CN112966378A - Hydrogen leakage prediction method and system based on safety evaluation model - Google Patents

Hydrogen leakage prediction method and system based on safety evaluation model Download PDF

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CN112966378A
CN112966378A CN202110242162.6A CN202110242162A CN112966378A CN 112966378 A CN112966378 A CN 112966378A CN 202110242162 A CN202110242162 A CN 202110242162A CN 112966378 A CN112966378 A CN 112966378A
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杨武剑
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Zhejiang University City College ZUCC
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Abstract

The embodiment of the invention relates to a method and a system for predicting hydrogen leakage based on a safety evaluation model, wherein the method comprises the following steps: s1, acquiring hydrogen data of each device of the hydrogen station; s2, respectively constructing analysis submodels according to numerical simulation analysis of a pressure release stage, a diffusion stage and a combustion explosion stage in the leakage process according to the hydrogen data, and generating a safety evaluation model, wherein the pressure release stage, the diffusion stage and the combustion explosion stage are logically divided; s3, collecting all devices in real time based on the hydrogen sensor to obtain sensor data; and S4, inputting the sensor data into a safety evaluation model, and predicting whether hydrogen leakage occurs and the stage of the hydrogen leakage. The method analyzes and models each stage and different situations of hydrogen leakage by using numerical values, and then predicts the hydrogen leakage and the stage of the hydrogen leakage in real time by combining the sensor data detected by the sensor.

Description

Hydrogen leakage prediction method and system based on safety evaluation model
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of hydrogen leakage management, in particular to a method and a system for predicting hydrogen leakage based on a safety evaluation model.
Background
The hydrogen is a clean energy, can provide the energy for new energy automobile, fuel cell car, and the hydrogen after the purification is transported to the hydrogenation station with the long-tube trailer with high-pressure hydrogen form, unloads the gas through the gas column and gets into the compressor, stores respectively in high, middle, low tertiary gas bomb after the compressor pressure boost. The device of the hydrogen filling station mainly comprises a compressor, a fixed hydrogen storage facility and a hydrogen filling machine, wherein the compressor is used as a core device in the hydrogen filling station and has an important function of hydrogen pressurization, the high-pressure hydrogen storage facility has the functions of hydrogen storage and pressure buffering, and the hydrogen filling machine has the main function of filling a vehicle-mounted hydrogen storage bottle of a hydrogen fuel cell automobile.
The hydrogen station is the necessary infrastructure for the popularization and application of fuel cell vehicles and also an important component of the hydrogen energy industry. However, the hydrogen filling station has a great safety risk, and the high-pressure gas storage cylinder is very easy to leak hydrogen due to long storage time, large capacity, high pressure and the like, and the leaked hydrogen is easy to diffuse in the air, and can be spontaneously combusted under the condition that an ignition source can not be clearly identified, so that gas fires such as combustion, explosion and the like after leakage are very easy to cause. The initial phase of a hydrogen accident is usually an accidental leakage of hydrogen from a pipeline or storage system of different grades and its diffusion in the surrounding air. The hydrogen must be stored at high pressure and in the event of a leak, a high pressure, under-expanded jet will form near the leak outlet. One of the most common leakage scenarios for hydrogen gas involves leakage from a pressurized hydrogen treatment facility. These leaks range from small diameter slow leaks caused by holes in the delivery pipe to large volume leaks caused by accidental rupture of the high pressure tank. Therefore, the hydrogen leakage detection is needed to be carried out on equipment of hydrogen storage tanks and other hydrogenation stations, and safety early warning is timely carried out.
The above drawbacks are expected to be overcome by those skilled in the art.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a hydrogen leakage prediction method and a hydrogen leakage prediction system based on a safety evaluation model, and solves the safety problem caused by the failure in prediction of hydrogen leakage in the prior art.
(II) technical scheme
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the main technical scheme that:
an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for predicting hydrogen leakage based on a safety evaluation model, including:
s1, acquiring hydrogen data of each device of the hydrogen station;
s2, respectively constructing analysis submodels according to numerical simulation analysis of a pressure release stage, a diffusion stage and a combustion explosion stage in the leakage process according to the hydrogen data, and generating a safety evaluation model, wherein the pressure release stage, the diffusion stage and the combustion explosion stage are logically divided;
s3, collecting all devices in real time based on the hydrogen sensor to obtain sensor data;
and S4, inputting the sensor data into a safety evaluation model, and predicting whether hydrogen leakage occurs and the stage of the hydrogen leakage.
In one embodiment of the invention, the hydrogen data and the sensor data are both hydrogen concentrations.
In one embodiment of the present invention, step S2 includes:
carrying out numerical analysis on internal pressure relief in the hydrogen leakage process according to hydrogen data under the leakage condition, and constructing a small-hole pressure relief analysis sub-model, a pipeline pressure relief analysis sub-model and an instantaneous pressure relief analysis sub-model;
carrying out numerical analysis on hydrogen data in a diffusion stage in the hydrogen leakage process to construct a gas diffusion submodel;
carrying out numerical analysis on hydrogen data in a combustion explosion stage in the hydrogen leakage process, and constructing an accident consequence sub-model;
the safety evaluation model is any one or combination of a small hole pressure relief analysis submodel, a pipeline pressure relief analysis submodel, an instantaneous pressure relief analysis submodel, a gas diffusion submodel and an accident consequence submodel.
In one embodiment of the invention, the accident consequence submodel is divided into a physical explosion submodel, a jet flow flame submodel, a flash fire submodel and a gas cloud explosion submodel according to the accident type, wherein the physical explosion submodel is used for describing near-earth explosion, the jet flow flame submodel is used for estimating the thermal radiation generated by the jet flow flame, the flash fire submodel is used for estimating the combustion in the delay time between leakage and ignition, and the gas cloud explosion submodel is used for estimating the explosion energy.
In one embodiment of the invention, the numerical analysis is performed on the hydrogen data in the diffusion stage in the hydrogen leakage process, and the constructing of the gas diffusion submodel comprises the following steps:
the small hole pressure relief analysis submodel calculates the pressure, the temperature, the gas flow rate and the mass flow of the small hole outlet when leakage occurs according to the initial pressure and the leakage aperture of the hydrogen storage bottle in the hydrogen filling station, and is used for calculating the gas state at the leakage aperture;
the pipeline pressure relief analysis sub-model is used for analyzing the pressure relief process after instantaneous leakage.
In one embodiment of the invention, the pressure relief stage is gas expansion after internal pressure relief, the method further comprising:
and performing numerical analysis on atmospheric pressure release in the hydrogen leakage process according to hydrogen data under the leakage condition, and constructing a gas expansion analysis submodule for describing the gas expansion of continuous leakage.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the constructing of the physical explosion model comprises:
based on the premise of isentropic explosion, the explosion energy E is calculated according to the difference between the internal energy of the initial state and the final stateEX；
According to the explosive energy EEXDistance r from the source of the explosion and initial pressure P0Calculating a proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000031
And parameters of explosion
Figure BDA0002962592180000038
Figure BDA0002962592180000039
Selecting a corresponding multiplier factor according to the proportional distance and the shape of the container according to a preset relation;
according to proportional distanceDetermining explosion parameters
Figure BDA0002962592180000034
And calculates the overpressure peak.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the predetermined relationship is:
for spherical containers, the proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000035
When the value is less than or equal to 1, the multiplier factor is 2; when proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000036
When the multiplier factor is larger than 1, the multiplier factor is 1.1;
for cylindrical containers, the proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000037
When the value is less than 0.3, the multiplier factor is 4; when proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000041
When the value is more than or equal to 0.3 and less than or equal to 1.6, the multiplier factor is 1.6; when proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000043
When the multiplier factor is more than 1.6 and less than 3.5, the multiplier factor is 1.5; when proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000042
When the value is 0.3 or more and less than 1.6, the multiplier factor is 1.4.
In one embodiment of the present invention, step S4 includes:
inputting the sensor data into a safety evaluation model, comparing the sensor data with the accident consequence submodel, and determining that hydrogen leakage exists if the sensor data conforms to the accident consequence submodel, otherwise, not determining that hydrogen leakage exists;
and comparing the sensor data with a small hole pressure relief analysis submodel, a pipeline pressure relief analysis submodel and an instantaneous pressure relief analysis submodel in the pressure relief stage or a gas diffusion submodel in the diffusion stage to determine the stage of hydrogen leakage.
Another embodiment of the present invention further provides a hydrogen leakage prediction system based on a safety evaluation model, including:
the training data acquisition module is used for acquiring hydrogen data of each device of the hydrogen filling station;
the model training module is used for carrying out numerical simulation analysis on the leakage process according to a pressure release stage, a diffusion stage and a combustion explosion stage according to the hydrogen data to respectively construct an analysis sub-model and generate a safety evaluation model, wherein the pressure release stage, the diffusion stage and the combustion explosion stage are logically divided;
the data acquisition module is used for acquiring each device in real time based on the hydrogen sensor to acquire sensor data;
and the leakage prediction module is used for inputting the sensor data into the safety evaluation model and predicting whether hydrogen leakage occurs and the stage of the hydrogen leakage.
(III) advantageous effects
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the hydrogen leakage prediction method and system based on the safety evaluation model, provided by the embodiment of the invention, each stage and different situations of hydrogen leakage are analyzed and modeled by using numerical values, and then the hydrogen leakage and the stage of hydrogen leakage are predicted in real time by combining sensor data detected by a sensor, so that the safety management of a hydrogen filling station is guaranteed.
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Fig. 1 is a flowchart illustrating steps of a method for predicting hydrogen leakage based on a safety evaluation model according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of hydrogen leakage and consequences of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a process for expanding a continuous leak to atmosphere in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph of compression factor versus temperature for an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph of compression factor versus pressure for an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the comparison of the NIST data and the relationship between pressure and compression factor in the fitting equation of the compression factor at 298K for the temperature environment in the embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 7 is a schematic composition diagram of a hydrogen leakage prediction system based on a safety evaluation model according to another embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of better explaining the present invention and to facilitate understanding, the present invention will be described in detail by way of specific embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.
All technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of steps of an observation method for a high-orbit target minute-level fast-reading traversal provided by an embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 1, specifically including the following steps:
in step S1, hydrogen data of each device of the hydrogen station is acquired;
in step S2, respectively constructing analysis submodels according to numerical simulation analysis of a pressure release stage, a diffusion stage and a combustion explosion stage in the leakage process according to hydrogen data, and generating a safety evaluation model, wherein the pressure release stage, the diffusion stage and the combustion explosion stage are logically divided;
in step S3, acquiring each device in real time based on the hydrogen sensor to obtain sensor data;
in step S4, the sensor data is input to the safety evaluation model, and whether or not hydrogen leakage occurs and the stage of occurrence of leakage are predicted.
The prediction method provided by the invention analyzes and models each stage and different situations of hydrogen leakage by using numerical values, and then predicts the hydrogen leakage and the stage of the hydrogen leakage in real time by combining the sensor data detected by the sensor, thereby providing guarantee for the safety management of the hydrogen filling station.
The above method is described in detail with reference to the steps shown in fig. 1:
in step S1, hydrogen gas data of each device of the hydrogen refueling station is acquired.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the hydrogen gas data may be a historical hydrogen gas concentration, and there are many different situations in the hydrogen gas concentration during the high-pressure hydrogen gas leakage process, so that the hydrogen gas concentration is a main data basis for predicting the hydrogen leakage. The hydrogen filling station adopts staged inflation, the pressure of the hydrogen storage tank reaches 35MPa, and the pressure of the hydrogen storage tank of the hydrogen filling station needs to reach 40-45 MPa, so that quick gas filling can be obtained.
In step S2, analysis submodels are respectively constructed by performing numerical simulation analysis on the leak process according to the pressure release stage, the diffusion stage, and the combustion explosion stage based on the hydrogen data, and a safety evaluation model is generated.
In one embodiment of the invention, for the convenience of model process expression, the leakage of high-pressure hydrogen and the accident consequences thereof are divided into three stages: a pressure relief phase, a diffusion phase and a combustion explosion phase. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating hydrogen leakage and consequences of hydrogen leakage according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the pressure release stage is a process of releasing pressure from an initial leakage pressure to an external atmospheric pressure value as shown in FIG. 2; the diffusion stage mainly refers to a mixing process of hydrogen and air caused by the effects of density difference, air turbulence and the like; the combustion explosion stage refers to the possible consequences such as flash fire, explosion or jet flame after the hydrogen is flammable and is mixed with the oxygen in the air to a combustion limit range to form a flammable cloud cluster.
The three phases are logically divided, and the combustion explosion phase occurs in the pressure relief phase and/or the diffusion phase in time. In actual hydrogen leakage, instead of one stage being completed and another stage being started, the three stages are actually occurring almost simultaneously, and the accident consequence of the third stage is actually occurring at some point in the first two stages.
For continuous leaks, i.e. continuous leakage of hydrogen from small holes or pipes, the hydrogen pressure relief process can be divided into two stages again: an internal pressure release stage and a hydrogen expansion stage. The former is a pressure release process inside a vessel and a pipe, and the latter is a pressure release process in the atmosphere. For transient leakage, the two stages are combined into a whole and are considered as a hydrogen expansion stage.
In one embodiment of the present invention, step S2 includes:
on one hand, numerical analysis is carried out on internal pressure release in the hydrogen leakage process according to hydrogen data under the leakage condition, and a small-hole pressure release analysis sub-model, a pipeline pressure release analysis sub-model and an instantaneous pressure release analysis sub-model are constructed.
There are many situations for the pressure release of high pressure gas, and the present invention relates to three situations: one is pressure relief by leakage from a small hole of the hydrogen storage vessel, another is pressure relief by leakage from the hydrogen storage pipe, and the other is instantaneous pressure relief by leakage of the entire hydrogen storage vessel. The small hole pressure relief analysis submodel calculates the pressure, the temperature, the gas flow rate and the mass flow of the small hole outlet when leakage occurs according to the initial pressure and the leakage hole diameter of the hydrogen storage bottle in the hydrogen filling station, and the small hole pressure relief analysis submodel is used for calculating the gas state of the leakage hole with the hole diameter being less than 20 mm.
Assuming the conservation of entropy in the process of small pore pressure release:
s(Pi,Ti)＝s(P0,T0) (1)
from equation (1), the ambient temperature T can be calculated0In which P is0Is ambient pressure, PiIs the pressure in the hydrogen storage tank, TiIs the temperature in the hydrogen storage tank.
According to the conservation of energy:
Figure BDA0002962592180000071
from equation (2), u can be calculated0。
The pressure at the outlet satisfies the relation:
Figure BDA0002962592180000072
mass flow at the outlet:
Q＝A0u0ρ0 (4)
wherein A is0Is the area of the leakage port, ρ0As the density of the gas, it is,
the pipeline pressure relief analysis sub-model is used for analyzing the pressure relief process after instantaneous leakage.
The model needs to satisfy conservation of mass:
Figure BDA0002962592180000073
conservation of energy:
Figure BDA0002962592180000081
conservation of momentum:
Figure BDA0002962592180000082
wherein, tau0The shear stress is determined by the following formula (8):
Figure BDA0002962592180000083
where f is the coefficient of friction, for straight pipelines can be described as:
Figure BDA0002962592180000084
where e is the surface roughness and D is the diameter of the straight pipe.
The pressure at the outlet satisfies the relation:
Figure BDA0002962592180000085
in this embodiment, the pressure relief for the instantaneous leak is actually the gas expansion, which is referred to as the gas expansion analysis submodel.
In one embodiment of the invention, the pressure relief stage is gas expansion after internal pressure relief, the method further comprising:
and performing numerical analysis on atmospheric pressure release in the hydrogen leakage process according to hydrogen data under the leakage condition, and constructing a gas expansion analysis submodule for describing the gas expansion of continuous leakage.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the process of expanding the continuous leak to the atmosphere in one embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 3, the pressure relief of the continuous leak includes two stages, first internal pressure relief, followed by pressure relief in the atmosphere, which is referred to as gas expansion. The calculation at this stage is mainly based on the utilization of three conservation equations (conservation of mass, conservation of momentum, conservation of energy, equations (11) to (13)) and two state equations (density equation and enthalpy equation, equations (14) to (15)).
ρfAfuf＝ρ0A0u0 (11)
ρfAfuf 2＝ρ0A0u0 2+(P0-Pf)A0 (12)
Figure BDA0002962592180000091
ρf＝ρf(Pa,Tf) (14)
hf＝hV(Pa,Tf) (15)
Wherein h isVIs the specific enthalpy of gas (specific vapor enthalpy), this model is mainly used to describe the expansion of a gas with a continuous leak.
Transient expansion models are only used for transient leakage models of catastrophic rupture, except for using expansionExpansion energy to calculate the final velocity ufExcept that the model is similar to the isentropic model above.
Eexp＝h0-hf-(P0-Pa)v0 (16)
Figure BDA0002962592180000092
On the other hand, the hydrogen data of the diffusion stage in the hydrogen leakage process is subjected to numerical analysis, and a gas diffusion submodel is constructed.
After the first two stages of pressure relief, the gas begins to diffuse and migrate under its own density and air turbulence, a process described by the gas diffusion model (UDM). The basis of the unified diffusion model is simplified concentration distribution, a Cartesian coordinate system is assumed, the downwind direction is adopted, the lateral wind direction and the vertical distance are respectively x, y, z and flow coordinates, the length of a central concentration line is s, the vertical distance from the central concentration line is zeta, the height of the central concentration line is z, and the included angle between the central concentration line and the horizontal plane is theta, so that the concentration distribution can be expressed as follows:
c(x,y,ζ)＝c0(x)Fv(ζ)Fh(y) (18)
Figure BDA0002962592180000093
Figure BDA0002962592180000094
wherein in the formula (20)
Figure BDA0002962592180000095
In the formula (19)
Figure BDA0002962592180000101
Wherein σyIs the standard deviation of the horizontal concentration distribution, σzIs the standard deviation of the vertical concentration distribution.
The horizontal distribution is given by an exponential m relation, m being determined by:
Figure BDA0002962592180000102
Figure BDA0002962592180000103
the relation of the exponent n in equation (19) approximates the atmospheric flow gradient equation. The vertical distribution is given by an exponential n relation, n being determined by:
Figure BDA0002962592180000104
wherein for steady state levels A-D, nbase2; for steady state levels E, nbase2.25; for steady state levels F and G, nbase＝2.5。
For the transient leakage profile, the concentration profile is expressed as:
c(x,y,ζ；t)＝c0(t)Fv(ζ)Fh(x,y) (26)
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
ζ＝z-zcld(t) (27)
Fv(ζ) is still defined by equation (19), Fh(x, y) is defined by the following formula (28).
Figure BDA0002962592180000105
Rx＝Ry (29)
The UDM model has good performance in predicting peak center line concentration (peak center concentration) and cloud cluster scale (cloud width), certain error exists in predicting concentration distribution outside a center line, and the calculation result is generally conservative, namely higher than an experimental value.
On the other hand, the numerical analysis is carried out on the hydrogen data in the combustion and explosion stage in the hydrogen leakage process, and an accident consequence sub-model is constructed.
In one embodiment of the invention, the accident consequence submodel is divided into a physical explosion submodel, a jet flow flame submodel, a flash fire submodel and a gas cloud explosion submodel according to the accident type, wherein the physical explosion submodel is used for describing near-earth explosion, the jet flow flame submodel is used for estimating the thermal radiation generated by the jet flow flame, the flash fire submodel is used for estimating the combustion in the delay time between leakage and ignition, and the gas cloud explosion submodel is used for estimating the explosion energy.
Physical explosion refers to an explosion caused by overpressure in the pressure vessel, typically caused by overfilling or overheating of the pressure vessel. The first step in estimating these explosion parameters is to determine the explosion energy, which, once calculated, can be used to estimate the peak overpressure. Whereas the overpressure peak is one of the most important parameters for evaluating the explosion hazard. To estimate the explosion energy, an isentropic explosion can be assumed and the difference between the internal energies of the initial and final states can be calculated therefrom.
Based on the above, the construction of the physical explosion model in the present embodiment includes:
on the premise of isentropic explosion, the explosion energy is calculated according to the difference between the internal energy of the initial state and the final state, and the calculation formula is as follows:
EEX＝M(u1-u2)
wherein M is the mass of the fluid, EEXIs the explosion energy;
according to the explosive energy EEXDistance r from the source of the explosion and initial pressure P0Calculating a proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000111
And parameters of explosion
Figure BDA0002962592180000116
Figure BDA0002962592180000113
Selecting a corresponding multiplier factor according to the proportional distance and the shape of the container according to a preset relation;
determining explosion parameters from proportional distances
Figure BDA0002962592180000114
And calculating an overpressure peak value, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
Figure BDA0002962592180000115
the overpressure peak value p is obtained by the calculations。
In an embodiment of the present invention, the predetermined relationship is:
for spherical containers, the proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000121
When the value is less than or equal to 1, the multiplier factor is 2; when proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000122
When the multiplier factor is larger than 1, the multiplier factor is 1.1;
for cylindrical containers, the proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000123
When the value is less than 0.3, the multiplier factor is 4; when proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000124
When the value is more than or equal to 0.3 and less than or equal to 1.6, the multiplier factor is 1.6; when proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000125
When the multiplier factor is more than 1.6 and less than 3.5, the multiplier factor is 1.5; when proportional distance
Figure BDA0002962592180000129
When the value is 0.3 or more and less than 1.6, the multiplier factor is 1.4.
TABLE 1
Figure BDA0002962592180000126
Jet flame is a jet flame phenomenon caused by ignition near a leakage port when hydrogen continuously leaks along a small hole or a pipeline. The thermal radiation generated by the jet flame can cause harm to people, so the evaluation of the jet flame is mainly to estimate the thermal radiation generated by the jet flame, and the jet flame submodel in the implementation is used for calculating the gas leakage jet flame.
The jet velocity or radius of expansion is calculated as follows:
the jet velocity is:
Figure BDA0002962592180000127
the expansion radius is:
Figure BDA0002962592180000128
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
ρjdensity of fluid accelerated expansion (post-expansion) [ kg m-3]；
m is mass flow [ kg/s ];
vjspeed of fluid expansion [ m/s [/s ]]；
rjRadius of fluid expansion [ m ]]。
Surface radiant energy is the heat flux generated by thermal radiation through the flame surface area. For jet flames, the surface radiant energy can be expressed as:
Figure BDA0002962592180000131
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
FSpercent heat radiated from the flame surface;
m is mass flow [ kg/s ];
HCOMBheat of combustion [ J/kg ] of fuel mixture]；
A is the total surface area [ m ] of the flame2]。
FSExpansion velocity v of the same gasjIs related, i.e.
Figure BDA0002962592180000132
The surface radiant energy of the flame varies with the average radiant path length through the flame, and W is selected to be different2And RLRepresenting the path length of radiation through the sides and ends of the model flame form. For the sides and front of the jet flame, FSAnd SEP are expressed as:
side radiation (Emission through flame sizes):
Figure BDA0002962592180000133
end radiation (Emission through flame ends):
Figure BDA0002962592180000134
Figure BDA0002962592180000135
and
Figure BDA0002962592180000136
representing the radiant energy of the flame as perceived by an observer whose viewing angle is defined at the sides and ends of the flame, respectively.
Considering that the hydrogen density is much less than that of natural gas, the hydrogen jet has the characteristic of rising off the near-ground, and therefore it can be expected that estimating the flame of the hydrogen jet with this model will make the calculation more conservative.
The formation of a flash fire is due to a certain delay time between leakage and ignition, thus forming a combustible mixture in a wider area, causing greater harm. Once the cloud cluster mixed concentration reaches the lower combustion limit, flash-fire can occur, so for hydrogen flash-fire, the region where flash-fire occurs is the 4% hydrogen concentration profile region calculated in the UDM unified diffusion model.
A flash fire in a confined or semi-confined space may develop further into a gas cloud explosion. The explosion of the cloud of combustible gas is a chemical explosion due to the intense combustion of hydrogen and oxygen, and thus increases the thermal radiation hazard due to the combustion, in addition to the hazard due to the explosion overpressure, as compared to a physical explosion.
For the estimation of the explosion overpressure, the basic idea is to determine the overpressure from the explosion energy, which is substantially identical to the formula used for the above-mentioned physical explosion, and therefore is not described in detail. The only difference is that in the solving process, the proportional distance is used
Figure BDA0002962592180000141
Then find out the corresponding
Figure BDA0002962592180000142
When in use, a corresponding curve is needed to be found according to parameters such as space limitation degree and reactivity. The verification of the gas cloud explosion model is similar to physical explosion, the overpressure estimated by the model is higher, and the main deviation source is the estimation of explosion energy. The proximity of the calculation of the explosion energy to the actual situation is uncertain and does not take into account the transfer of energy into kinetic energy.
For the thermal radiation hazard of a gas cloud explosion, the DNV recommendation can be replaced approximately with a flash hazard zone for hydrogen. Therefore, the hazard of gas cloud explosion is treated in the model, and the Baker model is used for estimating explosion overpressure and considering the superposition effect of flash-fire heat radiation hazard.
It should be noted that, in this embodiment, the safety evaluation model is any one or a combination of a small hole pressure relief analysis submodel, a pipeline pressure relief analysis submodel, an instantaneous pressure relief analysis submodel, a gas diffusion submodel, and an accident consequence submodel.
In step S3, each device is collected in real time based on the hydrogen sensor, and sensor data is acquired.
The step is used for collecting all devices of the reinforcing needle in real time to obtain hydrogen concentration data, wherein the adopted sensor can be a palladium alloy film hydrogen sensor.
In step S4, the sensor data is input to the safety evaluation model, and whether or not hydrogen leakage occurs and the stage of occurrence of leakage are predicted.
In an embodiment of the present invention, step S4 includes:
inputting the sensor data into a safety evaluation model, comparing the sensor data with the accident consequence submodel, and determining that hydrogen leakage exists if the sensor data conforms to the accident consequence submodel, otherwise, not determining that hydrogen leakage exists;
and comparing the sensor data with a small hole pressure relief analysis submodel, a pipeline pressure relief analysis submodel and an instantaneous pressure relief analysis submodel in the pressure relief stage or a gas diffusion submodel in the diffusion stage to determine the stage of hydrogen leakage.
The comparison process specifically comprises: if the hydrogen leakage is a unitary consequence, physical explosion can be caused, and a physical explosion sub-explosion model is used for analysis; if the result is a multivariate result, continuing to judge, if the result is direct ignition, adopting a jet flow flame sub-model for analysis, if the result is delayed ignition, possibly carrying out flash fire or gas cloud explosion, and adopting a flash fire sub-model and a gas cloud explosion sub-model for analysis, namely carrying out flash cloud in a wide area, and carrying out gas cloud explosion in a space-limited area. For example, according to the hydrogen concentration input into the safety evaluation model, whether the current hydrogen leakage occurs in the internal pressure release stage or the diffusion stage is determined, and in the internal pressure release stage, the hydrogen leakage situation can be further determined according to different analysis submodels, so that the leakage of the small hole on the hydrogen storage tank or the pipeline is determined.
In the embodiment, for a hydrogenation station in use, hydrogenation needs to be provided and stored, most of the conditions are in the dynamic change process, the matching of the hydrogen storage capacity and the filling capacity of the gas storage tank is calculated, and the calculation formula is as follows;
PV＝ZmRT (39)
wherein P is gas storage pressure, V is gas storage volume, Z is compression factor, m is gas storage mass, R is gas constant, T is gas storage temperature, and the calculation formula of the compression factor is as follows:
Z＝f(P，T)＝1+α*P/T (40)
where α is the fitting coefficient, which is related to temperature and pressure.
FIG. 4 is a graph of compression factor versus temperature in an embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 5 is a graph of compression factor versus pressure in an embodiment of the present invention. The data of the hydrogen common temperature and pressure range of 1MPa-100MPa pressure and 223K-373K temperature are selected for fitting, and the data adopt the real hydrogen performance data provided by a material performance database of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), as shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Hydrogen compression factor data in the usual range
223K 248K 273K 298K 323K 348K 373K
1MPa 1.0069 1.0070 1.0060 1.0060 1.0060 1.0060 1.0060
3MPa 1.0207 1.0199 1.0190 1.0182 1.0173 1.0166 1.0158
5MPa 1.0350 1.0334 1.0319 1.0303 1.0288 1.0274 1.0260
10MPa 1.0727 1.0688 1.0649 1.0613 1.0579 1.0548 1.0519
15MPa 1.1127 1.1056 1.0990 1.0929 1.0875 1.0825 1.0780
20MPa 1.1543 1.1435 1.1338 1.1252 1.1175 1.1106 1.1043
25MPa 1.1972 1.1823 1.1693 1.1579 1.1479 1.1389 1.1309
30MPa 1.2412 1.2218 1.2053 1.1909 1.1783 1.1673 1.1574
35MPa 1.2859 1.2619 1.2415 1.2241 1.2091 1.1958 1.1841
40MPa 1.3310 1.3022 1.2780 1.2574 1.2398 1.2243 1.2107
45MPa 1.3763 1.3427 1.3147 1.2909 1.2706 1.2529 1.2373
50MPa 1.4218 1.3833 1.3513 1.3244 1.3014 1.2814 1.2638
60MPa 1.5128 1.4645 1.4247 1.3913 1.3630 1.3384 1.3169
70MPa 1.6035 1.5454 1.4976 1.4579 1.4241 1.3950 1.3696
80MPa 1.6934 1.6257 1.5702 1.5241 1.4849 1.4514 1.4219
90MPa 1.7824 1.7053 1.6421 1.5897 1.5398 1.5071 1.4738
100MPa 1.8562 1.7839 1.7132 1.6546 1.6049 1.5623 1.5252
For example, the fitting coefficient α takes the value of 1.8922, and the fitting result is Z1 +1.8922 x 10-6P/T。
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a comparison result between a relation between pressure and a compression factor in a fitting equation of the compression factor of the temperature environment at 298K and NIST data in the embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 6, a fitting result has better consistency with experimental data, a maximum error is about 1.2%, and measurement accuracy is high and meets requirements. From equations (39) and (40), the mass equation for hydrogen is obtained as:
M＝P*V/(T*R+1.8922*10-6R*P) (41)
wherein R is 4124.18Nm/kg.k, V is the water volume of the hydrogen storage cylinder group, P is the pressure of the hydrogen in the hydrogen storage cylinder group, and T is the temperature of the hydrogen in the hydrogen storage cylinder group.
In addition, the explosion limit of hydrogen is in the range of 4.0-75.6% by volume, that is, the hydrogen concentration in air is 4.0-75.6% by volume, the hydrogen will explode when encountering fire, and when the hydrogen concentration is less than 4.0% or more than 75.6%, the hydrogen will not explode even when encountering fire. Therefore, the danger of hydrogen leakage of the hydrogenation station is set as follows: and alarming when the leakage concentration reaches 1%, and automatically closing all equipment when the leakage concentration reaches 3% so as to ensure the safety of the whole hydrogen filling station.
The hydrogen leakage prediction method based on the safety evaluation model provided by the embodiment of the invention has the following effects:
the hydrogen leakage and the leakage stages are predicted in real time by combining the sensor data detected by the sensor, so that the safety management of the hydrogen filling station is guaranteed.
Fig. 7 is a schematic composition diagram of a hydrogen leakage prediction system based on a safety evaluation model according to another embodiment of the present invention, and as shown in fig. 7, the system 400 includes: a training data acquisition module 410, a model training module 420, a data collection module 430, and a leak prediction module 440.
The training data acquisition module 410 is used for acquiring hydrogen data of each device of the hydrogen station; the model training module 420 is used for respectively constructing analysis submodels according to numerical simulation analysis on a pressure release stage, a diffusion stage and a combustion explosion stage in the leakage process according to the hydrogen data and generating a safety evaluation model, wherein the pressure release stage, the diffusion stage and the combustion explosion stage are logically divided; the data acquisition module 430 is used for acquiring each device in real time based on the hydrogen sensor to acquire sensor data; the leak prediction module 440 is configured to input the sensor data into a safety evaluation model to predict whether a hydrogen leak occurs and a stage of the hydrogen leak.
It should be noted that although in the above detailed description several modules or units of the device for action execution are mentioned, such a division is not mandatory. Indeed, the features and functionality of two or more modules or units described above may be embodied in one module or unit, according to embodiments of the invention. Conversely, the features and functions of one module or unit described above may be further divided into embodiments by a plurality of modules or units.
Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art will readily understand that the exemplary embodiments described herein may be implemented by software, or by software in combination with necessary hardware. Therefore, the technical solution according to the embodiment of the present invention can be embodied in the form of a software product, which can be stored in a non-volatile storage medium (which can be a CD-ROM, a usb disk, a removable hard disk, etc.) or on a network, and includes several instructions to enable a computing device (which can be a personal computer, a server, a touch terminal, or a network device, etc.) to execute the method according to the embodiment of the present invention.
Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
It will be understood that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements described above and shown in the drawings and that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope thereof. The scope of the invention is limited only by the appended claims.

Claims (10)

1. A hydrogen leakage prediction method based on a safety evaluation model is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, acquiring hydrogen data of each device of the hydrogen station;
s2, respectively constructing analysis submodels according to numerical simulation analysis of a pressure release stage, a diffusion stage and a combustion explosion stage in the leakage process according to the hydrogen data, and generating a safety evaluation model, wherein the pressure release stage, the diffusion stage and the combustion explosion stage are logically divided;
s3, collecting all devices in real time based on the hydrogen sensor to obtain sensor data;
and S4, inputting the sensor data into a safety evaluation model, and predicting whether hydrogen leakage occurs and the stage of the hydrogen leakage.
2. The safety-evaluation-model-based hydrogen leak prediction method according to claim 1, wherein the hydrogen gas data and the sensor data are both hydrogen gas concentrations.
3. The safety evaluation model-based hydrogen leakage prediction method according to claim 1, wherein step S2 includes:
carrying out numerical analysis on internal pressure relief in the hydrogen leakage process according to hydrogen data under the leakage condition, and constructing a small-hole pressure relief analysis sub-model, a pipeline pressure relief analysis sub-model and an instantaneous pressure relief analysis sub-model;
carrying out numerical analysis on hydrogen data in a diffusion stage in the hydrogen leakage process to construct a gas diffusion submodel;
carrying out numerical analysis on hydrogen data in a combustion explosion stage in the hydrogen leakage process, and constructing an accident consequence sub-model;
the safety evaluation model is any one or combination of a small hole pressure relief analysis submodel, a pipeline pressure relief analysis submodel, an instantaneous pressure relief analysis submodel, a gas diffusion submodel and an accident consequence submodel.
4. The safety evaluation model-based hydrogen leakage prediction method according to claim 3, wherein the accident consequence submodel is divided into a physical explosion submodel, a jet flame submodel, a flash submodel and a gas cloud explosion submodel according to accident types, the physical explosion submodel is used for describing near-earth explosion, the jet flame submodel is used for estimating thermal radiation generated by jet flame, the flash submodel is used for estimating combustion within a delay time between leakage and ignition, and the gas cloud explosion submodel is used for estimating explosion energy.
5. The safety evaluation model-based hydrogen leakage prediction method according to claim 3, wherein the numerical analysis is performed on hydrogen data at a diffusion stage in a hydrogen leakage process, and the construction of the gas diffusion submodel comprises:
the small hole pressure relief analysis submodel calculates the pressure, the temperature, the gas flow rate and the mass flow of the small hole outlet when leakage occurs according to the initial pressure and the leakage aperture of the hydrogen storage bottle in the hydrogen filling station, and is used for calculating the gas state at the leakage aperture;
the pipeline pressure relief analysis sub-model is used for analyzing the pressure relief process after instantaneous leakage.
6. The safety evaluation model-based hydrogen leak prediction method according to claim 3, wherein the pressure release stage performs gas expansion after internal pressure release, the method further comprising:
and performing numerical analysis on atmospheric pressure release in the hydrogen leakage process according to hydrogen data under the leakage condition, and constructing a gas expansion analysis submodule for describing the gas expansion of continuous leakage.
7. The safety evaluation model-based hydrogen leak prediction method according to claim 4, wherein the construction of the physical explosion model includes:
based on the premise of isentropic explosion, the explosion energy E is calculated according to the difference between the internal energy of the initial state and the final stateEX；
According to the explosive energy EEXDistance r from the source of the explosion and initial pressure P0Calculating a proportional distance
Figure FDA0002962592170000021
And parameters of explosion
Figure FDA0002962592170000022
Figure FDA0002962592170000023
Selecting a corresponding multiplier factor according to the proportional distance and the shape of the container according to a preset relation;
determining explosion parameters from proportional distances
Figure FDA0002962592170000024
And calculates the overpressure peak.
8. The safety evaluation model-based hydrogen leakage prediction method according to claim 1, wherein the preset relationship is:
for spherical containers, the proportional distance
Figure FDA0002962592170000025
When the value is less than or equal to 1, the multiplier factor is 2; when proportional distance
Figure FDA0002962592170000026
When the multiplier factor is larger than 1, the multiplier factor is 1.1;
for cylindrical containers, the proportional distance
Figure FDA0002962592170000027
When the value is less than 0.3, the multiplier factor is 4; when proportional distance
Figure FDA0002962592170000031
When the value is more than or equal to 0.3 and less than or equal to 1.6, the multiplier factor is 1.6; when the proportional distance R is greater than 1.6 and less than 3.5, the multiplier factor is 1.5; when proportional distance
Figure FDA0002962592170000032
When the value is 0.3 or more and less than 1.6, the multiplier factor is 1.4.
9. The safety evaluation model-based hydrogen leakage prediction method according to claim 3, wherein step S4 includes:
inputting the sensor data into a safety evaluation model, comparing the sensor data with the accident consequence submodel, and determining that hydrogen leakage exists if the sensor data conforms to the accident consequence submodel, otherwise, not determining that hydrogen leakage exists;
and comparing the sensor data with a small hole pressure relief analysis submodel, a pipeline pressure relief analysis submodel and an instantaneous pressure relief analysis submodel in the pressure relief stage or a gas diffusion submodel in the diffusion stage to determine the stage of hydrogen leakage.
10. A system for predicting hydrogen leakage based on a safety evaluation model, comprising:
the training data acquisition module is used for acquiring hydrogen data of each device of the hydrogen filling station;
the model training module is used for carrying out numerical simulation analysis on the leakage process according to a pressure release stage, a diffusion stage and a combustion explosion stage according to the hydrogen data to respectively construct an analysis sub-model and generate a safety evaluation model, wherein the pressure release stage, the diffusion stage and the combustion explosion stage are logically divided;
the data acquisition module is used for acquiring each device in real time based on the hydrogen sensor to acquire sensor data;
and the leakage prediction module is used for inputting the sensor data into the safety evaluation model and predicting whether hydrogen leakage occurs and the stage of the hydrogen leakage.
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