CN113061545A - 分枝杆菌的培养鉴定方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明属于分枝杆菌培养鉴定技术领域,具体涉及一种分枝杆菌的培养鉴定方法。包括下述步骤:1)选择临床上萋‑尼氏染色阳性的痰标本,每份标本接种BD液体培基,进行BactecTM MGITTM 960液体培养;2)样本报阳时,利用细菌超声分散计数仪将分枝杆菌菌分散均匀记录原管浊度,继续孵育1‑3d;3)最后革兰氏染色确认有无杂菌进行MALDI‑TOF MS鉴定或者DNA微阵列芯片法鉴定。本申请的实施方案表明将MALDI‑TOF‑MS应用于临床微生物实验室进行分枝杆菌的常规鉴定是可行的,具有良好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于分枝杆菌培养鉴定技术领域,具体涉及一种分枝杆菌的培养鉴定方法。
背景技术
不同种分枝杆菌感染疾病的临床症状、影像学特征十分相似,但在致病性、药物敏感性、治疗方案上常截然不同,若无准确的病原学证据,可能会造成误诊,因此快速、准确到种甚至亚种的病原学鉴定对于分枝杆菌的确诊及治疗具有重要意义。
当前国内外实验室主要采用液体、固体两种方法进行分枝杆菌的培养,固体培养既为传统的罗氏培养法,但是耗时较长,需4~6周。液体培养系统使用的自动化培养系统如BactecTM MGITTM 960(BD Diagnostics,Sparks,Maryland,USA),1~3周即可检测到分枝杆菌的生长,较传统的固体培养更为敏感和快速,但无法区分结核分枝杆菌和非结核分枝杆菌,仍需进一步进行鉴定。
对于分枝杆菌的诊断,传统的生化鉴定方法操作复杂,影响因素多,耗时长,结果不准确,目前已不常使用,分子诊断技术主要是比较同源基因或序列差异的方法,由于方法复杂成本高在临床上较难常规开展。
基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorptionionization time-of-flight massspectrometry,MALDI-TOF MS)作为兴起的一种新的蛋白质组学检测技术,已广泛应用于临床常见细菌的鉴定,其鉴定原理是对微生物的核糖体蛋白组分析,从而形成不同的指纹图谱,区分微生物。核糖体蛋白提取的质量直接影响质谱鉴定结果,由于分枝杆菌细胞壁坚韧、脂质含量高,不易裂解获得足量蛋白质,因此标本需要前处理以获得足量的蛋白质,然而不同的前处理方法会影响到本方法的鉴别能力,应用MALDI-TOF MS检测分枝杆菌鉴定国内外虽有相关研究报道,但前处理方法多局限固体培养培养。现有的液体萃取方法并没有没有获得高的鉴定率,并且步骤繁杂,需要多次处理。此外,由于样本以及液体介质的潜在干扰,阳性菌量数较低等因素,从液体培养基中准确的鉴定分枝杆菌还是较为困难。可见应用MALDI-TOF MS直接鉴定BactecTM MGITTM 960液体培养出的阳性培养物,主要有以下难点,一是从液体培基中如何获得足以进行鉴定的菌量;二是如何去除液体培基成分对菌体蛋白的影响;三是如何高质量的获得菌体的核糖体蛋白。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术中的缺点,提供一种分枝杆菌的鉴定方法。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案为:
一种分枝杆菌的培养鉴定方法,包括下述步骤:
1)选择临床上萋-尼氏染色阳性的痰标本,每份标本接种BD液体培基,进行BactecTM MGITTM 960液体培养;
2)样本报阳时,利用细菌超声分散计数仪将分枝杆菌菌分散均匀记录原管浊度,继续孵育1-3d;
3)最后革兰氏染色确认有无杂菌进行MALDI-TOF MS鉴定或者DNA微阵列芯片法鉴定。
优选的,步骤2)中继续孵育3d。
优选的,步骤2)中孵育菌量浓度≥0.5麦氏单位。
优选的,步骤3)的具体步骤为:
a)将BactecTM MGITTM 960分枝杆菌快速液体培养系统报阳的标本,利用细菌超声分散计数仪将分枝杆菌菌分散均匀记录原管浊度,取1.2mL培养液到1.5mL Eppendorf管;
b)离心2min,转速13000r/min,用移液枪小心吸弃上清液;
c)加入300μL去离子水,置100℃金属浴30min;
d)样本冷却后,加入900μL 75%乙醇,充分混匀;
e)离心2min,转速13 000r/min,用移液枪小心吸弃上清液;
f)沉淀中加入10μL的0.1~0.5mm氧化锆珠,加入纯乙腈至没过沉淀,漩涡震荡2min或超声破碎2min;
g)加入与乙腈体积相同的70%甲酸溶液,涡旋震荡30s;
h)13000r/min离心2min,取上清1μL滴加到质谱仪靶板上,并在室温下自然晾干;
i)在上述样品点上覆盖1μL HCCA基质溶液,自然晾干后即可上机质谱鉴定。
优选的,步骤f)中采用加入0.5mm氧化锆珠,加入纯乙腈至没过沉淀,超声破碎2min。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
BactecTM MGITTM 960自动液体培养检测系统灵敏度设置的理念是尽可能快地检测分枝杆菌的生长,因此,系统报阳时液体样品含有较少的菌量[7],本研究结果显示将液体培养的阳性培养物继续孵育至少1d,菌量浓度≥0.5麦氏单位时,可获得可鉴定出的菌量。MGITTM 960液体培养基的主要成分是荧光指示剂(固定在管底)和培养液,培养液包括5.9g/L改进的肉汤培养基和1.25g/L的酪蛋白胨,如直接将报阳的液体培养基进行加热灭活,培养基中的蛋白质成分可能会干扰菌体蛋白的提取,因此我们通过将报阳的液体培基转移部分培养液至离心管,经过离心处理后取沉淀和质谱级纯水洗涤的方式来去除液体培基可能对菌体蛋白的影响。分枝杆菌细胞壁坚韧、脂质含量高,所以要想提取分枝杆菌的核糖体蛋白必须充分破坏其细胞壁,因此我们通过0.1~0.5mm氧化锆珠超声破碎获得良好的鉴定结果。
本发明实现了BactecTM MGITTM 960液体培养阳性培养物的直接质谱鉴定,缩短了培养鉴定的时间,将分枝杆菌鉴定到种水平,能区分出结核菌与非结核菌,同时也能将与分枝杆菌相似的奴卡菌鉴定出来,对临床疾病的鉴别诊断起到了积极的作用。给临床早期诊断和治疗提供了有力的依据,减少了患者的经济负担和经验用药带来的副作用。质谱检测技术运用于临床对结核病患者提供了一种精准、快速的检测报告,同时高通量的微生物鉴定手段对实验室工作也起到了一个巨大的推动作用,广泛应用能助力结核病的快速诊断。
与基因芯片的鉴定方法相比,本发明的MALDI-TOF MS分析一个样品大约需要1min,而整个样品完成鉴定只需要1~2h。每个样品的检测费用约为5元。如果使用大量的测试样品,MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定分枝杆菌所需的样品量小、简单、快速、准确、廉价。
综上所述,将MALDI-TOF-MS应用于临床微生物实验室进行分枝杆菌的常规鉴定是可行的,具有良好的应用前景。
附图说明:
图1示出临床标本鉴定分枝杆菌质谱图。
具体实施方式
为了使本技术领域的技术人员更好地理解本发明的技术方案,下面结合附图和最佳实施例对本发明作进一步的详细说明。
研究对象:本发明收集天津市海河医院2019年1月到2019年12月,MGIT960分枝杆菌快速液体培养仪机器报阳的阳性培养物,其中420例作为研究对象。
试剂和仪器:甲酸、乙腈、基质和标准溶剂(美国Bruker Dahonies公司),MALDI.TOF靶板和Autoflex MALDI.TOF质谱仪(美国Bruker Dahonies公司),Flexcontrol3.0软件和Biotyper 3.0软件(美国Bruker Dahonics公司),MALDI Sepsityper Kit(美国Bruker Dahonics公司),超声震荡仪,0.5mm氧化锆珠(美国BioSpec公司),L-J固体培养基(中国BASO公司),金属浴,质谱级纯水,无水乙醇,PCR扩增仪,芯片杂交仪,芯片洗干仪(博奥生物有限公司),微型高速离心机(Eppendorf,5424),分枝杆菌菌种鉴定试剂盒(博奥生物有限公司)。
具体步骤为:
选择临床上萋-尼氏染色阳性的痰标本15份,每份标本同时接种4支BD液体培基,进行BactecTM MGITTM 960液体培养,四支样本分别于“报阳”时,孵育第1d,第2d,第3d,由机器取出(或第1d报阳后置于37℃温箱,到计划时间取出),革兰氏染色确认有无杂菌进行质谱鉴定,
具体操作如下:
a)将BactecTM MGITTM 960分枝杆菌快速液体培养系统报阳的标本,利用细菌超声分散计数仪将分枝杆菌菌分散均匀记录原管浊度,取1.2mL培养液到1.5mL Eppendorf管;(孵育1,2,3d的原管,同样操作)
b)离心2min,转速13 000r/min,用移液枪小心吸弃上清液;
c)加入300μL去离子水,置100℃金属浴30min;
d)样本冷却后,加入900μL 75%乙醇,充分混匀;
e)离心2min,转速13 000r/min,用移液枪小心吸弃上清液;
f)沉淀中加入约10μL的0.1、0.5mm氧化锆珠,视沉淀多少加入15~30μL的纯乙腈(没过沉淀),漩涡震荡2min或超声破碎2min;
g)加入与乙腈体积相同的70%甲酸溶液,涡旋震荡30s;
h)13 000r/min离心2min,取上清1μL滴加到质谱仪靶板上,并在室温下自然晾干;
i)在上述样品点上覆盖1μL HCCA基质溶液,自然晾干后即可上机质谱鉴定。
步骤二:将420例研究样本通过预实验确定的“最优处理方法”后应用MALDI-TOFMS进行鉴定,同时应用DNA微阵列芯片法进行分枝杆菌菌种鉴定。两种鉴定结果不一致的样本,委托第三方实验室以基因测序的方法进行确认。基因测序委托天津金唯智生物科技有限公司检测。
结果:
1、最优前处理方法试验结果:对孵育不同时间的15例实验样本分别应用0.1mm、0.5mm氧化锆珠、漩涡震荡、超声破碎方式进行处理后,进行MALDI-TOF-MS质谱鉴定结果如下:
BactecTM MGITTM 960系统报阳后,对培养物即刻进行MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定,有5例未鉴定,10例的鉴定分值均<1.7,鉴定结果不可信。
BactecTM MGITTM 960系统报阳后,对培养物分别继续孵育1d,2d,3d后,15例标本全部鉴定出来,只是鉴定分值的不同,详细结果见表1。表1示出不同前处理方法的MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定分数
表1
不同处理方式对比结果,经孵育3d,使用0.5mm的氧化锆珠,超声震荡2min处理后的平均鉴定分值最高,为最优前处理方法。
2、如图1所示,临床标本鉴定出的分枝杆菌质谱结果,420例阳性标本分别为结核分枝杆菌复合群290例(69.05%)、偶发分枝杆菌10例(2.38%)、脓肿分枝杆菌28例(6.67%),胞内分枝杆菌28例(6.67%)、堪萨斯分枝杆菌15例(3.57%)、戈登分枝杆菌4例(0.95%),龟分枝杆菌6例(1.43%),苏尔加分枝杆菌1例(0.24%),浅黄分支杆菌9例(2.14%),马赛分枝杆菌2例(0.48%),鸟分枝杆菌17例(4.05%)、摩纳哥分枝杆菌2例(0.48%)、免疫分枝杆菌1例(0.24%),荷斯坦分枝杆菌1例(0.24%),类戈登分枝杆菌1例(0.24%),缓黄分枝杆菌1例(0.24%)。
3、MALDI-TOF MS和基因芯片的鉴定结果比对,如表2所示。
表2
4、MALDI-TOF MS与基因芯片鉴定成本和鉴定时间的比较:同时采用MALDI-TOF MS与基因芯片对病原菌进行鉴定,记录两种方法所需要的鉴定时间和鉴定成本。比较结果见表3。MALDI-TOF MS的鉴定时间及鉴定成本均明显少于基因芯片。对临床而言,MALDI-TOFMS性价比更高。表3示出MALDI-TOF MS和基因芯片鉴定成本和耗时比较。
表3
本实施例通过预实验确定的最优处理方法对临床株进行处理,得到了较好的鉴定结果,质谱鉴定的420份阳性标本中鉴定出420例,质谱鉴定420份阳性标本中鉴定出419例,其中结核分枝杆菌占69.05%(290/420),非结核占30.00%(126/420),星型奴卡菌0.48%(2/420),巴西奴卡菌占0.24%(1/420),1例未鉴定出,总鉴定率为99.76%。质谱鉴定分值≥2.0的400例占95.23%,分值在1.7-2.0之间的19例占4.52%,分值<1.7的1例占0.24%
基因芯片又称DNA或cDNA微阵列,根据载体探针与带标记的待测DNA或mRNA杂交产生的信号强弱来判断靶DNA或mRNA中与芯片相应基因的变异或表达情况,已有分枝杆菌菌种鉴定的商品试剂盒上市,目前可以鉴定结核分枝杆菌和16种临床常见的NTM。420份阳性标本,基因芯片法鉴定结果为结核分枝杆菌占69.05%(290/420),非结核菌占28.81%(121/420),9例未鉴定出,未鉴定占2.14%(9/420),错误鉴定占0.95%(4/420)。
质谱和基因芯片鉴定不一致的菌株本研究采用基因测序予以确认。质谱鉴定分枝杆菌均全部正确鉴定至种(结核分枝杆菌鉴定至复合群水平)。两种方法鉴定不一致的菌株中,36例阳性培养物鉴定为龟-脓分枝杆菌复合群,质谱鉴定结果为28株脓肿分枝杆菌,6株龟分枝杆菌和2株马赛分枝杆菌,经基因测序与质谱鉴定结果一致。龟分枝杆菌和脓分枝杆菌被认为是在快生长分枝杆菌中人类最具致病性的菌,最初两者被认为是同一物种,直到1992年,分子生物学技术的发展才将其分离成两个不同的物种。虽然龟和脓肿分枝杆菌几乎具有相同的生物化学特征,但两者在最佳生长温度、药物敏感性、致病性以及它们引起的感染类型、感控等方面存在很大差异。脓肿分枝杆菌的最佳生长是28~30℃,而龟分枝杆菌是35~37℃。在美国,脓肿分枝杆菌是引起MTN肺病的第三种常见病原菌,占快速生长NTM肺病的80%,此外还与皮肤创伤、术后软组织感染、中枢神经系统感染等有关。相比之下,龟分枝杆菌仅仅是导致慢性肺病的少见原因,虽在囊性纤维化患者中较常见,但更广为人知的是引起角膜、皮肤和软组织感染的原因。感控方面,普遍的共识认为NTM机会性感染具有环境源性,龟分枝杆菌人与人之间的传播还没有文献记载,但脓肿分枝杆菌有人与人传播的证据。许多实验室只是简单地将分离株鉴定到龟脓肿复合群水平。这给患者带来了风险,因为复合群成员间的抗生素敏感性不同,比如脓肿分枝杆菌对头孢西丁敏感,而龟分枝杆菌则对头孢西丁耐药,克拉霉素均可用于治疗龟和脓分枝杆菌的感染,但脓肿分枝杆菌A型携带完整的erm基因,更易产生克拉霉素诱导耐药,因此正确的将两者区分有具有重要的临床意义。此外基因芯片技术将马赛分枝杆菌鉴定为脓肿-龟复合群,马赛分枝杆菌属脓肿分枝杆菌复合群,但脓肿分枝杆菌亚种对阿奇霉素和克拉霉素的耐药性不同,其更易发生克拉霉素耐药,而马赛分枝杆菌对这2种药物的耐药性无差别,这就可以解释临床应用克拉霉素方案治疗脓肿分枝杆菌复合群的患者,疗效有异质性的现象。不同物种甚至其亚种在致病性、药物敏感性、治疗反应性常常不同,因此快速、准确到种甚至亚种的病原学鉴定对于分枝杆菌的确诊及治疗具有重要意义。
为了提高MALDI-TOF MS对细菌鉴定能力准确性,我们要考虑到菌株来源的地域差异性,标本来源的多样性和分离时间的不同。自建库时每一种菌种的特定图谱也应参考多个同种菌株以保证鉴定结果的准确性,并可通过自建库的方式扩大数据库。但MALDI—TOFMS的缺点主要表现为无法鉴定不能被培养的细菌;对混合性细菌的鉴定存在困难;本实施例中有1例鉴定法分值低于1.500,系统提示可能为混合性细菌,因此分值较低。
质谱鉴定分枝杆菌的准确性多是与基因测序方法比对,自己设计引物或委托公司测定,均不是临床实验室常规应用的项目,而本实施例用于比对的是多数临床实验室用于分枝杆菌鉴定的成品试剂盒,对质谱鉴定分枝杆菌的临床推广更有说服力。与基因芯片的鉴定方法相比,MALDI-TOF MS分析一个样品大约需要1min,而整个样品完成鉴定只需要1~2h。每个样品的检测费用约为5元。如果使用大量的测试样品,MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定分枝杆菌所需的样品量小、简单、快速、准确、廉价。
综上所述,将MALDI-TOF-MS应用于临床微生物实验室进行分枝杆菌的常规鉴定是可行的,具有良好的应用前景。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (5)
1.一种分枝杆菌的培养鉴定方法,其特征在于,包括下述步骤:
1)选择临床上萋-尼氏染色阳性的痰标本,每份标本接种BD液体培基,进行BactecTMMGITTM 960液体培养;
2)样本报阳时,利用细菌超声分散计数仪将分枝杆菌菌分散均匀记录原管浊度,继续孵育1-3d;
3)最后革兰氏染色确认有无杂菌进行MALDI-TOF MS鉴定或者DNA微阵列芯片法鉴定。
2.根据权利要求1所述的分枝杆菌的培养鉴定方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中继续孵育3d。
3.根据权利要求1所述的分枝杆菌的培养鉴定方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中孵育菌量浓度≥0.5麦氏单位。
4.根据权利要求1所述的分枝杆菌的培养鉴定方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中具体步骤为:步骤3)的具体步骤为:
a)将BactecTMMGITTM960分枝杆菌快速液体培养系统报阳的标本,利用细菌超声分散计数仪将分枝杆菌菌分散均匀记录原管浊度,取1.2mL培养液到1.5mL Eppendorf管;
b)离心2min,转速13000r/min,用移液枪小心吸弃上清液;
c)加入300μL去离子水,置100℃金属浴30min;
d)样本冷却后,加入900μL 75%乙醇,充分混匀;
e)离心2min,转速13 000r/min,用移液枪小心吸弃上清液;
f)沉淀中加入10μL的0.1~0.5mm氧化锆珠,加入纯乙腈至没过沉淀,漩涡震荡2min或超声破碎2min;
g)加入与乙腈体积相同的70%甲酸溶液,涡旋震荡30s;
h)13000r/min离心2min,取上清1μL滴加到质谱仪靶板上,并在室温下自然晾干;
i)在样品点上覆盖1μL HCCA基质溶液,自然晾干后即可上机质谱鉴定。
5.根据权利要求4所述的分枝杆菌的培养鉴定方法,其特征在于,步骤f)中采用加入0.5mm氧化锆珠,加入纯乙腈至没过沉淀,超声破碎2min。
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