 1 only in that: the water glass binder is replaced by organic binder phenolic resin binder.
The results show that: the organic binder contains carbon (C), and during infiltration of the aluminum melt, the C can react with the aluminum melt to generate deliquescent brittle phase Al4C3And is not favorable for the performance of the composite material.
Test example 1
The quasi-static compression properties of the composites prepared in examples 1-4 and comparative examples 1-5 were tested and the results are shown in table 1, with reference to GB T31930.
Table 1 composite material performance test results
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A preparation method of an aluminum-based porous composite material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
laying a plurality of groups of composite blank raw materials in a mould layer by layer and carrying out cold press molding to obtain a prefabricated blank;
pressurizing and infiltrating the prefabricated blank body by adopting an aluminum melt;
the raw materials of the multiple groups of composite blanks comprise aluminum material powder and hollow microspheres, and the ratio of the aluminum material powder to the hollow microspheres in the two adjacent groups of composite blanks is different.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pressure infiltration process comprises: preheating the prefabricated blank body at the temperature of 550-650 ℃, then pouring the aluminum melt into the prefabricated blank body, and applying pressure;
preferably, in the process of pressure infiltration, the ratio of the applied pressure to the compressive strength of the hollow microspheres is 70-80: 100;
preferably, the preheating time is 1-3 h;
preferably, pressure is applied to natural cooling and demolding is carried out.
3. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the preparation process of the composite body raw material comprises the following steps: mixing aluminum material powder, hollow microspheres and an inorganic binder;
preferably, the aluminum material powder and the hollow microspheres are mixed for 2 to 4 hours, and then the inorganic binder is added and mixed for 4 to 12 hours;
preferably, the addition amount of the inorganic binder is 3-5% of the total mass of the aluminum material powder and the hollow microspheres;
preferably, the inorganic binder is selected from at least one of liquid silicates, phosphates, and borates; more preferably liquid silicates; further preferred is a water glass binder.
4. The production method according to claim 3, wherein the hollow microspheres are selected from at least one of ceramic-based hollow microspheres, glass-based hollow microspheres, and metal-based hollow microspheres having a melting point higher than that of the aluminum material;
preferably, the aluminum material powder is selected from at least one of 1 xxx-series aluminum alloy, 2 xxx-series aluminum alloy, 3 xxx-series aluminum alloy, 4 xxx-series aluminum alloy, 5 xxx-series aluminum alloy, 6 xxx-series aluminum alloy, and 7 xxx-series aluminum alloy;
preferably, the particle size of the hollow microsphere is 16-1000 meshes, and the particle size of the aluminum material powder is 150-1000 meshes.
5. The method of manufacturing according to claim 4, wherein the composite body feedstock used to manufacture the preform body is selected from at least two of a high pore feedstock, a mesoporous feedstock, and a low pore feedstock; wherein the volume fraction of the hollow microspheres in the high-porosity raw material is 60-90%, the volume fraction of the hollow microspheres in the medium-porosity raw material is 30-60%, and the volume fraction of the hollow microspheres in the low-porosity raw material is less than 30%;
preferably, the high-porosity raw material is prepared by mixing aluminum material powder with small particle size and hollow microspheres with different particle sizes, and the particle size of the aluminum material powder is 800-1000 meshes.
6. The preparation method according to claim 3, wherein the cold press molding operation pressure during the preparation of the preform body is 5-30 MPa;
preferably, the number of the layers paved by the composite green body raw materials is 2-10;
preferably, drying is performed after cold press forming to remove moisture in the binder;
more preferably, the drying temperature is 60-100 ℃ and the drying time is 4-12 h.
7. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the aluminum melt is obtained by melting an aluminum material having the same composition as the aluminum material powder;
preferably, the smelting temperature is 700-850 ℃, and the smelting time is 2-6 h.
8. The preparation method according to claim 1, further comprising performing heat treatment on the composite material after the pressure impregnation, wherein the heat treatment schedule is matched with the type of the aluminum material powder.
9. An aluminum-based porous composite material, characterized by being produced by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 8.
10. Use of the aluminum-based porous composite material as claimed in claim 9 for the preparation of a cushioning energy absorbing material.
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