CN113040317A - Food purification device based on radio frequency plasma - Google Patents
Food purification device based on radio frequency plasma Download PDFInfo
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- CN113040317A CN113040317A CN202110274329.7A CN202110274329A CN113040317A CN 113040317 A CN113040317 A CN 113040317A CN 202110274329 A CN202110274329 A CN 202110274329A CN 113040317 A CN113040317 A CN 113040317A
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- case
- cylinder
- food
- closed box
- radio frequency
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- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 210000002381 plasma Anatomy 0.000 description 37
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005281 excited state Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012620 biological material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004134 energy conservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009928 pasteurization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010094 polymer processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021067 refined food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
- A23L5/20—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L5/00—Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
- A23L5/20—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification
- A23L5/27—Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification by chemical treatment, by adsorption or by absorption
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
- Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
A food purification device based on radio frequency plasma is used for realizing the purification treatment of food and keeping the quality of the food as much as possible. It includes: the device comprises a case, a case door and an operation panel, wherein the case door is provided with a perspective window, and a closed case is also arranged in the case; the plasma generating device comprises a pair of electrode plates arranged up and down in a closed box, and a radio frequency source connected with the upper electrode plate through a high-voltage lead, wherein a glass medium plate is arranged on the electrode plates; the cylinder is rotatably arranged in the closed box, and a driving mechanism for driving the cylinder to rotate around the cylinder is arranged in the closed box; the air washing unit comprises a flow controller arranged in the case, a plurality of air tanks connected with the flow controller through guide pipes, and an air conveying pipe connected with the flow controller and communicated with the closed box; and the vacuum pump is arranged in the case and is connected with the closed box through a pipeline, and a cold trap is arranged on the pipeline. The invention can effectively purify food.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of food safety, in particular to a food purification device based on radio frequency plasma.
Background
The plasma is an ionized gas-like substance consisting of positive and negative ions generated after atoms and atomic groups are ionized after partial electrons are deprived, and the macroscopic electrically neutral ionized gas with the dimension larger than the Debye length is a substance fourth state different from solid, liquid and gas. There are two categories that can be classified according to ionization degree and temperature: temperatures up to 10000K are reached and fully ionized is a high temperature plasma, temperatures are typically room temperature and partially ionized is a low temperature plasma.
The low-temperature plasma is a non-thermal equilibrium plasma, the electron energy in the plasma is far higher than the ion temperature, and the higher electron temperature can excite, dissociate or ionize molecules and can activate chemical reaction with high energy level; while lower ionic temperatures allow the reaction system to be maintained at lower temperatures, or even near room temperature.
Low temperature plasma has been widely used in the fields of material processing, electronics, biomaterials, polymer processing, biomedical devices, etc. due to its advantages of safety, energy conservation, low cost, convenience in application, etc., but has been used less in the field of food purification.
Conventional methods used in the food field mainly include pasteurization, freeze preservation, chemical modification and the like, and these treatments often result in some undesirable changes in structural and organoleptic properties or in the formation of by-products that negatively affect the nutritional value, flavor, color and texture of the final product.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a food purifying device based on radio frequency plasma, which is used for realizing the purification treatment of food and keeping the quality of the food as much as possible.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: a food purification device based on radio frequency plasma is characterized by comprising:
the device comprises a case, a case door and an operation panel, wherein the case door is provided with a perspective window, and a closed case is also arranged in the case;
the plasma generating device comprises a pair of electrode plates arranged up and down in a closed box, and a radio frequency source connected with the upper electrode plate through a high-voltage lead, wherein a glass medium plate is arranged on the electrode plates;
the cylinder is rotatably arranged in the closed box, and a driving mechanism for driving the cylinder to rotate around the cylinder is arranged in the closed box;
the air washing unit comprises a flow controller arranged in the case, a plurality of air tanks connected with the flow controller through guide pipes, and an air conveying pipe connected with the flow controller and communicated with the closed box;
and the vacuum pump is arranged in the case and is connected with the closed box through a pipeline, and a cold trap is arranged on the pipeline.
Further, working gas and washing gas are respectively filled in the gas tank, wherein the working gas is nitrogen and oxygen, and the washing gas is air.
Furthermore, a support and a base which are arranged up and down are arranged in the closed box, the cylinder is rotatably arranged on the support, the support is rotatably connected with the base, and a swing mechanism for driving the support to rotate relative to the base is arranged in the closed box.
Furthermore, the swing mechanism comprises a first motor fixed in the base, a first driving gear arranged at the output end of the first motor, and a first driven gear which is meshed with the first driving gear and is relatively fixed with the support.
Furthermore, the driving mechanism comprises a second motor fixed in the closed box, a second driving gear fixed at the output end of the second motor, and a second driven gear meshed with the second driving gear and fixedly connected with the end part of the cylinder.
Furthermore, a round hole is formed in the upper portion of the support, a bearing is arranged in the round hole, and an inner ring of the bearing is fixedly connected with one end of the cylinder.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the food purification device based on the radio frequency plasma, the plasma generation device adopts a dielectric barrier discharge mode, after the electrode plate is connected with a high-pressure jet source, a plurality of filament-shaped electric arcs are generated between the dielectric plates in a gas environment of doping a small amount of oxygen with high-concentration nitrogen, the electric arcs are low in temperature and high in energy, and the discharge is uniform and stable; after the plasma is formed, ultraviolet rays and an electric field radiated by the plasma play a certain role in food sterilization, disinfection, decontamination and the like. A large number of high-energy active particles such as electrons, ions, active oxygen, active nitrogen, excited states and metastable states of gas molecules and the like are generated in the plasma generation process, wherein the most important active particles are active oxygen (ROS) and active nitrogen (RNS), which have strong oxidizing property and can perform redox reaction with macromolecules such as DNA, protein, lipid and the like; the plasma can be continuously generated in the cylinder and directly contacted with food, and the food and the plasma fully react, so that the purification of the food is finished.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a front view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a side view of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the internal structure of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the cylinder assembly;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the principle structure of the present invention;
in the figure: the device comprises a case 1, a perspective window 11, a handle 12, an operation panel 13, a valve 14, an electrode plate 2, a glass medium plate 21, a high-voltage lead 22, a radio frequency source 23, a flow controller 3, a guide pipe 31, a gas tank 32, a closed box 4, a vacuum pump 5, a cold trap 51, a cylinder 6, a support 61, a bearing 62, a base 63, a rotating shaft 64, a first driven gear 65, a first driving gear 66, a first motor 67, a second driven gear 7, a second driving gear 71 and a second motor 72.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1 to 5, the present invention mainly includes a case 1, an electrode plate 2, a high voltage lead 22, a radio frequency source 23, a gas washing unit, a cylinder 6, a driving mechanism and a swinging mechanism, and the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, the casing 1 is a main body part of the present invention, and the whole casing 1 has a rectangular parallelepiped structure and a hollow interior. A box door is arranged on the front side wall of the rack, a perspective window 11 and a handle 12 are arranged on the box door, an operation panel 13 is arranged on the front side wall of the box, and an air valve 14 is arranged on the right side wall of the box, so that outside air can enter the box conveniently.
As shown in fig. 3, a closed box 4 is disposed inside the chassis, an inner cavity of the chassis is divided into a plurality of independent cavities, and the closed box is located in one of the cavities. A pair of electrode plates 2 arranged up and down are arranged in the closed box, a glass medium plate 21 is arranged on the lower surface of the upper electrode plate and the upper surface of the lower electrode plate, a radio frequency source 23 is connected to the upper electrode plate through a high-voltage lead wire 22, and a grounding wire is connected to the lower electrode plate. A cylinder 6 is arranged between the upper electrode plate and the lower electrode plate, and the cylinder is movably connected with the closed box relatively. The electrode plate, the high-voltage lead and the radio frequency source form a plasma generating device.
A base 63 is fixed on the lower side wall of the closed box, as shown in fig. 4, a support 61 is arranged above the base, a round hole is arranged on the upper part of the base, a bearing 62 is arranged in the round hole, and the cylinder is fixed on the inner ring of the bearing. Thus, the cylinder can rotate relative to the support, and the cylinder rotates around the axis of the cylinder when rotating. The bottom of the support is fixed with a rotating shaft 64 which extends into the base and is rotatably connected with the base through a bearing. A first driven gear 65 is fixed on the rotating shaft, a first motor 67 is fixed on the base, a first driving gear 66 is fixed at the output end of the first motor, the first driving gear is meshed with the first driven gear, the first driving gear, the first driven gear and the first motor form a swing mechanism, the support is driven to rotate in the horizontal plane through the swing mechanism, and the support rotates once, and the rotating angle is 90 degrees. The closed box is internally provided with a driving mechanism for driving the cylinder to rotate around the axis of the driving mechanism, the driving mechanism comprises a second motor 72 fixed in the closed box, a second driving gear 71 fixed at the output end of the second motor and a second driven gear 7 fixed at the end part of the cylinder, and the driving mechanism is used for driving the cylinder to rotate. When the food processing device is used, food to be processed is placed in the cylinder, and when the cylinder rotates, the food rotates along with the cylinder. After the electrode plates are electrified, low-temperature plasmas are generated between the two electrode plates, more low-temperature plasmas can be contacted in the process that food rotates along with the cylinder, the food is uniformly contacted with the plasmas, and the food purification effect can be ensured. After the cylinder rotates 90 degrees under the action of the swing mechanism, the second driving gear is separated from the second driven gear, or the second driving gear and the second driven gear are changed into an engaged state again from a separated state.
A vacuum pump 5 is arranged in the case cavity, a pipeline is arranged between the vacuum pump and the closed case, and a cold trap 51 is arranged on the pipeline. The flow controller 3 is arranged in the case, the gas pipe is arranged between the flow controller and the closed case, the gas tank 32 is also arranged in the case, the guide pipe 31 is arranged between the gas tank and the flow controller, the number of the gas tanks is multiple, and the gas tanks are respectively filled with working gas and washing gas. The gas in the gas tank can enter the flow controller, and the gas with different flow rates is input into the closed box under the control action of the flow controller. The gas entering the closed box can enter the cylinder, enters the pipeline when being conveyed from the cylinder, is liquefied through the cold trap, and the vacuum pump reduces the pressure at the tail end of the gas flowing system, so that the gas flowing out of the flow controller continuously passes through the cylinder and enters the cold trap. At this time, the cylinder is always filled with the working gas for gas discharge, thereby ensuring stable generation of plasma. The gas tank, flow controller, conduit constitute a scrubbing unit. The cold trap and the flow controller are respectively positioned at the left side and the right side of the closed box.
The radio frequency source is adopted as a high-voltage power supply, the generated radio frequency plasma has the characteristics of high discharge capacity and large discharge range compared with low-frequency plasma, and the high-voltage plasma has the advantages of higher food purification strength and more processed food. The working gas used in the gas tank is nitrogen and oxygen, the two gases are safe, non-toxic, low in cost and easy to obtain, under the high-concentration nitrogen environment, plasma can be generated at normal temperature and normal pressure, the obtained low-temperature plasma is low in temperature, food cannot be damaged, and the original quality of the food is guaranteed.
The cylinder is placed in a closed box, so that the plasma is ensured to be in a high-concentration working gas environment, and unnecessary waste can be avoided; the flow controller can change the doping proportion of the gas and the flow rate of the gas entering the closed box, adjust the food purification degree and play the best purification effect on different food pollutions; meanwhile, an air tank filled with air is additionally arranged, and air washing treatment is carried out after the food purification is finished, so that the food quality is ensured to the maximum extent.
The working principle of the invention is as follows: the plasma generating device adopts a dielectric barrier discharge mode, after the electrode plate is connected with a high-pressure jet source, a plurality of filament arcs are generated between the dielectric plates in a gas environment of doping a small amount of oxygen in high-concentration nitrogen, the arcs have low temperature and high energy, and the discharge is uniform and stable; after the plasma is formed, ultraviolet rays and an electric field radiated by the plasma play a certain role in food sterilization, disinfection, decontamination and the like. A large number of high-energy active particles such as electrons, ions, active oxygen, active nitrogen, excited states and metastable states of gas molecules and the like are generated in the plasma generation process, wherein the most important active particles are active oxygen (ROS) and active nitrogen (RNS), which have strong oxidizing property and can perform redox reaction with macromolecules such as DNA, protein, lipid and the like; the plasma can be continuously generated in the cylinder and directly contacted with food, and the food and the plasma fully react, so that the purification of the food is finished. When food needs to be purified, the box door is opened, the cylinder rotates by 90 degrees under the action of the swinging mechanism, and the free end of the cylinder faces outwards, so that the food can be conveniently placed into the cylinder; after that, the door is closed and the food is purified by the plasma generator. And after the food is purified, opening the box door, and taking out the food.
Claims (6)
1. A food purification device based on radio frequency plasma is characterized by comprising:
the device comprises a case, a case door and an operation panel, wherein the case door is provided with a perspective window, and a closed case is also arranged in the case;
the plasma generating device comprises a pair of electrode plates arranged up and down in a closed box, and a radio frequency source connected with the upper electrode plate through a high-voltage lead, wherein a glass medium plate is arranged on the electrode plates;
the cylinder is rotatably arranged in the closed box, and a driving mechanism for driving the cylinder to rotate around the cylinder is arranged in the closed box;
the air washing unit comprises a flow controller arranged in the case, a plurality of air tanks connected with the flow controller through guide pipes, and an air conveying pipe connected with the flow controller and communicated with the closed box;
and the vacuum pump is arranged in the case and is connected with the closed box through a pipeline, and a cold trap is arranged on the pipeline.
2. The food purification device based on radio frequency plasma as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gas tank is filled with a working gas and a purge gas, wherein the working gas is nitrogen and oxygen, and the purge gas is air.
3. The food purifying apparatus based on rf plasma as claimed in claim 1, wherein a support and a base are disposed up and down in the closed chamber, the cylinder is rotatably mounted on the support, the support is rotatably connected to the base, and a swing mechanism for driving the support to rotate relative to the base is disposed in the closed chamber.
4. The food purification device based on radio frequency plasma as claimed in claim 3, wherein the swing mechanism comprises a first motor fixed in the base, a first driving gear arranged at an output end of the first motor, and a first driven gear engaged with the first driving gear and fixed relative to the support.
5. The rf plasma-based food purification device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the driving mechanism comprises a second motor fixed in the closed box, a second driving gear fixed at an output end of the second motor, and a second driven gear engaged with the second driving gear and fixedly connected to an end of the cylinder.
6. The food purification device based on radio frequency plasma as claimed in claim 1, wherein the support is provided with a circular hole at the upper part, a bearing is arranged in the circular hole, and the inner ring of the bearing is fixedly connected with one end of the cylinder.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110274329.7A CN113040317A (en) | 2021-03-15 | 2021-03-15 | Food purification device based on radio frequency plasma |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110274329.7A CN113040317A (en) | 2021-03-15 | 2021-03-15 | Food purification device based on radio frequency plasma |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN113040317A true CN113040317A (en) | 2021-06-29 |
Family
ID=76512091
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202110274329.7A Pending CN113040317A (en) | 2021-03-15 | 2021-03-15 | Food purification device based on radio frequency plasma |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN113040317A (en) |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN2889296Y (en) * | 2006-04-12 | 2007-04-18 | 山东新华医疗器械股份有限公司 | Cylindrical low vacuum radio frequency plasma sterilizer |
| CN101797395A (en) * | 2009-02-10 | 2010-08-11 | 中国科学院微电子研究所 | High-efficiency radio-frequency capacitance coupling vacuum plasma sterilizer |
| CN103981091A (en) * | 2014-05-23 | 2014-08-13 | 无锡思清源生物科技有限公司 | Novel normal-pressure room-temperature plasma induced mutation breeding device |
| CN105493685A (en) * | 2016-01-28 | 2016-04-20 | 中国农业大学 | Rotating bin type cold plasma seed treatment device and treatment method for same |
| CN107241849A (en) * | 2017-06-26 | 2017-10-10 | 云南航天工业有限公司 | A kind of low-temperature plasma device fresh-keeping for food sterilization |
| CN210901223U (en) * | 2019-11-19 | 2020-07-03 | 重庆市玉琳茶业有限责任公司 | Bidirectional rotating equipment for tea fixation |
| CN111470758A (en) * | 2020-04-15 | 2020-07-31 | 新沂市嘉新矿业有限公司 | Fused quartz uniform smelting device |
-
2021
- 2021-03-15 CN CN202110274329.7A patent/CN113040317A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN2889296Y (en) * | 2006-04-12 | 2007-04-18 | 山东新华医疗器械股份有限公司 | Cylindrical low vacuum radio frequency plasma sterilizer |
| CN101797395A (en) * | 2009-02-10 | 2010-08-11 | 中国科学院微电子研究所 | High-efficiency radio-frequency capacitance coupling vacuum plasma sterilizer |
| CN103981091A (en) * | 2014-05-23 | 2014-08-13 | 无锡思清源生物科技有限公司 | Novel normal-pressure room-temperature plasma induced mutation breeding device |
| CN105493685A (en) * | 2016-01-28 | 2016-04-20 | 中国农业大学 | Rotating bin type cold plasma seed treatment device and treatment method for same |
| CN107241849A (en) * | 2017-06-26 | 2017-10-10 | 云南航天工业有限公司 | A kind of low-temperature plasma device fresh-keeping for food sterilization |
| CN210901223U (en) * | 2019-11-19 | 2020-07-03 | 重庆市玉琳茶业有限责任公司 | Bidirectional rotating equipment for tea fixation |
| CN111470758A (en) * | 2020-04-15 | 2020-07-31 | 新沂市嘉新矿业有限公司 | Fused quartz uniform smelting device |
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Application publication date: 20210629 |