CN113005446A - Method and device for oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating - Google Patents

Method and device for oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating Download PDF

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CN113005446A
CN113005446A CN202110206074.0A CN202110206074A CN113005446A CN 113005446 A CN113005446 A CN 113005446A CN 202110206074 A CN202110206074 A CN 202110206074A CN 113005446 A CN113005446 A CN 113005446A
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copper
laser
resistant
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cladding
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CN113005446B (en
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周圣丰
易艳良
李坤茂
杨俊杰
金剑波
张治国
李卫
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Jinan University
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
    • C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
    • C23C24/103—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/0005—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with at least one oxide and at least one of carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of surface strengthening, and particularly discloses a method and a device for forming a wear-resistant and ablation-resistant copper-based coating by oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding. Coupling a high-frequency oscillation laser heat source and a high-frequency induction heating source to form a composite cladding heat source; the automatic powder feeder synchronously feeds copper-based composite powder into a molten pool formed by a composite cladding heat source on the surface of the substrate; the laser beam makes regular high-frequency scanning movement in the molten pool to form a strong stirring effect and control the ordered flow of the molten pool; after composite cladding, the high-performance copper-based composite material is quickly solidified. The invention realizes the regulation and control of the size and the stirring strength of the molten pool by regulating the amplitude, the frequency and the power of the laser, controls the orderly flowing direction of the molten pool by planning a scanning path, has the advantages of eliminating pores and cracks, reducing the temperature gradient of the molten pool, refining grains, improving the obdurability and the like, and the prepared copper-based coating has excellent performances of high strength, high conductivity, wear resistance, ablation resistance and the like.

Description

Method and device for oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method and a device for oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding of a wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating, and belongs to the technical field of surface strengthening.
Background
The laser cladding technology is a process for improving the surface performance of a substrate by melting a layer of material with special performance on the surface of the substrate by adopting a high-energy-density laser beam, can realize large-area modification by overlapping and covering separate tracks, and has the advantages of low dilution rate of a cladding layer, compact structure, less metallurgical defects, excellent performance, accurate and controllable size and position, environmental protection and the like. However, the laser cladding efficiency is low and the cladding layer is easy to generate air holes and cracks, which greatly limits the wide application of the laser cladding technology in the industrial field.
The laser-induction hybrid cladding technology realizes the compounding of a high-energy-density laser beam and a high-frequency induction heating source, greatly improves the absorption rate of a substrate to the energy of the laser beam, greatly reduces the temperature gradient in the cladding process, can prepare a high-performance crack-free coating under the condition that the processing efficiency is improved by 1-5 times compared with the single laser cladding efficiency, and is a novel surface strengthening technology developed in recent years.
Copper and copper alloy have the characteristics of high conductivity, high toughness and the like, and have very important application in the industrial field. However, the characteristics of low strength, poor wear resistance, weak ablation resistance and the like greatly limit the application of copper and copper alloy in the fields of metallurgy, national defense and the like, which require high strength, high conductivity, high wear resistance, ablation resistance and the like, of key parts. The use of protective coatings is one of the most effective methods for improving the surface properties of copper and copper alloys relative to the development of new copper and copper alloy systems. For example, the eriodictyol et al adopts a laser-induction composite cladding technology to prepare a carbon nanotube and iron-rich particle composite reinforced copper-based coating on the surface of a copper alloy, wherein the coating has excellent heat conduction and wear resistance (script material 76(2014) 25-28). Although the laser-induction hybrid cladding efficiency and the performance of the copper-based coating are greatly improved, uncontrollable convection and turbulence exist in a molten pool formed by a laser-induction hybrid cladding heat source on the surface of a base material, so that pores, tissue nonuniformity and performance anisotropy inevitably exist in the copper-based coating.
The laser galvanometer is the most effective oscillation laser scanning technology at present, and realizes the rapid positioning and position switching of laser beams by the deflection of an optical lens in a lens group, wherein the positioning and switching time is almost zero, the high-frequency oscillation frequency can reach 5kHz, and the path of the oscillation laser scanning speed can be freely planned by a computer program. At present, a high-frequency oscillation laser beam is introduced into a laser-induction composite cladding process, and the preparation of a crack-free, high-wear-resistance and ablation-resistant copper-based coating is realized under the condition that the processing efficiency is improved by 1-5 times compared with that of single laser cladding, and no literature report is found.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: the high-frequency oscillation laser beam replaces the conventional non-oscillation laser beam and is introduced into the laser-induction composite cladding process, the convection of the molten pool is enhanced through the stirring effect generated by the high-frequency oscillation of the laser beam, the effective regulation and control of the stirring intensity and the convection in the molten pool are realized, the uniformity of heat distribution in the molten pool is improved, and the purposes of refining grains, reducing the crack rate and the porosity, improving the toughness and eliminating the tissue nonuniformity and the performance anisotropy are achieved.
The invention provides a method for preparing a wear-resistant and ablation-resistant copper-based coating by oscillation laser-induction hybrid cladding, which comprises the following steps:
(1) carrying out oil removal, rust removal or electroplating treatment on the surface of the base material; placing copper-based composite powder in a charging hopper of an automatic powder feeder; wherein, the chemical components of the copper-based composite powder are as follows: 10-30 wt% of Mo, 1.0-3.0 wt% of CNTs, and CeO20.5～1.2wt.％，TiB23.2-8.5 wt.%, 5-20 wt.% Fe, and the balance of Cu;
(2) adjusting the distance between the induction heating coil and the surface of the base material to enable the base material to be heated by effectively realizing the skin effect of the surface; wherein the adjusting range of the distance between the heating coil and the surface of the substrate is 2-10 mm, the adjusting range of the induction heating power is 30-100 kW, and the temperature of the substrate which is inductively heated is 300-800 ℃;
(3) positioning a laser beam and a powder nozzle of an automatic powder feeder in an induction heating zone to realize the compounding of a laser heat source and an induction heating source, blowing copper-based composite powder into a molten pool formed by the composite heat source by using the powder nozzle, starting to implement high-frequency oscillation laser-induction composite cladding, regulating and controlling the stirring intensity of the laser beam in the molten pool by regulating the power, oscillation frequency and amplitude of the laser beam, and regulating and controlling the flow direction of the molten pool by regulating the scanning path of the laser beam;
(4) after the composite heat source is removed, the molten copper-based composite powder is solidified and crystallized by express to form a single-channel high-strength high-conductivity, wear-resistant and ablation-resistant copper-based composite coating, and then the numerical control machine is moved along the vertical direction of the cladding speed, wherein the moving distance of the numerical control machine is 70-30% of the width of the single-channel coating;
(5) after cladding one layer compositely, returning the laser head, the induction heating coil and the powder nozzle to the initial position of the previous layer during processing, and ascending to the thickness distance of the previous layer along the Z axis;
(6) detecting whether the thickness of the coating reaches the expected thickness requirement, if not, repeating the steps (2) to (5) until the coating reaches the required thickness; otherwise, the work is finished.
In the step (1), the base material is an iron alloy, a copper alloy or an aluminum alloy, and the surface of the iron alloy needs to be plated with a nickel-phosphorus alloy with the thickness of 5-40 mu m, so that the bonding strength between the iron alloy and the copper-based composite material is improved.
When the step (3) is carried out, the laser power is 0.5-15 kW, the composite cladding speed is 0.6-10 m/min, and the oscillation frequency of a laser beam is 20-5000 Hz.
In the step (3), the composite cladding direction is taken as an X-axis direction, the transverse direction of the copper-based composite material on the surface of the substrate is an Y-axis direction, the direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate is an Z-axis direction, and the amplitude of the laser beam is as follows: the X axis direction is-3 mm, the Y axis direction is-3 mm, the Z axis direction is-6 mm, and the laser beam oscillation scanning pattern is circular or spiral.
The copper-based composite coating has the structural characteristics of soft-hard-soft phases, wherein the first soft phase is a copper-rich matrix, the hard phase is molybdenum-rich spherical particles and iron-rich spherical particles, and the second soft phase is copper-rich particles uniformly embedded in the molybdenum-rich spherical particles and the iron-rich spherical particles; the copper-rich matrix has a large-angle crystal boundary characteristic with a volume ratio of 92-97%, the size of spherical molybdenum-rich particles is 5-20 microns, the size of spherical iron-rich particles is 3-10 microns, the copper-rich particles uniformly embedded in the molybdenum-rich spherical particles and the iron-rich spherical particles have a nanometer twin crystal structure, the size is 5-30 nm, and the thickness of a twin wafer layer is 10-20 nm.
The invention relates to an oscillating laser-induction composite cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating device, which comprises a laser, an induction heater, an automatic powder feeder, a high-frequency vibrating mirror controller, a numerical control device, a processing machine tool, a composite cladding processing head and an inert gas protective cover, wherein the induction heater is arranged on the laser;
the numerical control device 2 is respectively connected with a laser 4, an induction heater 10, a high-frequency galvanometer controller 3, an automatic powder feeder 6, the induction heater 10 and a robot 12, and the laser is connected with a high-frequency galvanometer focusing device 8 through a transmission optical fiber 5; the processing machine 1 is used for installing a substrate 14 and realizing the movement of the substrate; the composite cladding processing head 7 adopts a coaxial structure and comprises a vibrating mirror focusing device 8, a coaxial powder feeding nozzle 9, an induction heating coil 11 and an adjusting device 13; the adjusting device 13 is used for inducing the distance between the heating coil 11 and the surface of the base material 14; a galvanometer lens group 16 for focusing laser beams and oscillating scanning is arranged in the galvanometer focusing device 8; the oscillating laser beam 17, the induction heating coil 11, the processing machine tool 1 and the composite cladding processing head 7 are all positioned in an inert gas protective cover 15; argon is filled in the inert gas protective cover 15; the oscillating laser beam 17 may be scanned in a circular 18, linear 19 and spiral 20 fashion.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
(1) the high-wear-resistance and ablation-resistance copper-based coating can be prepared under the condition that the processing efficiency is improved by 1-5 times compared with that of a single laser cladding technology; (2) the stirring effect generated by the high-frequency oscillation of the laser beam can enhance the convection of the molten pool, realize the effective regulation and control of the stirring intensity and the convection in the molten pool, improve the uniformity of heat distribution in the molten pool and eliminate the non-uniformity of the structure and the anisotropy of performance; (3) the copper-based coating has the structural characteristics of soft-hard-soft phase, realizes the composite reinforcement of particles and twin crystals, has fine crystal grains, no air holes and no cracks, has excellent electrical and mechanical properties and the like, and has wide application prospect in the fields of metallurgical crystallizers, electromagnetic gun guide rails and the like which require high strength and high rise, high wear resistance, ablation resistance and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating device;
the device comprises a processing machine tool 1, a numerical control device 2, a high-frequency galvanometer controller 3, a laser 4, a transmission optical fiber 5, an automatic powder feeder 6, a composite cladding processing head 7, a galvanometer focusing device 8, a coaxial powder feeding nozzle 9, an induction heater 10, an induction heating coil 11, a robot 12, an adjusting device 13, a base material 14 and an inert gas protective cover 15.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a galvanometer mirror group installed in the galvanometer focusing device for focusing and oscillating scanning a laser beam;
wherein 16 is a galvanometer mirror group for focusing and oscillating scanning laser beams.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of circular scanning of a galvanometer laser beam;
where 17 is an oscillating laser beam and 18 is a circular scan.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of linear scanning of a galvanometer laser beam;
where 19 is a linear scan.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a galvanometer laser beam scanning in a spiral pattern;
of these, 20 is a helical scan.
Detailed Description
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating device. As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating device comprises a laser, an induction heater, an automatic powder feeder, a high-frequency galvanometer controller, a numerical control device, a processing machine, a hybrid cladding processing head and an inert gas protective cover;
the numerical control device is respectively connected with a laser, an induction heater, a high-frequency galvanometer controller and a moving mechanical electrical signal, and the laser is connected with the high-frequency galvanometer focusing device through a transmission lens group or a transmission optical fiber; the processing machine tool is used for installing a workpiece or a composite cladding processing head to realize the movement of the processing machine tool; the composite cladding processing head adopts a paraxial structure and comprises a vibrating mirror focusing device, a powder feeding nozzle, an induction heating coil and an adjusting device; the adjusting device is used for adjusting the included angle between the laser beam and the powder nozzle and the distance between the induction heating coil and the surface of the base material; a galvanometer lens group for focusing laser beams and oscillating scanning is arranged in the galvanometer focusing device; the laser, the induction heater, the automatic powder feeder, the high-frequency galvanometer controller, the numerical control device, the processing machine tool and the composite cladding processing head are all positioned in an inert gas protective cover; argon is filled in the inert gas protective cover.
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples and drawings, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto. The raw materials related to the invention can be directly purchased from the market. For process parameters not specifically noted, reference may be made to conventional techniques.
Example 1
When the base material is 45# steel, the wear-resistant and ablation-resistant copper-based coating is prepared by adopting an oscillation laser-induction composite cladding method, and the specific implementation steps are as follows:
(1) carrying out oil removal and rust removal treatment on the surface of the base material; placing copper-based composite powder in a charging hopper of an automatic powder feeder; wherein, the chemical components of the copper-based composite powder are as follows: 10 wt.% Mo, 1.0 wt.% CNTs, CeO2 0.5wt.％，TiB23.2 wt.%, Fe 20 wt.%, balance Cu;
(2) adjusting the distance between the induction heating coil and the surface of the base material to enable the base material to be heated by effectively realizing the skin effect of the surface; wherein the adjusting range of the distance between the heating coil and the surface of the base material is 2mm, the adjusting range of the induction heating power is 80kW, and the temperature of the base material which is inductively heated is 700 ℃;
(3) positioning a laser beam and a powder nozzle of an automatic powder feeder in an induction heating zone to realize the compounding of a laser heat source and an induction heating source, blowing copper-based composite powder into a molten pool formed by the composite heat source by using the powder nozzle, starting to implement high-frequency oscillation laser-induction composite cladding, regulating and controlling the stirring intensity of the laser beam in the molten pool by regulating the power, oscillation frequency and amplitude of the laser beam, and regulating and controlling the flow direction of the molten pool by regulating the scanning path of the laser beam;
wherein the laser power is 12kW, the composite cladding speed is 8m/min, and the laser beam oscillation frequency is 800 Hz; the composite cladding direction is taken as an X-axis direction, the transverse direction of the copper-based composite material positioned on the surface of the substrate is taken as a Y-axis, the direction vertical to the surface of the substrate is taken as a Z-axis direction, and the amplitude of the laser beam is as follows: the X axis direction is-3 mm, the Y axis direction is-3 mm, the Z axis direction is-6 mm, and the laser beam oscillation scanning pattern is circular;
(4) after the composite heat source is removed, the molten copper-based composite powder is solidified and crystallized by express to form a single-channel high-strength high-conductivity ablation-resistance copper-based composite coating, and then the numerical control machine is moved along the vertical direction of the cladding speed, wherein the moving distance of the numerical control machine is 70% of the width of the single-channel coating;
the copper-based composite coating has a soft-hard-soft phase structure characteristic, wherein the first soft phase is a copper-rich matrix, the hard phase is molybdenum-rich spherical particles and iron-rich spherical particles, and the second soft phase is copper-rich particles uniformly embedded in the molybdenum-rich spherical particles and the iron-rich spherical particles; the copper-rich matrix has a large-angle crystal boundary characteristic with a volume ratio of 97%, the average size of the spherical molybdenum-rich particles is 5 microns, the average size of the spherical iron-rich particles is 25 microns, the copper-rich particles uniformly embedded in the molybdenum-rich spherical particles and the iron-rich particles have a nanometer twin crystal structure, the size is about 6nm, and the thickness of a twin crystal layer is about 10 nm;
(5) after cladding one layer compositely, returning the laser head, the induction heating coil and the powder nozzle to the initial position of the previous layer during processing, and ascending to the thickness distance of the previous layer along the Z axis;
(6) detecting whether the thickness of the coating reaches the expected thickness requirement, if not, repeating the steps (2) to (5) until the coating reaches the required thickness; otherwise, the work is finished.
After the composite cladding with the process parameters is completed, the tensile strength of the copper-based coating reaches 650MPa, the elongation reaches 15%, the current-carrying wear resistance is improved by 5 times compared with brass, the ablation resistance is improved by 3 times compared with brass, and the electric conductivity is 42% ICAS.
Example 2
When the base material is Cu10Sn alloy, preparing the wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating by adopting an oscillation laser-induction composite cladding method, and specifically performing the following steps:
(1) carrying out oil removal, rust removal and electroplating treatment on the surface of the base material, and electroplating the nickel-phosphorus alloy with the thickness of 15 mu m to improve the bonding strength between the base material and the copper-based composite material; placing copper-based composite powder in a charging hopper of an automatic powder feeder; wherein, the chemical components of the copper-based composite powder are as follows: 20 wt.% Mo, 2.0 wt.% CNTs, CeO2 0.8wt.％，TiB26.2 wt.%, Fe 10 wt.%, balance Cu;
(2) adjusting the distance between the induction heating coil and the surface of the base material to enable the base material to be heated by effectively realizing the skin effect of the surface; wherein the adjusting range of the distance between the heating coil and the surface of the base material is 5mm, the adjusting range of the induction heating power is 50kW, and the temperature of the base material which is inductively heated is 650 ℃;
(3) positioning a laser beam and a powder nozzle of an automatic powder feeder in an induction heating zone to realize the compounding of a laser heat source and an induction heating source, blowing copper-based composite powder into a molten pool formed by the composite heat source by using the powder nozzle, starting to implement high-frequency oscillation laser-induction composite cladding, regulating and controlling the stirring intensity of the laser beam in the molten pool by regulating the power, oscillation frequency and amplitude of the laser beam, and regulating and controlling the flow direction of the molten pool by regulating the scanning path of the laser beam;
wherein the laser power is 5kW, the composite cladding speed is 4m/min, and the laser beam oscillation frequency is 500 Hz; the composite cladding direction is taken as an X-axis direction, the transverse direction of the copper-based composite material positioned on the surface of the substrate is taken as a Y-axis, the direction vertical to the surface of the substrate is taken as a Z-axis direction, and the amplitude of the laser beam is as follows: the X axis direction is-2 mm, the Y axis direction is-2 mm, the Z axis direction is-4 mm, and the laser beam oscillation scanning pattern is spiral;
(4) after the composite heat source is removed, the molten copper-based composite powder is solidified and crystallized by express to form a single-channel high-strength high-conductivity ablation-resistance copper-based composite coating, and then the numerical control machine is moved along the vertical direction of the cladding speed, wherein the moving distance of the numerical control machine is 50% of the width of the single-channel coating;
the copper-based composite coating has the structural characteristics of soft-hard-soft phases, wherein the first soft phase is a copper-rich matrix, the hard phase is molybdenum-rich spherical particles, and the second soft phase is copper-rich particles uniformly embedded in the molybdenum-rich spherical particles; the copper-rich matrix has a high-angle crystal boundary characteristic with a volume ratio of 95%, the average size of the spherical molybdenum-rich particles is 10 microns, the average size of the spherical iron-rich particles is 15 microns, the copper-rich particles uniformly embedded in the molybdenum-rich spherical particles and the iron-rich particles have a nanometer twin crystal structure, the size of the nanometer twin crystal structure is about 15nm, and the thickness of the twin crystal layer is about 15 nm.
(5) After cladding one layer compositely, returning the laser head, the induction heating coil and the powder nozzle to the initial position of the previous layer during processing, and ascending to the thickness distance of the previous layer along the Z axis;
(6) detecting whether the thickness of the coating reaches the expected thickness requirement, if not, repeating the steps (2) to (5) until the coating reaches the required thickness; otherwise, the work is finished.
After the composite cladding with the process parameters is completed, the tensile strength of the copper-based coating reaches 750MPa, the elongation reaches 10%, the current-carrying wear resistance is improved by 12 times compared with brass, the ablation resistance is improved by 5 times compared with brass, and the electric conductivity is 54% ICAS.
Example 3
When the base material is AlSi10Mg alloy, preparing the wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating by adopting an oscillation laser-induction composite cladding method, and specifically comprising the following implementation steps:
(1) carrying out oil removal, rust removal or electroplating treatment on the surface of the base material; placing copper-based composite powder in a charging hopper of an automatic powder feeder;
wherein the copper-based composite powder isThe chemical components are as follows: 30 wt.% Mo, 3.0 wt.% CNTs, CeO2 1.2wt.％，TiB28.5 wt.%, Fe 5 wt.%, balance Cu;
(2) adjusting the distance between the induction heating coil and the surface of the base material to enable the base material to be heated by effectively realizing the skin effect of the surface; wherein the adjusting range of the distance between the heating coil and the surface of the base material is 8mm, the adjusting range of the induction heating power is 30kW, and the temperature of the base material which is inductively heated is 350 ℃;
(3) positioning a laser beam and a powder nozzle of an automatic powder feeder in an induction heating zone to realize the compounding of a laser heat source and an induction heating source, blowing copper-based composite powder into a molten pool formed by the composite heat source by using the powder nozzle, starting to implement high-frequency oscillation laser-induction composite cladding, regulating and controlling the stirring intensity of the laser beam in the molten pool by regulating the power, oscillation frequency and amplitude of the laser beam, and regulating and controlling the flow direction of the molten pool by regulating the scanning path of the laser beam;
wherein the laser power is 2kW, the composite cladding speed is 2m/min, and the laser beam oscillation frequency is 200 Hz; the composite cladding direction is taken as an X-axis direction, the transverse direction of the copper-based composite material positioned on the surface of the substrate is taken as a Y-axis, the direction vertical to the surface of the substrate is taken as a Z-axis direction, and the amplitude of the laser beam is as follows: the X axis direction is minus 3 to 0mm, the Y axis direction is minus 3 to 0mm, the Z axis direction is minus 6 to 0mm, and the laser beam oscillation scanning pattern is spiral.
(4) After the composite heat source is removed, the molten copper-based composite powder is solidified and crystallized by express to form a single-channel high-strength high-conductivity ablation-resistance copper-based composite coating, and then the numerical control machine is moved along the vertical direction of the cladding speed, wherein the moving distance of the numerical control machine is 30% of the width of the single-channel coating;
the copper-based composite coating has the structural characteristics of soft-hard-soft phases, wherein the first soft phase is a copper-rich matrix, the hard phase is molybdenum-rich spherical particles, and the second soft phase is copper-rich particles uniformly embedded in the molybdenum-rich spherical particles; the copper-rich matrix has a large-angle crystal boundary characteristic with a volume ratio of 92%, the average size of the spherical molybdenum-rich particles is 20 microns, the average size of the spherical iron-rich particles is 8 microns, the copper-rich particles uniformly embedded in the molybdenum-rich spherical particles and the iron-rich particles have a nanometer twin crystal structure, the size of the nanometer twin crystal structure is about 30nm, and the thickness of the twin crystal layer is about 20 nm.
(5) After cladding one layer compositely, returning the laser head, the induction heating coil and the powder nozzle to the initial position of the previous layer during processing, and ascending to the thickness distance of the previous layer along the Z axis;
(6) detecting whether the thickness of the coating reaches the expected thickness requirement, if not, repeating the steps (2) to (5) until the coating reaches the required thickness; otherwise, the work is finished.
After the composite cladding with the process parameters is completed, the tensile strength of the copper-based coating reaches 520MPa, the elongation reaches 7.5%, the current-carrying wear resistance is improved by 8 times compared with brass, the ablation resistance is improved by 2 times compared with brass, and the electric conductivity is about 68% ICAS.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (8)

1. A method for preparing a wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating by oscillation laser-induction hybrid cladding is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) carrying out oil removal, rust removal or electroplating treatment on the surface of the base material; placing copper-based composite powder in a charging hopper of an automatic powder feeder;
wherein, the chemical components of the copper-based composite powder are as follows: 10-30 wt% of Mo, 1.0-3.0 wt% of CNTs, and CeO2 0.5～1.2wt.％，TiB23.2-8.5 wt.%, 5-20 wt.% Fe, and the balance of Cu;
(2) adjusting the distance between the induction heating coil and the surface of the base material to enable the base material to be heated by effectively realizing the skin effect of the surface; wherein the adjusting range of the distance between the heating coil and the surface of the substrate is 2-10 mm, the adjusting range of the induction heating power is 30-100 kW, and the temperature of the substrate which is inductively heated is 300-800 ℃;
(3) positioning a laser beam and a powder nozzle of an automatic powder feeder in an induction heating zone to realize the compounding of a laser heat source and an induction heating source, blowing copper-based composite powder into a molten pool formed by the composite heat source by using the powder nozzle, starting to implement high-frequency oscillation laser-induction composite cladding, regulating and controlling the stirring intensity of the laser beam in the molten pool by regulating the power, oscillation frequency and amplitude of the laser beam, and regulating and controlling the flow direction of the molten pool by regulating the scanning path of the laser beam;
(4) after the composite heat source is removed, the molten copper-based composite powder is solidified and crystallized rapidly to form a single-channel high-strength high-conductivity ablation-resistance copper-based composite coating, and then the numerical control machine is moved along the vertical direction of the cladding speed, wherein the moving distance of the numerical control machine is 70-30% of the width of the single-channel coating;
(5) after cladding one layer compositely, returning the laser head, the induction heating coil and the powder nozzle to the initial position of the previous layer during processing, and ascending to the thickness distance of the previous layer along the Z axis;
(6) detecting whether the thickness of the coating reaches the expected thickness requirement, if not, repeating the steps (2) to (5) until the coating reaches the required thickness; otherwise, the work is finished.
2. The oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating method of claim 1, wherein the oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating method comprises the following steps: when the step (1) is carried out, the base material is an iron alloy, a copper alloy or an aluminum alloy, and the surface of the iron alloy needs to be plated with a nickel-phosphorus alloy with the thickness of 5-40 mu m, so that the bonding strength between the iron alloy and the copper-based composite material is improved.
3. The oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating method of claim 1, wherein the oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating method comprises the following steps: and (3) when the step (3) is carried out, the laser power is 0.5-15 kW, the composite cladding speed is 0.6-10 m/min, and the laser beam oscillation frequency is 20-5000 Hz.
4. The oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating method of claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the hybrid cladding direction is taken as an X-axis direction, the transverse direction of the copper-based composite material on the surface of the substrate is a Y-axis direction, the direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate is a Z-axis direction, and the amplitude of the laser beam is as follows: the X axis direction is-3 mm, the Y axis direction is-3 mm, the Z axis direction is-6 mm, and the laser beam oscillation scanning pattern is circular or spiral.
5. The oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating method of claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that: the copper-based composite coating has the structural characteristics of soft-hard-soft phases, wherein the first soft phase is a copper-rich matrix, the hard phase is molybdenum-rich spherical particles, and the second soft phase is copper-rich particles uniformly embedded in the molybdenum-rich spherical particles.
6. The oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating method of claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that: the copper-rich matrix has a large-angle crystal boundary characteristic with a volume ratio of 92-97%, the size of spherical molybdenum-rich particles is 5-20 microns, the size of spherical iron-rich particles is 5-30 microns, the copper-rich particles uniformly embedded in the molybdenum-rich spherical particles and the iron-rich particles have a nanometer twin crystal structure, the size is 5-30 nm, and the thickness of a twin wafer layer is 10-20 nm.
7. The oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating method of claim 2, wherein the oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating method comprises the following steps: the surface of the iron alloy needs to be plated with a nickel-phosphorus alloy with the thickness of 5-40 mu m, so that the bonding strength between the iron alloy and the copper-based composite material is improved.
8. An apparatus for implementing the oscillating laser-induction hybrid cladding wear-resistant ablation-resistant copper-based coating method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 7, is characterized in that: the device comprises a laser, an induction heater, an automatic powder feeder, a high-frequency galvanometer controller, a numerical control device, a robot, a processing machine tool, a composite cladding processing head and an inert gas protective cover;
the numerical control device is respectively connected with a laser, an induction heater, a high-frequency galvanometer controller and a moving mechanical electrical signal, and the laser is connected with the high-frequency galvanometer focusing device through a transmission optical fiber; the processing machine tool is used for installing a workpiece or a composite cladding processing head to realize the movement of the processing machine tool; the composite cladding processing head adopts a paraxial structure and comprises a vibrating mirror focusing device, a powder feeding nozzle, an induction heating coil and an adjusting device; the adjusting device is used for adjusting the included angle between the laser beam and the powder nozzle and the distance between the induction heating coil and the surface of the base material; a galvanometer lens group for focusing laser beams and oscillating scanning is arranged in the galvanometer focusing device; the laser, the induction heater, the automatic powder feeder, the high-frequency galvanometer controller, the numerical control device, the processing machine tool and the composite cladding processing head are all positioned in an inert gas protective cover; argon is filled in the inert gas protective cover.
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