CN112983757A - Device and method for aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbine array for wind tunnel experiment - Google Patents
Device and method for aerodynamic efficiency of wind turbine array for wind tunnel experiment Download PDFInfo
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D17/00—Monitoring or testing of wind motors, e.g. diagnostics
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D1/02—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor having a plurality of rotors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors
- F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
- F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
- F03D7/042—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03D—WIND MOTORS
- F03D80/00—Details, components or accessories not provided for in groups F03D1/00 - F03D17/00
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Abstract
The invention discloses a device and a method for aerodynamic efficiency of a wind turbine array for a wind tunnel experiment, 1) three-dimensional modeling software is used for modeling the device; 2) the shaft power output efficiency of the miniature direct current motor under the rotating state of the generator is planned; 3) constructing a device for the aerodynamic efficiency of a wind turbine array for a wind tunnel experiment; 4) equipment safety inspection; 5) obtaining a set wind speed; 6) acquiring the thrust and the output current of a reference first wind turbine at different rotating speeds; 7) constructing a wind turbine array; 8) completing a pneumatic data curve of a first wind turbine in the wind turbine array; 9) completing the aerodynamic data curves of all wind turbines in the wind turbine array; 10) and (6) data processing. The device comprises a supporting base plate, a six-component balance arranged on the supporting base plate and a wind turbine fixed on the six-component balance. The invention can accurately acquire the power data and the dynamic load change condition of the wind turbine at different positions in the wind driven generator array under various wind speeds, and can more accurately fit the aerodynamic characteristic curve of the wind turbine.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of wind tunnel tests and wind turbine array aerodynamic characteristic tests, in particular to a device and a method for wind turbine array aerodynamic efficiency for wind tunnel tests.
Background
In recent years, the installed capacity of wind power generation is continuously increased, the installed capacity almost accounts for half of the increase of all electric power in five years, and the installed capacity of China is nearly 3000 ten thousand kilowatts newly increased at present. The characteristic of the running flow condition of the wind driven generator under various working conditions is high turbulence for a long time, the actual incoming flow of the wind turbine is generally high turbulence and the rotating wake flow of the previous wind turbine, and the distribution and the dynamics of the flow structure are important for the non-constant load and the power output pulsation of the quantitative analysis.
In order to realize the aim, a wind tunnel is used for simulating a wind power plant consisting of a plurality of small wind turbines and testing the wind power plant. At present, some problems still need to be solved, in a wind tunnel experiment, the reynolds number of a real environment is inevitably different, a model wind driven generator is generally manufactured by a miniature direct current motor, the electromechanical conversion efficiency performance of the motor is generally poor, and therefore, before the wind tunnel experiment, the performance of a small wind turbine needs to be accurately tested, and the existing research generally uses the electric power of the motor which is easy to obtain to represent the performance of the wind turbine. However, the value of the electrical power is obviously smaller than the shaft power output by the wind turbine due to the mechanical and electrical losses of the generator, and since the output electrical power is influenced by the characteristics of the model generator, wrong information about the wind performance is obtained, while other studies use the known dc generator equation for estimation, however, the motor characteristic parameters required by such a method are too many, and it is unclear whether the method can reliably estimate the mechanical power of the wind turbine. In general, the power characterization of wind turbines is a interdisciplinary problem, and there is a gap between the fluid mechanics (wind wheel aerodynamic performance) and the electrical aspects (i.e., DC generator characteristics).
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects that the prior art provides a device and a method for the aerodynamic efficiency of a wind turbine array for wind tunnel experiments, which can accurately acquire the power data and the dynamic load change conditions of wind turbines at different positions in a wind turbine array to be tested at various wind speeds and can more accurately fit the aerodynamic characteristic curve of the wind turbines.
The object of the invention is achieved on the one hand by: a method for wind turbine array aerodynamic efficiency for wind tunnel experiments comprises the following steps:
step 1) three-dimensional modeling software is used for modeling a device for the aerodynamic efficiency of a wind turbine array for a wind tunnel experiment, sequentially modeling a rotating wind wheel, a wind turbine tower, a miniature direct current motor support and a supporting base plate, performing three-dimensional printing by using a three-dimensional printer, and assembling the wind turbine;
step 2) connecting two micro direct current motors with two ends of a dynamic torque meter through shafts respectively, and drawing up shaft power output efficiency of the micro direct current motors under the rotating state of the generator;
step 3) building a device for the aerodynamic efficiency of a wind turbine array for a wind tunnel experiment, building a supporting bottom plate at the bottom of a wind tunnel experiment section, and connecting a hole which is designed in advance on the supporting bottom plate with a six-component balance; fixing a first wind turbine on a six-component balance; the microprocessor is electrically connected with the first wind turbine;
step 4), equipment safety check comprises the following steps: whether the fastening bolt is loosened or not; whether the wind turbine is fixedly installed; the rotating speed conditioning circuit, the driving circuit and the current conditioning circuit are correctly connected and normally run, so that each pipeline is ensured to be kept smooth and free of blockage; ensuring the interior of the wind tunnel to be clean;
step 5) setting the sampling frequency of the six-component balance and the microprocessor, starting the wind tunnel, and adjusting the frequency of the control cabinet to obtain a set wind speed;
step 6) adjusting parameters of an upper computer to obtain a set rotating speed, sequentially collecting the thrust and the output current of a reference first wind turbine at different rotating speeds, and closing the wind tunnel after finishing the operation;
step 7), a second wind turbine, a third wind turbine and a fourth wind turbine are fixedly arranged on the supporting base plate until all the wind turbines are fixedly arranged on the supporting base plate to form a wind turbine array;
step 8) repeating the steps 4) to 6), and completing the aerodynamic data curve of the first wind turbine in the wind turbine array;
step 9) changing the installation position of the six-component balance, and repeating the steps 4) to 6) to finish the aerodynamic data curves of all the wind turbines in the wind turbine array;
and step 10) data processing, namely calculating the pneumatic data of each wind turbine in the wind turbine array under each working condition, and analyzing the pneumatic characteristics of the wind turbines under different working conditions.
As a further improvement of the present invention, the shaft power output efficiency of the proposed micro dc motor in the generator rotating state in step 2) includes the following steps:
(1) designing a planning table according to the sizes of the dynamic torque meter and the miniature direct current motor;
(2) respectively placing a dynamic torque meter, a first micro direct current motor and a second micro direct current motor on a proposed platform, and respectively connecting the two micro direct current motors with rotating shaft shafts at two ends of the dynamic torque meter;
(3) electrically connecting a first miniature DC motor with a controllable DC voltage source; the second micro direct current motor is electrically connected with the controllable direct current load;
(4) sequentially starting a power supply of the controllable direct current load, the dynamic torque meter and the controllable direct current voltage source; the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source is 0.1 time of the rated voltage of the first miniature direct current motor;
(5) adjusting the resistance value of the controllable direct current load, recording the values of the rotating speed and the torque on the dynamic torque meter, and recording the value of the output current of the second miniature direct current motor until all the resistance values are measured;
(6) adjusting the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source to be 0.2 times of the rated voltage of the first miniature direct current motor, repeating the step (5), adjusting the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source again, adjusting the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source to be 0.3 times of the rated voltage of the first miniature direct current motor, repeating the step (5) again until the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source is the rated voltage of the first miniature direct current motor, repeating the step (5), and finishing the measurement of all working conditions;
(7) and drawing up a relational expression of the rotating speed, the output current and the output shaft power of the second miniature direct current motor.
As a further improvement of the present invention, in the step 6), a filtering process is performed in a form of mean filtering according to equation (1):
n in the formula (1)iFor the latest rotation speed data after the filtering process, ni-1For rotational speed data, x, after a previous filtering processiRotational speed data, x, sampled before the latest filteringi-1The rotation speed data sampled before the previous filtering is obtained, and n is the size of the array of the average filtering.
As a further improvement of the invention, in the step 6), the formula (2) is adopted to regulate the control signal of the real-time relay, so as to control the rotating speed of the wind turbine:
d in formula (2)nFor the last given PWM pulse width modulation signal, Dn-1Sign (x) is a switching function for the last given PWM signal, delta is the error rotating speed of the expected value and the actual value of the rotating speed, and k is the single step length of the PWM signal.
As a further improvement of the present invention, in the step (7), a relational expression of the rotation speed, the output current and the output shaft power of the second micro dc motor is formulated as shown in formula (3):
Power＝0.1018-1.187*I+0.00155*S+0.2614*I*I+0.002854*I*S+0.0000001989*S*S (3)
in the formula (3), Power is output shaft Power of the second micro direct current motor obtained by fitting a formula, I is output current of the second micro direct current motor, and S is output rotating speed of the second micro direct current motor.
The object of the invention is achieved in another aspect by: a device for wind turbine array aerodynamic efficiency of wind tunnel experiments comprises a supporting base plate, a six-component balance and a wind turbine, wherein the supporting base plate is built at the bottom of a wind tunnel experiment section; the miniature direct current motor is also provided with a miniature linear Hall sensing probe; the miniature direct current motor is electrically connected with a load and a load loop sampling resistor through a wire, the miniature Hall sensing probe is electrically connected with a GPIO port of the microprocessor through a rotating speed conditioning circuit outside the wind tunnel, the load loop sampling resistor is electrically connected with the GPIO port of the microprocessor through a current conditioning circuit outside the wind tunnel, and a PWM port of the microprocessor is also electrically connected with a driving circuit outside the wind tunnel.
As a further limitation of the invention, the blade of the rotating wind wheel adopts a DTU221 airfoil section with a thickness of 21%, a circular groove is arranged at the hub of the rotating wind wheel, the detachable chuck connecting sleeve is tightly connected with the circular groove through an adhesive, and the detachable chuck connecting sleeve is tightly connected with the shaft of the miniature dc motor through a side bolt.
As a further limitation of the invention, threaded holes are equidistantly distributed on the wind turbine base, the wind turbine tower comprises a cylinder and a circular plate arranged at the bottom end of the cylinder, and a through hole is arranged on the circular plate; the wind tunnel wind power generation device is characterized in that the supporting base plate is a square flat plate, round through holes are formed in four corners of the square flat plate, the supporting base plate is fixed on the wall surface of the bottom of the wind tunnel through the through holes through bolts, threaded holes are uniformly formed in the supporting base plate, the bottom of the six-component balance is fixedly connected with the supporting base plate through bolts, and the top of the six-component balance is fixedly connected with the wind turbine base and the wind turbine tower through bolts. The six-component balance is fixedly arranged below the wind turbine tower, so that the similarity between the wind turbine and a real wind turbine can be ensured to the greatest extent.
As a further limitation of the invention, the microprocessor adopts an STM32F103RET6 module, an output signal of the GPIO port of the microprocessor is isolated by a TLP521-4 optocoupler isolation device and then is connected to an ULN2003 driver, two ends of a relay are electrically connected with 50 ohm resistors at two ends of a load, and the load size is adjusted in real time through the on-off of the relay.
As a further limitation of the present invention, the rotation speed conditioning circuit adopts an ES3144 hall sensor module, the current conditioning circuit specifically adopts a TLC2274 operational amplifier and a peripheral circuit composed of a resistor and a capacitor, a signal output port of an ES3144 chip of the rotation speed conditioning circuit is connected with a non-inverting input terminal of a TLC2274 operational amplifier in the rotation speed conditioning circuit, and an output terminal of the TLC2274 operational amplifier is connected with a GPIO port of a microprocessor.
Compared with the prior art, the invention adopts the technical scheme, and has the beneficial effects that: the wind tunnel experiment device is smaller, simpler, low in cost and convenient to manufacture, mainly embodies in that manufacturing materials are simple and easy to obtain, a platform is flexibly and conveniently built, other complex terrains and barriers can be designed and added on the supporting base plate for experiment, and wind tunnel experiment of the wind turbine array in the complex terrains is carried out more truly. The support bottom plate is made of resin materials through three-dimensional printing, and can be mounted and dismounted in the wind tunnel only through bolts, so that the support bottom plate is convenient and flexible; for wind turbine pneumatic data measurement, namely the measurement of thrust and power data of a wind turbine at different rotating speeds, the invention measures the thrust data of the wind turbine by using a six-component balance, measures the rotating speed data of the wind turbine by using a miniature linear Hall sensing probe, and plans the power data of the wind turbine by using the measured data of a dynamic torquemeter;
the invention adopts the STM32 microprocessor with higher sampling frequency to convert the frequency signal collected by the micro Hall sensing probe into a rotating speed signal, compares the rotating speed signal with an expected value, and outputs a pulse width modulation signal through the PWM interface of the microprocessor to control the resistance value of the power load in real time, thereby achieving the effect of controlling the rotating speed of the wind wheel. The invention utilizes the dynamic torque meter to perform efficiency planning on the micro direct current motors used in wind tunnel experiments, two micro direct current motors used in the experiments are respectively connected with the dynamic torque meter shaft and are coaxially processed, one micro direct current motor is electrically connected with the controllable direct current voltage source, the other micro direct current motor is electrically connected with the controllable direct current load, the real-time torque of the dynamic torque meter under the working conditions of different rotating speeds and output currents is read, the shaft power output condition of the micro direct current motor under the rotating state of the generator under the working conditions of different rotating speeds and output currents can be planned, only the output current and the rotating speed data of the wind machine need to be measured in the actual experiment, the output power of the wind machine can be obtained through simple calculation, the operation is simple and convenient, the space of the wind machine is saved, the problem that the torque meter needs to be placed behind the wind wheel in the wind tunnel experiment in the prior experiment, under the condition that the engine room is too large and too long, the similarity between the wind turbine and a real wind turbine is ensured to the maximum extent, and meanwhile, the method can measure the output power of a plurality of wind turbines, so that the efficiency of experimental testing is improved;
the invention can test the wind turbine power data and the dynamic load change condition at different positions in the wind driven generator array under different incoming wind speeds, and can more accurately draw up the aerodynamic characteristic curve of the wind turbine. The wind power plant simulation and optimization device is low in design cost, convenient to install, suitable for measuring the pneumatic data of different positions of the wind driven generator array under different working conditions of a wind tunnel experiment, high in measurement accuracy and significant in engineering significance for research on simulation and optimization of a wind power plant.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a wind turbine according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a rotating wind wheel of a wind turbine according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the structure of the wind turbine base of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a wind turbine tower according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the structure of the micro DC motor bracket of the device of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a support base plate of the device of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a schematic circuit diagram of the driving circuit of the device of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a schematic circuit diagram of the current conditioning circuit of the device of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a schematic circuit diagram of a speed conditioning circuit of the apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a proposed station in the method of the present invention.
Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of the relationship between the shaft power output efficiency, the rotation speed and the output current of the micro dc motor in the generator rotating state.
FIG. 12 is a graph of the relationship between output shaft power and tip speed ratio of a reference wind turbine according to the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a waveform of thrust of a reference wind turbine according to the present invention.
Wherein, 1a supporting bottom plate, 2 a wind turbine, 2-1 a wind turbine base, 2-1-1, 2-1-2 threaded holes, 2-2 a wind turbine tower, 2-2-1 a column, 2-2-2 a circular plate, 2-2-3 through holes, 2-3 micro direct current motors, 2-4 rotating wind wheels, 2-4-1 a circular groove, 2-5 micro direct current motor supports, 3 detachable chuck connecting sleeves, 4 micro linear Hall inductive probes, 5 leads, 6 loads, 7 load loop sampling resistors, 8 rotating speed conditioning circuits, 9 current conditioning circuits, 10 driving circuits, 11 microprocessors, 12 planning tables, 12-1 rectangular flat plates, 12-2 a first micro direct current motor base, 12-3 dynamic torque meter bases, 12-4 second miniature dc motor base.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1, the device for wind turbine array aerodynamic efficiency for wind tunnel experiments comprises a supporting base plate 1 built at the bottom of a wind tunnel test section, a six-component balance arranged on the supporting base plate 1, and a wind turbine 2 fixed on the six-component balance, wherein the wind turbine 2 comprises a wind turbine base 2-1, the wind turbine tower comprises a wind turbine tower 2-2, a miniature direct current motor 2-3 and a rotating wind wheel 2-4, wherein the bottom end of the wind turbine tower 2-2 is fixed on a wind turbine base 2-1, the top end of the wind turbine tower 2-2 is provided with a miniature direct current motor support 2-5, the miniature direct current motor 2-3 is fixed at the top end of the wind turbine tower 2-2 through the miniature direct current motor support 2-5, and the rotating wind wheel 2-4 is connected with the miniature direct current motor 2-3 through a detachable chuck connecting sleeve 3; the miniature direct current motor 2-3 is also provided with a miniature linear Hall sensing probe 4; the micro direct current motor 2-3 is electrically connected with a load 6 and a load loop sampling resistor 7 through a wire 5, the load 6 adopts two series resistors with 20W power, the resistance values are respectively 0.5 ohm (short circuit prevention) and 50 ohm (rotating speed adjustment is achieved through series connection with a driving circuit 10), the micro Hall sensing probe 4 is electrically connected with a GPIO port of the microprocessor 11 through a rotating speed adjusting circuit 8 outside the wind tunnel, the load loop sampling resistor 7 is electrically connected with the GPIO port of the microprocessor 11 through a current adjusting circuit 9 outside the wind tunnel, and a PWM port of the microprocessor 11 is also electrically connected with the driving circuit 10 outside the wind tunnel. The six-component balance is electrically connected with the data acquisition unit, and the data acquisition unit is electrically connected with the upper computer, so that real-time thrust data can be read on the upper computer; the microprocessor 11 adopts STM32F103RET6, and the current conditioning circuit 9, the rotating speed conditioning circuit 8, the driving circuit 10 and the microprocessor 11 are all arranged outside the wind tunnel, so that the space of the wind tunnel is saved, the electronic elements are prevented from being interfered by incoming flow, the micro Hall sensing probe 4 is also as small as possible, the flow interference is avoided as far as possible, and the windward section of the wind turbine is reduced.
As shown in figure 2, the diameter of a rotary wind wheel 2-4 is 400mm, a blade adopts a DTU221 airfoil section with the thickness of 21%, a circular groove 2-4-1 with the diameter of 6mm and the depth of 10mm is arranged at the hub of the rotary wind wheel 2-4, a detachable chuck connecting sleeve 3 is fixedly connected with the circular groove 2-4-1 through an adhesive, and the detachable chuck connecting sleeve 3 is fixedly connected with a shaft of a micro direct current motor through a side bolt.
As shown in fig. 3, the wind turbine base 2-1 is a flat plate with 75mm by 5mm, eight threaded holes 2-1-1 with a diameter of 3mm are arranged on the wind turbine base 2-1, and are equidistantly distributed on a ring with a diameter of 68 mm; meanwhile, four threaded holes 2-1-2 with the diameter of 5mm are arranged on the wind turbine base 2-1 and are equidistantly distributed on a ring with the diameter of 48 mm.
As shown in fig. 4, the wind turbine tower 2-2 comprises a cylinder 2-2-1 and a circular plate 2-2-2 arranged at the bottom end of the cylinder 2-2-1, wherein the cylinder 2-2-1 has a diameter of 16mm and a length of 400mm, the circular plate 2-2-2 has a size of 48mm x 3mm, and 4 through holes 2-2-3 with a size of 5mm are arranged on the circular plate 2-2-2.
As shown in FIG. 5, the micro DC motor support 2-5 is Y-shaped as a whole, the upper part is a 270 degree arc, the thickness is 3mm, the inner diameter is consistent with the diameter of the micro DC motor 2-3 used in the experiment, the lower part is a hollow sleeve with the length of 15mm, and the inner diameter of the sleeve is 16mm and is consistent with the diameter of the cylinder 2-2-1 of the wind turbine tower 2-2.
As shown in fig. 6, the supporting base plate 1 is a square flat plate with the length, width and height of 1500mm 5mm, round through holes with the diameter of 10mm are arranged at four corners of the square flat plate, the supporting base plate 1 is fixed on the wall surface of the bottom of the wind tunnel through the through holes by bolts, 4 groups of threaded holes 4 are uniformly arranged on the supporting base plate 1, in the wind turbine for measuring the thrust during the experiment, the bottom of the six-component balance is fixedly connected with the supporting base plate 1 by bolts, and the top of the six-component balance is fixedly connected with the wind turbine base 2-1 and the wind turbine tower 2-2 by bolts. The other wind turbines are fixedly connected with the wind turbine tower through the wind turbine base through bolts; and is fastened and connected with the supporting bottom plate through a wind turbine base and a bolt.
As shown in the circuit schematic diagram of the driving circuit shown in fig. 7, generally speaking, for the safety of wind tunnel experiments, the occurrence of short circuit events when a wind turbine operates is avoided, a microprocessing GPIO port output signal is isolated by a TLP521-4 optocoupler isolation device and then connected to an ULN2003 driver, and the switch signal can be well controlled and stabilized by adopting the optocoupler TLP521-4 isolation, so that the circuit has the advantages of small interference, less high-frequency noise, short switching time and low input power consumption, a signal circuit of a microprocessor is isolated from a power circuit, accidents are avoided, meanwhile, two ends of a relay are electrically connected with 50 ohm resistors at two ends of the load, and the load size is adjusted in real time by switching on and off the relay. After being isolated by an optical coupler, a PWM signal passes through an ULN2003 driving chip, the ULN2003 is a high-voltage large-current Darlington transistor array, the chip is suitable for various power driving systems requiring high speed, the LN2003 can be regarded as a 7-path inverter circuit, namely, when an input end is at a high level, an output end of the ULN2003 is at a low level, when the input end is at the low level, an output end of the ULN2003 is at the high level, and a relay is electrified and pulled in. During actual use, pin 8 is grounded, pin 9 is connected with the positive pole of a load power supply, the follow current effect is realized, pin 7 is selected as a pulse signal input end, and pin 10 is connected to pin 3 of the solid-state optocoupler relay as a pin 7 output end.
As shown in fig. 8, the current conditioning circuit is specifically formed by a TLC2274 operational amplifier, a peripheral circuit formed by a resistor and a capacitor, and a two-stage amplification form is adopted, the two-stage amplification can eliminate the multiple limitation of single-stage amplification, increase the rejection capability of common-mode signals, and simultaneously avoid a series of problems of self-excitation, large noise, poor frequency response and the like of the circuit, and enable the signals and the input signals to be in the same direction.
As shown in fig. 9, the rotation speed conditioning circuit adopts an ES3144 hall sensor module, the port 1 of the ES3144 chip of the rotation speed conditioning circuit is connected to a voltage of 3.3V, the port 2 is grounded, the signal output port 3 is connected to the non-inverting input terminal of a TLC2274 operational amplifier in the rotation speed conditioning circuit, and the output terminal of the TLC2274 operational amplifier is connected to a GPIO port of the microprocessor. The positive end of the operational amplifier U1A is electrically connected with the No. 2 pin of the ES3144 chip, and the negative end is electrically connected with the midpoint of two 100K ohm resistors with 3.3V voltage series connection, so as to obtain 3.3V midpoint voltage for comparing high and low electric signals output by the ES3144 chip. When the magnet is close to the marking surface of the ES3144 chip, the chip outputs high level, the voltage of the positive end of the operational amplifier U1A is larger than the voltage of the negative end, the pin No. 1 outputs high level, and the number of the high level in the corresponding time is recorded through the interruption of the timer in the microprocessor, so that the real-time rotating speed of the wind turbine is obtained.
A method for wind turbine array aerodynamic efficiency for wind tunnel experiments comprises the following steps:
step 1) three-dimensional modeling software is used for modeling a device for the aerodynamic efficiency of a wind turbine array for a wind tunnel experiment, sequentially modeling a rotating wind wheel, a wind turbine tower, a miniature direct current motor support and a supporting base plate, performing three-dimensional printing by using a three-dimensional printer, and assembling the wind turbine; before the wind turbine array experiment, a single wind turbine aerodynamic characteristic test is carried out at a test section to obtain a pneumatic data curve of a single wind turbine reference, because the direct-current wind tunnel experiment section is limited in size, the flow of the whole simulation wind field is influenced by the tunnel wall interference effect, in order to improve the accuracy of the wind tunnel experiment result, the tunnel wall interference amount of the wind tunnel experiment should be reduced as much as possible, but according to the similarity theory of the wind tunnel experiment, the array wind turbine aerodynamic characteristic curve simulated by the undersized wind turbine inevitably has larger error with the real situation, therefore, the reference measurement is carried out firstly, and compared with the first row of wind turbines in the wind turbine array, and the influence of the tunnel wall interference on the experiment is reduced as much as possible;
step 2) connecting two micro direct current motors with two ends of a dynamic torque meter through shafts respectively, and setting the shaft power output efficiency of the micro direct current motors under the rotating state of a generator specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) designing a drafting table 12 according to the sizes of the dynamic torque meter and the micro direct current motor; as shown in fig. 10, the proposed platform 12 of the proposed micro dc motor in the shaft power output efficiency under the generator rotation state is made of three-dimensional printer resin, the bottom is a rectangular flat plate 12-1 with length and width of 400mm 70mm 5mm, the center positions of the upper and lower sides of the flat plate respectively extend outwards with length and width of 150mm 30mm, a first micro dc motor base 12-2, a dynamic torque meter base 12-3 and a second micro dc motor base 12-4 are sequentially arranged on the flat plate, the upper parts of the first micro dc motor base 12-2 and the second micro dc motor base 12-4 are semicircular, the lower parts of the first micro dc motor base 12-2 and the second micro dc motor base 12-4 are rectangular concave, the lengths of the two bases are respectively consistent with the length of the micro dc motor used for testing, the semicircular diameter of the first micro dc motor base 12-2 is consistent with the diameter of the first micro dc motor, the diameter of the second miniature direct current motor base 12-4 semicircle is consistent with the diameter of the miniature direct current motor, the distance between the two semicircular bottoms of the two bases is 5mm from the rectangular flat plate, the dynamic torque meter base 12-3 is formed by joining four resin plates and is specifically in a shape like a Chinese character 'kou', the peripheral wall thickness is 5mm, the height is 30mm, and grooves with the radian of 120 degrees and the diameter of 25mm are arranged at the upper center positions of the left side and the right side.
(2) Respectively placing a dynamic torque meter, a first micro direct current motor and a second micro direct current motor on a proposed platform, and respectively connecting the two micro direct current motors with rotating shaft shafts at two ends of the dynamic torque meter;
(3) electrically connecting a first miniature DC motor with a controllable DC voltage source; the second micro direct current motor is electrically connected with the controllable direct current load;
(4) sequentially starting a power supply of the controllable direct current load, the dynamic torque meter and the controllable direct current voltage source; the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source is 0.1 time of the rated voltage 12V of the first miniature direct current motor, namely 1.2V;
(5) adjusting the resistance value of the controllable direct current load, recording the numerical values of the rotating speed and the torque on the dynamic torque meter, recording the numerical value of the output current of the second miniature direct current motor, and respectively adjusting the resistance values of the controllable direct current load to 25, 15, 10, 7.5, 5, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1 and 0.5 ohms until all the resistance values are measured;
(6) adjusting the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source to be 0.2 times of the rated voltage of the first miniature direct current motor, namely 2.4V, repeating the step (5), adjusting the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source again, adjusting the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source to be 0.3 times of the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source, namely 3.6V, repeating the step (5) again until the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source is the rated voltage of the first miniature direct current motor, repeating the step (5), and finishing the measurement of all working conditions;
(7) as shown in fig. 11, a relational expression of the rotation speed, the output current and the output shaft power of the second micro dc motor is formulated, and the specific expression is shown in formula (3):
Power＝0.1018-1.187*I+0.00155*S+0.2614*I*I+0.002854*I*S+0.0000001989*S*S (3)
in the formula (3), Power is output shaft Power of the second micro direct current motor obtained by fitting a formula, I is output current of the second micro direct current motor, and S is output rotating speed of the second micro direct current motor. The output power of the rotating wind wheel of the wind turbine is represented by the shaft power, so that the problem of low electromechanical energy conversion efficiency of the miniature direct-current motor is solved.
Step 3) building a device for the aerodynamic efficiency of a wind turbine array for a wind tunnel experiment, building a supporting bottom plate at the bottom of a wind tunnel experiment section, and connecting a hole which is designed in advance on the supporting bottom plate with a six-component balance; fixing a first wind turbine on a six-component balance; the microprocessor is electrically connected with the first wind turbine;
step 4), equipment safety check comprises the following steps: whether the fastening bolt is loosened or not; whether the wind turbine is fixedly installed; the rotating speed conditioning circuit, the driving circuit and the current conditioning circuit are correctly connected and normally run, so that each pipeline is ensured to be kept smooth and free of blockage; ensuring the interior of the wind tunnel to be clean;
step 5) setting the sampling frequency of the six-component balance and the microprocessor to be 1kHz and the sampling time of the six-component balance to be 10s, starting the wind tunnel, and adjusting the frequency of the control cabinet to obtain the set wind speed to be 8 m/s;
step 6) adjusting parameters of an upper computer to obtain a set rotating speed of 1000r/min, sequentially collecting thrust and output current of a first wind turbine with a wind wheel tip speed ratio of 2.5-6 corresponding to a plurality of rotating speeds, and closing the wind tunnel after the wind turbine is finished; in order to obtain an accurate rotating speed signal, when an STM32 microprocessor is programmed, the real-time rotating speed inevitably has pulsation in consideration of the actual tower shadow effect and the existence of an air boundary layer of a wind tunnel, and therefore, the rotating speed signal of the microprocessor is accessed by a miniature linear Hall sensing probe, and filtering processing is carried out by adopting an average filtering form of a formula (1):
n in the formula (1)iFor the latest rotation speed data after the filtering process, ni-1For rotational speed data, x, after a previous filtering processiRotational speed data, x, sampled before the latest filteringi-1The rotation speed data sampled before the previous filtering is obtained, and n is the size of the array of the average filtering.
Meanwhile, after the rotating speed signal after filtering processing is accessed to the microprocessor, the real-time relay control signal adjustment is carried out by adopting the formula (2) to control the rotating speed of the wind turbine:
d in formula (2)nFor the last given PWM pulse width modulation signal, Dn-1Sign (x) is a switching function for the last given PWM signal, delta is the error rotating speed of the expected value and the actual value of the rotating speed, and k is the single step length of the PWM signal. The specific processing mode is similar to sliding mode control, when the difference value between the observed rotating speed and the actual rotating speed is within an error range, namely the system state slides on the sliding mode surface, the rotating speed observation error is considered to be zero. At the moment, the controlled quantity is equal to the controlled quantity, when the rotating speed observation error is larger than the design range, the switching value of the relay is reduced, and when the rotating speed observation error is smaller than the design range, the switching value of the relay is increased;
step 7), a second wind turbine, a third wind turbine and a fourth wind turbine … are fixedly arranged on the supporting bottom plate until all the wind turbines are fixedly arranged on the supporting bottom plate to form a wind turbine array;
step 8) repeating the steps 4) to 6), and completing the aerodynamic data curve of the first wind turbine in the wind turbine array;
step 9) changing the installation position of the six-component balance, and repeating the steps 4) to 6) to finish the aerodynamic data curves of all the wind turbines in the wind turbine array;
and step 10) data processing, namely calculating the pneumatic data of each wind turbine in the wind turbine array under each working condition, and analyzing the pneumatic characteristics of the wind turbines under different working conditions.
Fig. 12 is a graph showing a relationship between output shaft power and a tip speed ratio when a wind turbine reference wind turbine is at an incoming flow wind speed of 8m, and fig. 13 is a graph showing a thrust waveform of the wind turbine reference wind turbine which is instantaneously changed when the wind speed of 8m is incoming flow, it can be known from the graph that as the tip speed ratio is increased, the output shaft power of the wind turbine is increased and then decreased, the output shaft power reaches a maximum value when the tip speed ratio is about 5, and the instantaneous thrust pulsates due to the existence of a tower shadow effect.
The invention can test the wind turbine power data and the dynamic load change condition at different positions in the wind driven generator array under different incoming wind speeds, and can more accurately draw up the aerodynamic characteristic curve of the wind turbine. The wind power plant simulation and optimization device is low in design cost, convenient to install, suitable for measuring the pneumatic data of different positions of the wind driven generator array under different working conditions of a wind tunnel experiment, high in measurement accuracy and significant in engineering significance for research on simulation and optimization of a wind power plant.
The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and based on the technical solutions disclosed in the present invention, those skilled in the art can make some substitutions and modifications to some technical features without creative efforts according to the disclosed technical contents, and these substitutions and modifications are all within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for wind turbine array aerodynamic efficiency for wind tunnel experiments is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1) three-dimensional modeling software is used for modeling a device for the aerodynamic efficiency of a wind turbine array for a wind tunnel experiment, sequentially modeling a rotating wind wheel, a wind turbine tower, a miniature direct current motor support and a supporting base plate, performing three-dimensional printing by using a three-dimensional printer, and assembling the wind turbine;
step 2) connecting two micro direct current motors with two ends of a dynamic torque meter through shafts respectively, and drawing up shaft power output efficiency of the micro direct current motors under the rotating state of the generator;
step 3) building a device for the aerodynamic efficiency of a wind turbine array for a wind tunnel experiment, building a supporting bottom plate at the bottom of a wind tunnel experiment section, and connecting a hole which is designed in advance on the supporting bottom plate with a six-component balance; fixing a first wind turbine on a six-component balance; the microprocessor is electrically connected with the first wind turbine;
step 4), equipment safety check comprises the following steps: whether the fastening bolt is loosened or not; whether the wind turbine is fixedly installed; the rotating speed conditioning circuit, the driving circuit and the current conditioning circuit are correctly connected and normally run, so that each pipeline is ensured to be kept smooth and free of blockage; ensuring the interior of the wind tunnel to be clean;
step 5) setting the sampling frequency of the six-component balance and the microprocessor, starting the wind tunnel, and adjusting the frequency of the control cabinet to obtain a set wind speed;
step 6) adjusting parameters of an upper computer to obtain a set rotating speed, sequentially collecting the thrust and the output current of a reference first wind turbine at different rotating speeds, and closing the wind tunnel after finishing the operation;
step 7), a second wind turbine, a third wind turbine and a fourth wind turbine are fixedly arranged on the supporting base plate until all the wind turbines are fixedly arranged on the supporting base plate to form a wind turbine array;
step 8) repeating the steps 4) to 6), and completing the aerodynamic data curve of the first wind turbine in the wind turbine array;
step 9) changing the installation position of the six-component balance, and repeating the steps 4) to 6) to finish the aerodynamic data curves of all the wind turbines in the wind turbine array;
and step 10) data processing, namely calculating the pneumatic data of each wind turbine in the wind turbine array under each working condition, and analyzing the pneumatic characteristics of the wind turbines under different working conditions.
2. The method for the aerodynamic efficiency of the wind turbine array for the wind tunnel experiment as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step 2) of determining the shaft power output efficiency of the miniature direct current motor under the rotating state of the generator comprises the following steps:
(1) designing a planning table according to the sizes of the dynamic torque meter and the miniature direct current motor;
(2) respectively placing a dynamic torque meter, a first micro direct current motor and a second micro direct current motor on a proposed platform, and respectively connecting the two micro direct current motors with rotating shaft shafts at two ends of the dynamic torque meter;
(3) electrically connecting a first miniature DC motor with a controllable DC voltage source; the second micro direct current motor is electrically connected with the controllable direct current load;
(4) sequentially starting a power supply of the controllable direct current load, the dynamic torque meter and the controllable direct current voltage source; the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source is 0.1 time of the rated voltage of the first miniature direct current motor;
(5) adjusting the resistance value of the controllable direct current load, recording the values of the rotating speed and the torque on the dynamic torque meter, and recording the value of the output current of the second miniature direct current motor until all the resistance values are measured;
(6) adjusting the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source to be 0.2 times of the rated voltage of the first miniature direct current motor, repeating the step (5), adjusting the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source again, adjusting the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source to be 0.3 times of the rated voltage of the first miniature direct current motor, repeating the step (5) again until the output voltage of the controllable direct current voltage source is the rated voltage of the first miniature direct current motor, repeating the step (5), and finishing the measurement of all working conditions;
(7) and drawing up a relational expression of the rotating speed, the output current and the output shaft power of the second miniature direct current motor.
3. The method for wind turbine array aerodynamic efficiency for wind tunnel experiments according to claim 1, wherein the filtering process in step 6) is performed in a mean filtering form of formula (1):
n in the formula (1)iFor the latest rotation speed data after the filtering process, ni-1For rotational speed data, x, after a previous filtering processiRotational speed data, x, sampled before the latest filteringi-1The rotation speed data sampled before the previous filtering is obtained, and n is the size of the array of the average filtering.
4. The method for wind turbine array aerodynamic efficiency for wind tunnel experiments according to claim 1, wherein in the step 6), the real-time relay control signal regulation is performed by adopting an equation (2) to control the rotation speed of the wind turbine:
d in formula (2)nIs given for the latest timePWM pulse width modulation signal of Dn-1Sign (x) is a switching function for the last given PWM signal, delta is the error rotating speed of the expected value and the actual value of the rotating speed, and k is the single step length of the PWM signal.
5. The method for aerodynamic efficiency of a wind turbine array for wind tunnel experiments according to claim 2, wherein the relational expression of the rotational speed, the output current and the output shaft power of the second micro direct current motor is formulated in the step (7) as shown in formula (3):
Power＝0.1018-1.187*I+0.00155*S+0.2614*I*I+0.002854*I*S+0.0000001989*S*S (3)
in the formula (3), Power is output shaft Power of the second micro direct current motor obtained by fitting a formula, I is output current of the second micro direct current motor, and S is output rotating speed of the second micro direct current motor.
6. A device for the aerodynamic efficiency of a wind turbine array for a wind tunnel experiment is characterized by comprising a supporting base plate, a six-component balance and a wind turbine, wherein the supporting base plate is built at the bottom of a wind tunnel test section; the miniature direct current motor is also provided with a miniature linear Hall sensing probe; the miniature direct current motor is electrically connected with a load and a load loop sampling resistor through a wire, the miniature Hall sensing probe is electrically connected with a GPIO port of the microprocessor through a rotating speed conditioning circuit outside the wind tunnel, the load loop sampling resistor is electrically connected with the GPIO port of the microprocessor through a current conditioning circuit outside the wind tunnel, and a PWM port of the microprocessor is also electrically connected with a driving circuit outside the wind tunnel.
7. The device for wind turbine array aerodynamic efficiency of wind tunnel experiments according to claim 6, wherein the blade of the rotating wind wheel adopts a DTU221 airfoil section with a thickness of 21%, a circular groove is arranged at the hub of the rotating wind wheel, the detachable chuck connecting sleeve is fastened and connected with the circular groove through an adhesive, and the detachable chuck connecting sleeve is fastened and connected with the shaft of the micro DC motor through a side bolt.
8. The device for the aerodynamic efficiency of the wind turbine array for the wind tunnel experiment as claimed in claim 6, wherein threaded holes are equidistantly distributed on the wind turbine base, the wind turbine tower comprises a cylinder and a circular plate arranged at the bottom end of the cylinder, and through holes are arranged on the circular plate; the wind tunnel wind power generation device is characterized in that the supporting base plate is a square flat plate, round through holes are formed in four corners of the square flat plate, the supporting base plate is fixed on the wall surface of the bottom of the wind tunnel through the through holes through bolts, threaded holes are uniformly formed in the supporting base plate, the bottom of the six-component balance is fixedly connected with the supporting base plate through bolts, and the top of the six-component balance is fixedly connected with the wind turbine base and the wind turbine tower through bolts.
9. The device for wind turbine array aerodynamic efficiency of wind tunnel experiments according to claim 6, characterized in that the microprocessor adopts an STM32F103RET6 module, the output signal of the microprocessing GPIO port is isolated by a TLP521-4 opto-isolator and then connected to an ULN2003 driver, two ends of the relay are electrically connected with 50 ohm resistors at two ends of the load, and the load is adjusted in real time by switching on and off the relay.
10. The device for wind turbine array aerodynamic efficiency for wind tunnel experiments according to claim 6, wherein the rotation speed conditioning circuit adopts an ES3144 Hall sensor module, the current conditioning circuit specifically adopts a TLC2274 operational amplifier and a peripheral circuit composed of a resistor and a capacitor, a signal output port of an ES3144 chip of the rotation speed conditioning circuit is connected with a non-inverting input terminal of the TLC2274 operational amplifier in the rotation speed conditioning circuit, and an output terminal of the TLC2274 operational amplifier is connected with a GPIO port of a microprocessor.
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