CN113068711B - 一种蚁类防治药物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种蚁类防治药物及其制备方法,属于蚂蚁防治技术领域。防治药物的主要有效成分是亚砷酸和敌百虫。本发明通过采用载体杨木块,用其的木质素经过氯化1‑丁基‑3‑甲基咪唑和聚乙二醇处理后,使其能够包裹砷离子和敌百虫,再通过α‑呋喃甲醛、丙三醇、硬脂酸钠和壳聚糖的喷涂,使得砷离子完全不溢出到环境中,敌百虫的溶解率也极低,优于同类药物,本发明的制备方法简单,对于环境友好,对蚂蚁的防治效果可观,经过实际测试,基本可以除去农田中的蚂蚁。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于蚁类防治技术领域,涉及一种蚁类防治药物及其制备方法。
背景技术
蚁科(Formicidae),体长2~20毫米,触角膝状,9~10节,腹部基端有1~2个结节,最易识别。营“社会生活”,有明显的多型现象,每一巢群中有雄蚁、雌蚁及生殖系统发育不全的雌性工蚁(有些种类工蚁中,有上腭发达的兵蚁)。大部分种类雌蚁及雄蚁具翅,而工蚁、兵蚁无翅。蚂蚁的危害主要是窃取和污染食物,损坏木材,浪费各种材料。其次,蚂蚁在四处爬行时,还可将各种细菌、病毒等病原体带到食物,传播疾病。还可以影响植物生长,蚂蚁传播疾病引起的间接损失。蚂蚁在室内四处觅食,大举入侵厨房、储藏间等处,消耗和污染食物,毁坏物品。密度高时,蚂蚁还严重影响人们的工作和休息。
在蚁科中,白蚁危害所造成的损失是惊人的,这些危害主要表现以下几个方面:一般来说,白蚁对我国农作物还不是重要的害虫。但是对经济作物甘蔗来说危害还是较为严重的。对树木的危害:危害树木的白蚁种类很多,白蚁对房屋建筑的破坏,特别是对砖木结构、木结构建筑的破坏尤为严重。由于其隐藏在木结构内部,破坏或损坏其承重点,往往造成房屋突然倒塌,引起人们的极大关注。白蚁危害江河堤防的严重性,我国古代文献上已有较为详细的记载,近代的记载更为详尽。其种类有土白蚁属大白蚁属和家白蚁属种类的白蚁群体,它们在堤坝内,密集营巢,迅速繁殖,苗圃星罗棋布(除家白蚁外),蚁道四通八达,有些蚁道甚至穿通堤坝的内外坡,当汛期水位升高时,常常出现管漏险情,更烈者则酿成塌堤垮坝。白蚁分泌出一种高浓度的蚁酸,与白银产生化学反应,形成蚁酸银,这是一种黑色粉末,会被白蚁吃下去。白蚁的危害和树木体内所含的物质如单宁、树脂、酸碱化合物的状况以及树木生长好坏有十分密切的关系。
全球每年因白蚁危害造成直接的经济损失多达数百亿美元。我国是受白蚁危害严重的国家之一。白蚁危害区域非常广泛,无论是房屋建筑、水利电力、文物古建、风景园林,还是农林果木,都已成为白蚁危害的目标。白蚁对房屋建筑危害造成的经济损失每年达数十亿元人民币,对文物古迹、水库堤坝以及电力电缆、图书、档案、纸张、布匹等造成毁坏而导致的经济损失更是难以估量。此外,白蚁对水稻、小麦、玉米、花生、茶、桑等农作物和杉树、桉树、白杨、山核桃、杨梅等林木的危害也十分严重。
蚂蚁药即灭蚂蚁药物的统称。蚂蚁是日常生活中常见的家庭害虫,蚂蚁也侵入餐厅,办公室,仓库,和其他建筑物,在那里它们可以找到食物和水。在建筑物内部,家庭蚂蚁以糖、糖浆、蜂蜜、果汁、油脂、肉为食。长时间可能会导致成千上万的蚂蚁在建筑物内部筑巢,在建筑内部造成了相当大的损坏。已经成为主要的城市害虫之一,为解决消灭蚂蚁的问题,蚂蚁药也随之出现,它的种类和品种也十分繁多。目前市售的蚂蚁药均有微毒,有效成分为氯丹、砷类、敌百虫、蚍虫啉和噻虫嗪等,其也有颗粒剂,但往往存在的问题是毒素在水的作用下容易溶解或者溶于水,大量喷洒会造成水体或环境污染,为此,本发明提供一种相对来说比较安全的蚂蚁药,其具有不会被其他昆虫误食,不溶于水,不会污染环境等优势。
发明内容
为了解决传统蚂蚁药毒性大,接触后容易造成人类慢性砷中毒么,容易造成水源污染环境污染等安全性问题,本发明提供了一种安全的蚁类防治药物,对白蚁蚂蚁均有效
所述蚁类防治药物的制备方法包括如下步骤:
1)将杨木块旋切或刨切成杨木板,并切割成块;
2)将杨木板放入的亚砷酸溶液中浸泡,完全浸湿后取出,干燥处理12~24h,将杨木板完全干燥,得到含砷杨木板;
3)将敌百虫、氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑和聚乙二醇按质量比1:5~12:30~80的比例进行混合,完全混合后放置到85~95℃的环境中使其完全融化,完全融化将杨木板完全浸渍到溶液中;
4)浸渍完成后,将杨木板板压干燥;
5)将α-呋喃甲醛、丙三醇、硬脂酸钠、和壳聚糖溶于体积分数为50~70%的乙醇溶液中,完全溶解,得到喷涂液;
6)将步骤5)制备的喷涂液按照质量比10~20%的量喷涂到杨木板的正反面,喷涂完成后干燥,使其表面的乙醇和水完全挥发,得到含药杨木板;
7)将所述含药杨木板打碎至1~20目的颗粒度,得到所述蚁类防治药物。
进一步,所述杨木板的厚度为1~5mm。
进一步,所述亚砷酸溶液的质量体积浓度为0.1~0.5%。
进一步,所述亚砷酸溶液的浸泡时间为2~5分钟。
进一步,所述步骤2)中,将杨木板置于105℃的环境中干燥处理。
进一步,所述步骤3)中,敌百虫、氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑和聚乙二醇的混合液浸渍时间为30~180min。
进一步,所述板压干燥的模压温度为150~180℃,模压压力为4~10MPa,模压时间20~40min。
进一步,所述喷涂液中还包括蔗糖。
进一步,所述喷涂液中,按照质量百分数α-呋喃甲醛1~3%,丙三醇10~20%,硬脂酸钠2~8%,蔗糖0~5%,壳聚糖2~10%。
有益效果:
本发明提供了一种蚁类防治药物,该蚁类防治药物主要的包裹载体是杨木块,为天然的木材,也能够更好的融入自然界,主要防治药为砷离子和敌百虫,本发明主要是利用了氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑和聚乙二醇与木质素的作用,将木质素溶解后,将亚砷酸完全溶解到杨木块的木质素纤维的孔洞中,即为内部完全吸附的作用,经过完全吸附后,再对木质素的空隙进行加压压实,压实后,其中的砷离子完全被压制在了经过改性的杨木块的木质素纤维的内部,不容易进水,是的砷离子不会在环境中溢出,污染环境。杨木块仅仅只有蚂蚁才会食用,不会造成其他环境中的生物误食,喷涂液主要是防止敌百虫从杨木块中溢出,通过α-呋喃甲醛,丙三醇,硬脂酸钠,壳聚糖可以在外面形成一层膜,在一定程度上包裹住敌百虫,防止敌百虫溶于水,进入环境中。添加蔗糖就是为了吸引蚂蚁过来将药物搬入蚂蚁洞穴,达到消灭蚁王的作用。
本发明本身无毒,在与蚁酸或者其他酸性物质结合,并完全分解掉木质素后,才会溶出毒素,造成蚂蚁的大量死亡。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明进行详细说明。
实施例1
本实施例提供了一种环境安全的蚁类防治药物,其防治药物的主要原料有杨木粉、亚砷酸(H3AsO3)、敌百虫(C4H8Cl3O4P),制备辅料为:氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑(C8H15ClN2)、聚乙二醇、α-呋喃甲醛、丙三醇、硬脂酸钠和壳聚糖等,其制备方法包括如下步骤:
1)将杨木块旋切或刨切成厚度1~5mm的杨木板,并切割成块。
2)将杨木板放入质量体积浓度为0.3%的亚砷酸溶液中浸泡2~5分钟,完全浸湿后取出,将杨木板置于105℃的干燥箱中干燥处理12~24h,将杨木板完全干燥,得到含砷杨木板。
3)将敌百虫、氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑和聚乙二醇按质量比1:10:50的比例进行混合,完全混合后放置到90℃的环境中使其完全融化,完全融化将杨木板完全浸渍到溶液中,根据杨木板的厚度选择浸渍时间,一般最佳的浸渍时间为30~180min。
4)浸渍完成后,将杨木板采用模压干燥方式,模压温度为160℃,模压压力为6MPa,模压时间30min。
5)将α-呋喃甲醛、丙三醇、硬脂酸钠和壳聚糖按照质量百分数α-呋喃甲醛2%,丙三醇15%,硬脂酸钠5%,壳聚糖5%的比例溶于体积分数为60%的乙醇溶液中,完全溶解,得到喷涂液。
6)将步骤5)制备的喷涂液按照质量比20%的量喷涂到杨木板的正反面,分2~3次喷涂,喷涂完成后干燥,使其表面的乙醇和水完全挥发,得到含药杨木板。
7)将所述含药杨木板打碎至1~20目的颗粒度,打碎的时候应在密封的环境中进行,防止吸入碎木屑造成中毒,所述1~20目的含药杨木板颗粒为蚁类防治药物。
环境污染评价:
将10g本实施例制备的含药杨木板颗粒浸泡在1L蒸馏水中,每间隔1天测定水中的砷离子浓度和敌敌畏浓度,其结果如下表。
时间 | 1d | 2d | 3d(mg/L) | 4d(mg/L) | 5d(mg/L) |
砷离子浓度(mg/L) | / | / | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.11 |
敌敌畏浓度 | 0.016 | 0.037 | 0.042 | 0.046 | 0.057 |
通过上述结果可以看出,本发明可以显著缓解在水中浸泡后,砷离子在2天内均未检测出溶出,敌百虫溶出量也极低,当然,水中浸泡是极端的情况,在实际的土壤环境中,其砷离子及敌敌畏的溶出量可以忽略不计,在普通相对湿度为70%的土壤中放置3d后,未检测到周边土壤中含有砷,或者说土壤中的砷含量符合国标的规定,对土壤及环境绝对安全。
实施例2
本实施例提供了一种环境安全的蚁类防治药物,其防治药物的主要原料有杨木粉、亚砷酸(H3AsO3)、敌百虫(C4H8Cl3O4P),制备辅料为:氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑(C8H15ClN2)、聚乙二醇、α-呋喃甲醛、丙三醇、硬脂酸钠和壳聚糖等,其制备方法包括如下步骤:
1)将杨木块旋切或刨切成厚度1~5mm的杨木板,并切割成块。
2)将杨木板放入质量体积浓度为0.5%的亚砷酸溶液中浸泡2~5分钟,完全浸湿后取出,将杨木板置于100℃的干燥箱中干燥处理12~24h,将杨木板完全干燥,得到含砷杨木板。
3)将敌百虫、氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑和聚乙二醇按质量比1:12:80的比例进行混合,完全混合后放置到85℃的环境中使其完全融化,完全融化将杨木板完全浸渍到溶液中,根据杨木板的厚度选择浸渍时间,一般最佳的浸渍时间为30~180min。
4)浸渍完成后,将杨木板采用模压干燥方式,模压温度为180℃,模压压力为10MPa,模压时间20min。
5)将α-呋喃甲醛、丙三醇、硬脂酸钠、蔗糖和壳聚糖按照质量百分数α-呋喃甲醛3%,丙三醇20%,硬脂酸钠8%,蔗糖2%,壳聚糖10%的比例溶于体积分数为70%的乙醇溶液中,完全溶解,得到喷涂液。
6)将步骤5)制备的喷涂液按照质量比10%的量喷涂到杨木板的正反面,分2~3次喷涂,喷涂完成后干燥,使其表面的乙醇和水完全挥发,得到含药杨木板。
7)将所述含药杨木板打碎至1~20目的颗粒度,打碎的时候应在密封的环境中进行,防止吸入碎木屑造成中毒,所述1~20目的含药杨木板颗粒为蚁类防治药物。
本实施例中,在喷涂液中添加了蔗糖,这样可以对蚂蚁有更强的吸引力,其蔗糖可以换成其他蚂蚁喜爱的食物,可以增加蚂蚁的吸引力。
实施例3
本实施例提供了一种环境安全的蚁类防治药物,其防治药物的主要原料有杨木粉、亚砷酸(H3AsO3)、敌百虫(C4H8Cl3O4P),制备辅料为:氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑(C8H15ClN2)、聚乙二醇、α-呋喃甲醛、丙三醇、硬脂酸钠和壳聚糖等,其制备方法包括如下步骤:
1)将杨木块旋切或刨切成厚度1~5mm的杨木板,并切割成块。
2)将杨木板放入质量体积浓度为0.1%的亚砷酸溶液中浸泡2~5分钟,完全浸湿后取出,将杨木板置于110℃的干燥箱中干燥处理12~24h,将杨木板完全干燥,得到含砷杨木板。
3)将敌百虫、氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑和聚乙二醇按质量比1:5:30的比例进行混合,完全混合后放置到95℃的环境中使其完全融化,完全融化将杨木板完全浸渍到溶液中,根据杨木板的厚度选择浸渍时间,一般最佳的浸渍时间为30~180min。
4)浸渍完成后,将杨木板采用模压干燥方式,模压温度为150℃,模压压力为4MPa,模压时间40min。
5)将α-呋喃甲醛、丙三醇、硬脂酸钠、蔗糖和壳聚糖按照质量百分数α-呋喃甲醛1%,丙三醇10%,硬脂酸钠2%,蔗糖5%,壳聚糖2%的比例溶于体积分数为50%的乙醇溶液中,完全溶解,得到喷涂液。
6)将步骤5)制备的喷涂液按照质量比30%的量喷涂到杨木板的正反面,分2~3次喷涂,喷涂完成后干燥,使其表面的乙醇和水完全挥发,得到含药杨木板。
7)将所述含药杨木板打碎至1~20目的颗粒度,打碎的时候应在密封的环境中进行,防止吸入碎木屑造成中毒,所述1~20目的含药杨木板颗粒为蚁类防治药物。
药效实验
实验方法:将100只蚂蚁圈定在一定的空间内,每个空间放置10g本发明制备的药物,每隔1小时数空间内的活蚂蚁数,并计数,结果如下表所示。
由上述实验结果可以看出,本发明的防治蚂蚁的药物有一半的蚂蚁在1小时内死亡,3小时内所有蚂蚁全部死亡,该时间刚好属于蚂蚁防治的最佳时间,蚂蚁在获取食物后,运输到蚁巢后大家一起食用,食用后在3h内全部死亡,并不是全部立刻死亡,由于只有在蚂蚁分泌的蚁酸作用下,本发明的药物才会出现显著的毒性,其他时候均不具有毒性,也就是说药物在食用后与蚁酸结合才产生毒性,而对照组敌百虫和亚砷酸虽然都是有毒的物质,但蚂蚁不会主动碰触,在一定的空间内,蚂蚁不得不碰触才导致的立即死亡,而如果在广阔的田间,蚂蚁更不会主动去碰触有毒的物质,所以才导致其死亡率低,其实敌百虫和亚砷酸的毒性是高于本发明的,但由于蚂蚁不去碰触,才导致其死亡率比较低,所以,蚂蚁药必须要求蚂蚁触碰才行。
Claims (8)
1.一种蚁类防治药物,其特征在于:所述蚁类防治药物的制备方法包括如下步骤:
1)将杨木块旋切或刨切成杨木板,并切割成块;
2)将杨木板放入的亚砷酸溶液中浸泡,完全浸湿后取出,干燥处理12~24h,将杨木板完全干燥,得到含砷杨木板;其中,所述亚砷酸溶液的质量体积浓度为0.1~0.5%;
3)将敌百虫、氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑和聚乙二醇按质量比1:5~12:30~80的比例进行混合,完全混合后放置到85~95℃的环境中使其完全融化,完全融化将步骤2)得到的含砷杨木板完全浸渍到溶液中;
4)浸渍完成后,将步骤3)浸渍后的含砷杨木板板压干燥;
5)将α-呋喃甲醛、丙三醇、硬脂酸钠和壳聚糖溶于体积分数为50~70%的乙醇溶液中,完全溶解,得到喷涂液;
6)将步骤5)制备的喷涂液按照质量比10~20%的量喷涂到步骤4)干燥浸渍后的含砷杨木板的正反面,喷涂完成后干燥,使其表面的乙醇和水完全挥发,得到含药杨木板;
7)将所述含药杨木板打碎至1~20目的颗粒度,得到所述蚁类防治药物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的蚁类防治药物,其特征在于:所述杨木板的厚度为1~5mm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的蚁类防治药物,其特征在于:所述亚砷酸溶液的浸泡时间为2~5分钟。
4.根据权利要求1所述的蚁类防治药物,其特征在于:所述步骤2)中,将杨木板置于105℃的环境中干燥处理。
5.根据权利要求1所述的蚁类防治药物,其特征在于:所述步骤3)中,敌百虫、氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑和聚乙二醇的混合液浸渍时间为30~180min。
6.根据权利要求1所述的蚁类防治药物,其特征在于:所述板压干燥的模压温度为150~180℃,模压压力为4~10MPa,模压时间20~40min。
7.根据权利要求1所述的蚁类防治药物,其特征在于:所述喷涂液中还包括蔗糖。
8.根据权利要求1或7所述的蚁类防治药物,其特征在于:所述喷涂液中,按照质量百分数α-呋喃甲醛1~3%,丙三醇10~20%,硬脂酸钠2~8%,蔗糖0~5%,壳聚糖2~10%。
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