CN112996997A - 用于借助车辆中的喷射器测试和催化器诊断来监控传感器信号并定量地求取所用燃料的化学计量燃空比的方法 - Google Patents

用于借助车辆中的喷射器测试和催化器诊断来监控传感器信号并定量地求取所用燃料的化学计量燃空比的方法 Download PDF

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CN112996997A
CN112996997A CN201980074137.2A CN201980074137A CN112996997A CN 112996997 A CN112996997 A CN 112996997A CN 201980074137 A CN201980074137 A CN 201980074137A CN 112996997 A CN112996997 A CN 112996997A
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S·格拉斯莱纳
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于在具有催化器和拉姆达调节的内燃机的车辆中在连续行驶运行中进行车载诊断的方法,在催化器的上游连接有至少一个催化前拉姆达探测器并且在催化器的下游连接有催化后拉姆达探测器。这两个拉姆达探测器输出相应的传感器信号,对所述传感器信号进行可信度测试,其方式为借助OSC诊断求取催化器的当前最大可行的氧气加载量以及求取催化前拉姆达探测器到催化后拉姆达探测器的稀跃变之间的所测量的时间段。由当前的氧气加载量和理论的剩余氧气含量如下求取在催化前拉姆达探测器到催化后拉姆达探测器的稀跃变之间的理论时间段。当所测量的时间段与理论时间段之间的商处于通过第一和第二阈值界定的预先给定的范围内时,确定催化前拉姆达探测器和催化后拉姆达探测器无故障地工作。

Description

用于借助车辆中的喷射器测试和催化器诊断来监控传感器信 号并定量地求取所用燃料的化学计量燃空比的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于借助车辆中的喷射器测试和催化器诊断来监控传感器信号并定量地求取所用燃料的化学计量燃空比的方法。
背景技术
当前的汽油机方案能够仅通过完整的系统组件来发挥其关于功率、消耗、动力学以及排放的潜力。即使小的故障也会持续地妨碍发动机顺畅运行。因此,在行驶运行中在控制器上运行的车载诊断功能是必需的,以便在其不同的运行范围内对部件进行诊断。一些这样的诊断功能已经通过法律规定。例如,已知用于催化器诊断的车载诊断功能,即所谓的OSC诊断。在所述OSC诊断中,确定氧气储存容量(OSC=Oxygen Storage Capacity),即用于转换有害废气的能力。也已知例如在专业车间中用于该服务的喷射器测试,其中例如借助拉姆达探测器实施混合物质量平衡(Gemischmassenbilanzierung)。由DE102014218430A1已知一种用于改进车辆中的喷射器测试的方法。在此,可以通过说明故障的类型确定喷射嘴故障。然而,该方法不作为在线诊断来实施,而是在预先给定的条件下在车辆空载时实施。
此外,在行驶运行期间如在服务时的主动诊断(例如对执行器的操控和传感器信号的返回测量)可能在行驶期间干扰或刺激用户。此外,在服务中的主动诊断被限制在少量的低载荷的和低转速的运行点上,从而仅可以描绘车辆运行的小范围并且可能检测不到高压喷射的与运行点相关的故障。
发明内容
因此,本发明的任务是,提供一种用于在线诊断喷射器的方法,以便不仅提供传感器信号的可信度测试而且提供燃料特有的特征参数的计算。根据本发明,所述任务通过独立权利要求的特征来解决。有利的设计方案是从属权利要求的主题。
提出一种用于在具有催化器和拉姆达调节的内燃机的车辆中在连续行驶运行中进行车载诊断的方法,其中,在所述催化器的上游连接有至少一个催化前拉姆达探测器并且在其下游连接有催化后拉姆达探测器。这两个拉姆达探测器输出相应的传感器信号,对所述传感器信号进行可信度测试,其方式为借助OSC诊断求取催化器的当前最大可行的氧气加载量以及求取催化前拉姆达探测器到催化后拉姆达探测器的稀跃变之间的所测量的时间段,并且借助喷射器测试求取理论的剩余氧气含量。由当前的氧气加载量和理论的剩余氧气含量以如下方式求取在催化前拉姆达探测器到所述催化后拉姆达探测器的稀跃变之间的理论时间段:
Figure BDA0003059293340000021
当所测量的时间段与理论时间段之间的商处于通过第一和第二阈值界定的预先给定的范围内时,即:SW1≤Δt/Δttheo≤SW2,则确定催化前拉姆达探测器和催化后拉姆达探测器无故障地工作,也就是说不需要来自外部的干预。
该方法被用于喷射发动机、尤其是在汽车领域中。通过所提出的方法能够在连续的行驶运行中进行对于驾驶员来说基本上不可察觉的、预防性的诊断和传感器信号的可信度测试。
本发明的其它特征和优点由下面对本发明的实施例的描述、借助示出根据本发明的细节的附图的图以及由权利要求取出。各个特征可以自身单独地或者多个任意组合地在本发明的变型方案中实现。
附图说明
下面借助附图详细阐述本发明的优选的实施方式。
图1示出流程图,该流程图示出根据本发明的方法的一种实施方式,该方法用于借助车辆中的喷射器测试和催化器诊断来实施对传感器信号的监控并且定量地求取所用燃料的化学计量燃料空气比。
具体实施方式
在上面已经提到的DE102014218430A1中提出一种喷射器测试,该喷射器测试已经能够识别出喷射嘴的小的损坏。然而,该方法设置用于服务,即不是用于在线或车载诊断OBD(在连续的行驶运行中的诊断)。
在所提出的喷射器测试中,针对相应的缸体底座在内燃机的空载运行中实施一定数量的依次相继的测试步骤,所述测试步骤的数量大于相应的缸体底座的气缸数量,其中,在相应的测试步骤中针对各个喷射嘴设定混合物因数,所述混合物因数分别确定通过各个喷射嘴在其控制时产生的燃料质量流量。对于至少一些依次相继的测试步骤来说,一个或多个混合物因数从一个测试步骤到下一个测试步骤发生改变。并且在测试步骤期间实施对从缸体底座导出的废气流的拉姆达值的测量并且实施对输送给缸体底座的空气质量流量的测量。在执行所述数量的测试步骤之后,求取对于每个喷射嘴的标准偏差值以及总泄漏流量,其中,对于各个喷射嘴的标准偏差值描述了由各个喷射嘴产生的燃料质量流量与各个喷射嘴的标准运行值的偏差,并且总泄漏流量描述了由各个缸体底座的所有喷射嘴的泄漏引起的燃料质量流量。这样求取对于各个喷射嘴的标准偏差值和总泄漏流量,使得计算机辅助地求解方程组,该方程组针对相应的测试步骤包括如下方程,所述方程根据在相应的测试步骤中设定的混合物因数、对于相应的测试步骤有效的并且从拉姆达值的测量中导出的拉姆达值以及对于相应的测试步骤有效的并且从空气质量流量的测量中导出的空气质量流量来描述所述标准偏差值和总泄漏流量。在对于各个喷射嘴的至少一个标准偏差值处于预定数值范围之外的情况下,探测到各个缸体底座中的以至少一个喷射嘴的喷射量偏差的形式的第一喷射嘴故障。在总泄漏流量大于预定阈值的情况下,探测到各个缸体底座中的以至少一个喷射嘴泄漏的形式的第二喷射嘴故障。
因为在法律相关的并且已经公知的OSC诊断中测量燃料混合物中的变化,所以根据本发明将喷射器测试的调整步骤的实施与OSC诊断结合到一起,下面简短地阐述其基本原理。OSC诊断在行驶运行中实施并且利用喷射量的有针对性的调整gv(=混合物调整),即改变每个气缸的燃料质量
Figure BDA0003059293340000041
以便引起废气中的浓/稀跳变(Fett-/Magersprünge)。所述的浓/稀跳变改变废气的成分并且因此改变用拉姆达探测器可测量的剩余氧气含量。这种变化可以借助拉姆达探测器来记录和评估,其中,首先催化前拉姆达探测器测量燃料混合物中的变化,并且然后废气流过催化器并且向下游到达催化后拉姆达探测器。在燃料混合物中所测得的变化之间的时间被用于在限定的稀跳变的情况下示出在催化前拉姆达探测器与催化后拉姆达探测器之间的迟滞时间(Totzeit)。所述迟滞时间与催化器存储氧气分子(OSC)和提供用于废气转换的能力相关。根据OSC诊断的结果可以在故障情况下作为故障存储器和故障显示器被触发。
为了将这两种方法相互组合,使得对于驾驶员在连续的行驶运行中尽可能不可察觉地进行诊断,预先给定必须满足的边界条件RB,以便在行驶运行期间启动喷射器测试。这种边界条件RB可以是车辆的连续行驶任务、空载运行或停车,也就是说车辆在预先确定的时间间隔中处于确定的行驶模式中,例如没有强烈加速或强烈制动的平稳行驶。这可以根据车辆的装备通过车辆中存在的系统来确定或预测。因此,可以直接在车辆中进行评估并且在部件失效之前及时地识别出不规则情况,例如不可信的状态。
根据本发明,在行驶运行期间共同实施OSC诊断和喷射器测试,其中,同时使用气缸的燃料混合物的相同调整。在此,OSC诊断求取可见的、从λ催化前VorKat)也到λ催化后NachKat)中的直至氧气的稀跃变的时间段Δt,这利用在催化器之前和之后的两个拉姆达探测器(在未负载的状态下开始)来测量。因此,OSC诊断也求取所测量的氧气储存容量OSC。对于本发明,喷射器测试在假设λ燃烧=λ催化前Verbrennung=λVorKat)以及空气质量流量mshfm的情况下求取理论剩余氧气含量
Figure BDA0003059293340000042
作为混合质量的函数。所述理论剩余氧气含量
Figure BDA0003059293340000043
是化学转化质量的函数并且可以由用于烃类氧化的手册得出。
为了对根据本发明的传感器信号进行可信度测试,将来自上述和DE102014218430A1中描述的喷射器测试和OSC诊断的参数进行比较。在此,已知气缸的数量Anz和所谓的气缸平衡因数cb,该气缸平衡因数是燃料流的百分比适配因数。
从喷射器测试中使用以下参数:
输入参数(在控制器或控制装置中测量或计算):
-gvi 每个测试步骤i的设定的混合物因数,
Vor 催化器之前的拉姆达值,
-mshfm 被输送给缸体底座的、例如通过热膜式空气质量流量计测量的空气质量流量,也称为
Figure BDA0003059293340000051
Soll 由控制器的运行策略已知的、在燃烧室中燃料燃烧的期望的拉姆达值,
-Lst 化学计量的空燃比。
计算的输出参数:
-oi 对于各个喷射嘴的标准偏差值,
-Lo,sum 被测试的缸体底座的所有喷射嘴的总泄漏流量。
从喷射器测试中根据以下公式清楚地了解以下关系:
Figure BDA0003059293340000052
由这种关系尤其是可以确定喷射嘴故障oi
从OSC诊断中使用以下参数:
输入参数(在控制器或控制装置中测量或计算):
-gvi 每个测试步骤的设定的混合物因数,
Vor 在催化器之前的拉姆达值,
Nach 在催化器之后的拉姆达值。
输出参数(计算):
-Δt λVor到λNach的稀跃变之间的时间(段),
-OSC 测量的氧气储存容量。
借助喷射器测试中的理论剩余氧气含量
Figure BDA0003059293340000061
和OSC诊断中所测量的OSC值可以求取理论的Δttheo值:
Figure BDA0003059293340000062
由在OSC诊断中所测量的Δt与所计算的Δttheo的比较能够实现测量参数彼此间的可信度测试。
也就是说,当所测量的Δt和理论Δttheo处于预先给定的阈值SW1和SW2内时,可以将传感器评估为是能正常工作的或无故障的:
Figure BDA0003059293340000063
因此,不需要像更换部件那样的干涉。
有利地,
Figure BDA0003059293340000064
应为±0.03至0.05,即SW1应在(包括)0.95至0.97之间,并且SW2应在(包括)1.03与1.05之间。
若该商不在预先给定的阈值内,则必须检查是否例如λ燃烧≠λ催化前,即一个或两个拉姆达探测器损坏。如果空气质量流量mshfm被不准确地测量,则传感器可能损坏。
此外,在传感器信号被视为无故障的情况下,即图1中的拉姆达传感器和空气质量值ok,可以求取、更准确地定量确定燃料特有的特征参数。
由所测量的Δt和OSC值可以通过关系
Figure BDA0003059293340000065
理论的空气氧含量
Figure BDA0003059293340000066
来求取,
其中,λ燃烧≈λ催化前
由喷射器测试可以由
Figure BDA0003059293340000067
和mshfm空气质量求取λ燃烧
Figure BDA0003059293340000068
其中,
燃料质量
Figure BDA0003059293340000069
如下方式地求取:
Figure BDA00030592933400000610
(来自控制器或控制装置的喷射参数)。
在此,
Figure BDA00030592933400000611
是由于各个缸体底座的所有喷射嘴的泄漏和有效质量引起的实际燃料质量流量。这可以在喷射器测试期间计算。
由此,又可以计算出化学计量的燃空比:
Figure BDA0003059293340000071
因此,可以通过现有的、已知的或从特定的诊断方法或测试求取的关系来定量地确定所述化学计量的燃空比Lst。这对于被输送到喷射器中的混合物的预控制是重要且必需的。

Claims (7)

1.用于在具有催化器和拉姆达调节的内燃机的车辆中在连续的行驶运行中进行车载诊断的方法,其中,在所述催化器的上游连接有至少一个催化前拉姆达探测器并且在所述催化器的下游连接有催化后拉姆达探测器,其中,这两个拉姆达探测器输出相应的传感器信号(λVor、λNach),其中,对所述传感器信号(λVor、λNach)进行可信度测试,其方式为
-借助OSC诊断求取催化器的当前最大可行的氧气加载量(OSC)以及求取在催化前拉姆达探测器(λVor)到催化后拉姆达探测器(λNach)的稀跃变之间的所测量的时间段(Δt),并且
-借助喷射器测试求取废气
Figure FDA0003059293330000011
中的理论剩余氧气含量,
-由当前的氧气加载量(OSC)和理论的剩余氧气含量
Figure FDA0003059293330000012
以如下方式求取在所述催化前拉姆达探测器到所述催化后拉姆达探测器的稀跃变之间的理论时间段
Figure FDA0003059293330000013
并且,
-当所测量的时间段(Δt)与理论时间段(Δttheo)之间的商处于通过第一和第二阈值(SW1;SW2)界定的预先给定的范围内时,即:
Figure FDA0003059293330000014
则确定催化前拉姆达探测器和催化后拉姆达探测器无故障地工作。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述第一阈值(SW1)处于0.95至0.97的范围内,并且所述第二阈值(SW2)处于1.03至1.05的范围内。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,如果确定所述催化前拉姆达探测器和所述催化后拉姆达探测器无故障地工作,则以如下方式定量地确定化学计量的燃空比(Lst):
Figure FDA0003059293330000015
其中:
-OSC催化器的所测量的氧气储存容量
-Δt可见的、从λVorkat也到λNachKat中的直至氧气的稀跃变的时间段
VorKat催化前拉姆达探测器的拉姆达值
Figure FDA0003059293330000021
来自控制器的预控制或调节的燃料质量流量。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中,仅在满足预先给定的边界条件时才实施所述车载诊断。
5.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中,预先给定的边界条件包括以下中的至少一个:车辆的连续行驶任务、空载运行或停车。
6.用于在具有催化器和拉姆达调节的内燃机的车辆中在连续行驶运行中进行车载诊断的控制装置、尤其是发动机测试装置,其中,在所述催化器的上游连接有至少一个催化前拉姆达探测器并且在所述催化器的下游连接有催化后拉姆达探测器,其中,这两个拉姆达探测器输出相应的传感器信号(λVor、λNach),其中,对所述传感器信号(λVor、λNach)进行可信度测试,其方式为实施以下的方法:
-借助OSC诊断求取催化器的当前最大可行的氧气加载量(OSC)以及催化前拉姆达探测器(λVor)到催化后拉姆达探测器(λNach)的稀跃变之间的所测量的时间段(Δt),并且
-借助喷射器测试求取废气
Figure FDA0003059293330000022
中的理论剩余氧气含量,
-由当前的氧气加载量(OSC)和理论的剩余氧气含量
Figure FDA0003059293330000023
以如下方式求取在所述催化前拉姆达探测器到所述催化后拉姆达探测器的稀跃变之间的理论时间段
Figure FDA0003059293330000024
并且,
-当所测量的时间段(Δt)与理论时间段(Δttheo)之间的商处于通过第一和第二阈值(SW1;SW2)界定的预先给定的范围内时,即:
Figure FDA0003059293330000025
则确定催化前拉姆达探测器和催化后拉姆达探测器无故障地工作。
7.车辆,所述车辆包括内燃机、具有催化前拉姆达探测器和催化后拉姆达探测器的催化器以及用于将燃料输送到内燃机燃烧室中的喷射喷嘴,其中,该车辆包括根据权利要求5所述的控制装置。
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