CN112956094A

CN112956094A - Protective tube inserter

Info

Publication number: CN112956094A
Application number: CN201980072519.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 武田哲郎; 织川宽大; 桑野泰行
Original assignee: Nagaki Seiki Co Ltd
Current assignee: Nagaki Seiki Co Ltd
Priority date: 2018-11-05
Filing date: 2019-10-24
Publication date: 2021-06-11
Anticipated expiration: 2039-10-24
Also published as: JP7184251B2; WO2020095703A1; KR20210090654A; CN112956094B; JP2020078117A; TWI822895B; TW202032879A; KR102626804B1

Abstract

Provided is a protective tube inserter which has a simple structure and is less likely to slip due to raindrops or the like. The shield tube inserter (1) is fixed to an overhead wire (100) by a wire grip (2) that grips from two directions. The substantially triangular cut-in plate (4) is formed integrally with one grip piece (2b) of a pair of grip pieces (2a, 2b) that constitute the wire grip (2). A guide rail (6) for guiding the protection tube (101) is disposed along the lower end edge (4a) of the cutting plate (4). The rubber roller (8) for conveying the protection tube (101) by the rotational force inputted from the outside through the connecting part (12) is a hollow structure, and is always in a state of being pressed against the guide rail (6) to be largely deformed.

Description

Protective tube inserter

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a shield pipe inserter for inserting or extracting a shield pipe covering an overhead wire installed on a utility pole or the like.

Background

In order to protect the overhead electric wire from damage due to contact with trees and the like, a protective pipe is used. In addition, when work is performed near the overhead wire, a protective pipe is also used to prevent a worker or work equipment from touching the wire.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the connected shielding tube 101.

In the main body 102 constituting the protection tube 101 shown in fig. 10, a female fitting portion 103 formed on one end side of the main body 102, and a male fitting portion 104 formed on the other end side, an insulating material having elasticity and flexibility is used. These members have an inner diameter capable of accommodating the overhead wire 100 inside as shown by the imaginary line, and have a slit-shaped opening 107 formed in a straight line in the longitudinal direction above the main body 102. With such a material and shape, the overhead wire 100 can be covered by opening the opening 107 to accommodate the overhead wire 100 inside and closing the opening 107 by the restoring force due to the elasticity of the shield pipe 101. A pair of fin portions 109 extending in parallel to the diameter-expanded side of the cylinder are formed from opposite end edges forming the opening 107.

As shown in fig. 10, a male fitting portion 104 is formed at one end of the shield tube 101 in the longitudinal direction, and a female fitting portion 103 is formed at the other end, and the female fitting portion 103 is connectable to another shield tube 101 having the male fitting portion 104. The connected protective pipes 101 are set to have a predetermined length, and a plurality of the connected protective pipes are connected by the male fitting portions 104 and the female fitting portions 103, so that the long overhead wire 100 can be covered.

Here, the outer diameter of the male fitting 104 is larger than the outer diameter of the body 102. In the female fitting portion 103, a receiving portion 106 is formed, and the receiving portion 106 can receive the male fitting portion 104 at the time of fitting and can internally couple the male fitting portion 104. Therefore, the outer diameter of the receiving portion 106 of the female fitting portion 103 is larger than the outer diameter of the male fitting portion 104.

In general, when the protective pipe 101 is attached to the overhead wire 100, first, the first protective pipe 101 is fitted to the overhead wire 100, then, the tip of the second protective pipe 101 is fitted to the overhead wire 100, and the two protective pipes 101 are connected to each other via the female fitting 103 and the male fitting 104 in a state of being fitted to the overhead wire 100. By repeating the above-described operation, the plurality of protection pipes 101 are fitted to the overhead wire 100.

Next, an apparatus for fitting the protective pipe 101 to the overhead wire 100 will be described.

Fig. 11 is a side view of a conventional tube inserter 110. The pipe inserter 110 is fixed to the overhead wire 100 so as to be sandwiched between the wire pressing angle 111 at the upper end and the guide body 112. The shield pipe 101 passing along the guide rod 113 extending from the guide body 112 passes between the guide body 112 and the driving tire 116 pressed with compressed air. Subsequently, the shield pipe 101 which has moved further is expanded by the pipe expanding plate 115 at the opening 107 (see fig. 10), and then guided to the overhead wire 100.

Here, in order to reduce friction with the protection tube 101, rollers 127 are provided on the side and lower end sides of the guide main body 112. This allows the protective tube 101 to be smoothly fitted to the overhead wire 100 with a reduced sliding contact resistance without losing the force applied from the driving tire 116. Patent document 1 describes the tube inserter 110 of this type.

Documents of the prior art

Patent document

Patent document 1: japanese patent laid-open No. 8-182135

Disclosure of Invention

Technical problem to be solved by the invention

However, the tube inserter 110 shown in fig. 11 described above is a simple structure including only one driving tire 116, and moreover, compressed air is pressed into the driving tire 116, and therefore, the contact area with the shield tube 101 is small. Therefore, in the case where rain drops or the like accumulate on the surface of the protection pipe 101 in rainy weather, slippage is likely to occur.

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a shield tube inserter that is less likely to slip due to raindrops or the like even with a simple structure.

Technical scheme for solving technical problem

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a shield pipe inserter for inserting a shield pipe having a slit formed therein from an oblique direction with respect to an overhead wire while widening a part of the slit, the shield pipe inserter comprising: an electric wire grip that grips the overhead electric wire by a pair of grip pieces; a cutting plate which is integrated with one of the grip pieces and cuts an end edge into the slit; a guide rail that extends in an oblique direction with respect to the overhead wire that is gripped on the end edge side of the cut-in plate, and that guides the inside of the protective pipe; and a hollow rubber roller configured to be crimped to deform in a manner including a region of the protection tube in sliding contact with the guide rail.

Further, the shield tube inserter of the present invention is characterized in that, in addition to the above-described structure, the rubber roller is deformable so as to be in contact with the shield tube at least in a range of a central angle of 70 degrees.

In addition, the shield pipe inserter of the present invention is characterized in that the rubber roller has an internal pressure of substantially atmospheric pressure in a state of no deformation in addition to the above-described configuration.

Effects of the invention

As described above, according to the present invention, the hollow rubber roller is arranged in pressure contact with the shield pipe by being deformed so as to include the region in sliding contact with the guide rail, and therefore, the outer side of the contact region can be brought into contact with the central side of the contact region with a relatively high pressure. That is, the contact area can be increased, and the pressure can be concentrated outside the contact area. Thereby, raindrops and the like become easily dispersed, and infiltration of raindrops toward the center side of the contact region is also prevented, and therefore, excellent gripping performance can be obtained in rainy days.

Further, according to the present invention, in addition to the above-described effects, since the rubber roller can be deformed in such a manner as to be brought into contact with the protection pipe in a range in which at least the central angle is 80 degrees, the slack on the central side of the contact area caused by the deformation becomes more remarkable. That is, the concentration of the pressure toward the outside of the contact area becomes more effective.

Further, according to the present invention, in addition to the above-described effects, since the rubber roller is filled with the gas so that the internal pressure is substantially atmospheric pressure in a non-deformed state, the rubber roller can be deformed to such an extent that the central side of the contact region is depressed, and the internal pressure is appropriately increased at the time of deformation. In this way, the vibration of the rubber roller can be suppressed by the internal pressure appropriately obtained without inhibiting the deformation, and a certain deformation state can be stably maintained.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is an overall perspective view of the front side of the protective tube inserter of the first embodiment.

Fig. 2 is an overall perspective view of the back side of the protective tube inserter of the first embodiment.

Fig. 3 is an overall perspective view showing a state of use of the protective tube inserter.

FIG. 4 is a front view showing a state of use of the protective tube inserter.

Fig. 5 is a schematic view showing a pattern of the rubber roller and the boot tube in a pressure-contact state as viewed from the bottom surface side.

Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the effect of pressure by a longitudinal section.

Fig. 7 is an overall perspective view showing the front side of the protective tube inserter according to the second embodiment.

Fig. 8 is a front cross-sectional view showing a state in which the shield tube inserter is used, wherein (a) is a view showing a state in which the shield tube is not arranged, and (b) is a view showing a state in which the shield tube is arranged.

Fig. 9 is a schematic view showing a pattern of the rubber roller and the boot tube in a pressure-contact state as viewed from the bottom surface side.

Fig. 10 is a diagram showing a conventional shield tube.

Fig. 11 is a diagram showing a conventional tube inserter.

Detailed Description

Hereinafter, a protection tube inserter according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

(first embodiment)

Fig. 1 is an overall perspective view showing a shield tube inserter 1 according to a first embodiment of the present invention viewed from the rubber roller 8 side. In this specification, the side of the rubber roller 8 shown above is referred to as a front side. Fig. 2 is an overall perspective view of the shield tube insertion 1 of fig. 1 viewed from the side of the electric wire grip 2 as the gripping means on the back side. Hereinafter, the structure will be described. The guard pipe is described by taking the guard pipe 101 of fig. 10 as an example.

The wire grip 2 is configured to be capable of holding an overhead wire (hereinafter, simply referred to as "wire") by a pair of opposed

grip pieces

2a, 2 b. The wire grip 2 is configured to be openable and closable by rotating a screw shaft 10a from a remote position, and the screw shaft 10a is directly connected to a connecting portion 10 to which a remote operation rod 14 described later is connectable. Of the pair of

grip pieces

2a and 2b, the grip piece 2b having a コ -shaped cross section on the lower side to be received is formed integrally with the substantially triangular plate-shaped incision plate 4.

The cutting plate 4 is a component for determining the direction of the slit by cutting the lower edge 4a into the slit of the shield tube. At the end edge 4a, a guide rail 6 is disposed so as to extend in an oblique direction with respect to the gripped electric wire.

A resin material such as teflon (registered trademark) or a metal material having a small friction coefficient is used for the guide rail 6. The hollow rubber roller 8 is disposed below the guide rail 6 in a pressure-contact state with deformation.

The rubber roller 8 is integrally formed with the cutting plate 4 and the guide rail 6 via a continuous member 18 extending from the back surface side of the grip piece 2b having the コ -shaped cross section. The rotational force is transmitted to the above-mentioned rubber roller 8 via a bevel gear 20.

A crown gear 20a on the low-speed rotation side of the bevel gear 20 is provided on the rubber roller 8 side, and a pinion 20b on the high-speed rotation side is connected to a connecting portion 12 to which a remote operation lever 16 described later can be connected.

Due to the above-described configuration, in the shield tube inserter 1 according to the first embodiment of the present invention, the rubber roller 8 is always in a state of being pressed against the guide roller to be deformed. Next, the use state will be described with reference to fig. 3.

Fig. 3 is an overall perspective view showing a use state of the protective tube inserter 1, which is viewed from the front side as in fig. 1. The electric wire 100 is gripped by the electric wire grip 2, the protective tube 101 (see fig. 10) is disposed on the guide rail 6, and the remote operation sticks 14 and 16 are connected to the two

connection portions

10 and 12. The electric wire 100, the protective tube 101, and the remote operation sticks 14 and 16 are long objects, and therefore, they are partially omitted. Fig. 3 shows a state in which the male fitting portion 104 of the protection tube 101 is sandwiched between the rubber roller 8 and the guide rail 6. When the protection tube 101 is inserted, the worker arranges the protection tube 101 to a position where the male fitting portion 104 is sandwiched in the above-described manner, and then the protection tube is fed to the electric wire 100 side by the rubber roller 8 to which the rotational driving force is transmitted by the remote operation stick 16.

The power source for generating the rotational driving force can be replaced with a driving device using a lever operation by human power or a hand drill or the like. Further, the power source may be connected wirelessly or by wire, and may be operated from a separate location. In the above case, since interference with the auxiliary work for directly operating the protection pipe 101 can be avoided by using the foot switch or the like, efficient work can be safely performed.

As described above, the rubber roller 8 is deformed before the protection pipe 101 is clamped, but because it has a closed hollow structure and is filled with gas at a low pressure, it can be easily sandwiched by being deformed more largely even if the clamped side is the female fitting portion 103. In the configuration of the present embodiment, the pressure in the rubber roller 8 is set to be substantially atmospheric pressure in a non-deformed state.

Although the state before the protective tube 101 is fitted to the electric wire 100 is shown here, the same applies to the case where the protective tube 101 is pulled out from the electric wire 100, and the rotary drive mechanism (not shown) is turned upside down, and can be used for both insertion and removal operations. Next, the use state will be described from another point of view.

Fig. 4 is a front view showing a use state of the protective tube inserter 1. The degree of deformation of the rubber roller 8 can be easily understood when viewed from the front. The range in which the shield pipe 101 can be contacted by deformation is represented by the center angle θ of the rubber roller 8. In the structure of the present embodiment, the value of the central angle θ is set to about 80 degrees. However, in order to obtain the same effect, it is preferable to arrange the rubber roller 8 in pressure contact so that the center angle θ is at least 70 degrees.

Specific numerical values are given here. The diameter of the target shielding pipe 101 is assumed to be about 25 to 35 mm. On the other hand, the rubber roller 8 side is: diameter: 113 mm; width of roll surface: 70 mm; thickness of rubber: 10 mm; the number of slots: at 36; width of the groove: 4.4 mm; depth of the groove: 2.5 mm; width of the convex portion: 5 mm.

The pressure distribution in the pressure-contact state between the protection tube 101 and the rubber roller 8 as described above will be described with reference to fig. 5 and 6.

Fig. 5 is a schematic view showing a pattern of the rubber roller 8 and the protection tube 101 in a pressure-contact state as viewed from the bottom surface side. The guide rail 6 inside the shielding tube 101 is indicated by a dashed line. For convenience of explanation, other structures are not shown.

The contact area 22 of the rubber roller 8 with the protective tube 101 is indicated by a dotted line. The hatched portions in the substantially elliptical contact region 22 are high-

voltage regions

22a and 22b having relatively high voltages. As shown in fig. 5, an arc-shaped high-voltage region 22a is formed on the end edge side in the longitudinal direction of the contact region 22. Further, a high-voltage region 22b along the longitudinal direction is formed in the width direction. In the high-pressure region 22a on one side in the longitudinal direction, the curvature of the rubber roller 8 is the largest and the pressure is most likely to be concentrated.

These high-

pressure regions

22a and 22b schematically show the pressure distribution of a relatively high pressure equal to or higher than a certain value. Therefore, depending on the combination of the relative size of the rubber roller 8 with respect to the shield pipe 101 and the rubber thickness, the shapes of the above regions may be different, and the high-

pressure regions

22a, 22b may be indicated continuously. However, in any combination, when the hollow rubber roller 8 is filled with gas at a low pressure (about atmospheric pressure) as in the configuration of the present embodiment, the pressure is concentrated in the outer region with respect to the pressure in the center region, which is common.

The reason for this is that the rubber roller 8 can be largely deformed, and thus the contact area is recessed so as to be folded inward. In this way, the outer periphery of the contact region is in contact with a relatively large pressure, and therefore, even in a case where raindrops adhere to the protection pipe 101 such as in a rainy day, the raindrops cannot easily penetrate into the contact region. This prevents slipping caused by raindrops, and enables stable operation regardless of weather.

Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the effect of pressure by a longitudinal section. As shown here, the rubber roller 8 is deformed so that the outer region is pulled toward the center side (in the direction of the arrow B, C) by being crushed at the center side (in the direction of the arrow a) in the width direction. This causes deformation while generating a force that wraps the protection tube 101 in the width direction. Under the above-described force acting in a wrapping manner, the protection tube 101 is stable in the width direction, and the clamping force increases. Further, as described above, an effect of preventing the infiltration of raindrops is also produced.

As described above, the cannula inserter 1 of the present embodiment does not require a mechanism for changing the distance between the guide rail 6 and the rubber roller 8 in order to insert the cannula 101 in the middle. This makes it possible to reduce the weight, facilitate handling, and reduce the manufacturing cost. Further, even with the simple structure of one roller as described above, the force can be efficiently transmitted to the shield pipe.

(second embodiment)

Fig. 7 is an overall perspective view showing a protective tube inserter 51 according to a second embodiment of the present invention. As in fig. 1 of the first embodiment, this is a view seen from the front side where the rubber roller 58 is disposed. Here, the same components as those of the shield tube inserter 1 of fig. 1 will be described with the same reference numerals.

In the shield tube inserter 1 of fig. 1, the guide rail 6 is formed of a single linear member, but differs from the notch 54b formed in the cutting plate 54 of the shield tube inserter 51 of fig. 7 in that the guide rail 56 is partially cut through the notch 54 b.

The notch 54b is formed slightly larger than the outer shape of the rubber roller 58. Thus, in the configuration of the present embodiment, the rubber roller 58 is not deformed in a state where the protection tube 101 is not inserted. Next, a difference in the presence or absence of the shielding pipe 101 will be described with reference to fig. 8.

Fig. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the shield tube inserter 51 of fig. 7 as viewed from the front. Here, for convenience of explanation, the drawings are schematically shown with only a minimum configuration. Fig. 8 (a) shows a state in which the guard pipe is not disposed, and fig. 8 (b) shows a state in which the guard pipe is interposed. The triangular feature is a cut-in plate 54. Disposed along the upper side of the cut-in plate 54 is a grip piece 2a of the electric wire grip 2 (see fig. 1) for receiving the electric wire at the upper side. Against the lower end edge of the cut-in plate 54 is a guide rail 56. In fig. 8 (b), a part extending along the guide rail 56 of the lower end edge of the cut-in plate 54 represents a part of the tube wall of the protection tube 101.

First, referring to fig. 8 (a), in a state where the boot pipe 101 is not interposed, the rubber roller 58 is not deformed as described above. Therefore, even when the protection pipe 101 is disengaged and idles, since the rubber roller 58 does not slide on the guide rail 56, abrasion can be suppressed.

On the other hand, fig. 8 (b) shows a pattern in which the protection pipe 101 is interposed and the rubber roller 58 is deformed. Focusing only on the relationship between the shield tube 101 and the rubber roller 58 as described above, the present embodiment is the same as the shield tube inserter 1 according to the first embodiment.

Next, the pressure distribution will be described as in the case of the first embodiment.

Fig. 9 is a schematic view showing the rubber roller 58 and the protection tube 101 in a pressure-contact state as viewed from the bottom surface side. Like in fig. 5, the guide rail 56 inside the shielding pipe 101 is indicated by a dotted line. For convenience of explanation, other configurations are omitted from illustration, and this point is also the same as fig. 5. As can be seen from fig. 9, regardless of the presence or absence of the notch 54b (see fig. 8) in the cut-in plate 54, the contact area 60 between the rubber roller 58 and the protection tube 101 and the pattern of the high-

pressure areas

60a and 60b of the contact area 60 are substantially the same.

Therefore, in the shield tube inserter 51 of the present embodiment, the pressure is most likely to concentrate on the high-pressure region 60a formed in the longitudinal direction. Here, the position of the guide rail 56 is to be noted. As shown in fig. 7, the rubber roller 58 is housed inside the notch 54b in a state where the protection tube 101 is not sandwiched, but as shown in fig. 8, the rubber roller 58 is pressed against the protection tube 101 and is slightly pressed in the longitudinal direction to expand, and the pressure contact region 60 is formed up to a region where the guide rail 56 is formed (a position indicated by an arrow D, E in fig. 8). As described above, the pressure is most easily applied to the position of the guide rail 56. That is, the area where the notch 54b is formed is located on the center side where the pressure is relatively low. Therefore, the notch 54b hardly affects the feeding operation of the protection tube 101.

The function of the high-pressure region 60b formed along the width direction can be applied as it is to the description using fig. 6.

As described above, according to the configuration of the present embodiment, even if the auxiliary roller such as a roller is not provided on the guide rail 56 side, the abrasion of the rubber roller 58 during idling can be reduced, and the rubber roller 58 can be easily replaced. In addition, in the insertion work of the protection pipe 101, the same effects as those of the first embodiment can be obtained.

The above-described structure is a part of the embodiment of the present invention, and the present invention includes the following modifications.

In the above embodiment, the rubber rollers 5 and 58 are exemplified to have the grooves extending in the width direction, but the grooves are not essential.

In the above embodiment, as the grasping mechanism of the electric wire grasping portion 2, a configuration in which the remote operation rod 14 is rotated around the axis and one of the grasping

pieces

2a and 2b is moved up and down by the feed screw mechanism is exemplified. However, other gripping mechanisms can be substituted. For example, a combination structure of a rack and a pinion may be used instead. In the above case, if the shaft of the pinion is disposed in the horizontal direction, the lifting operation can be performed at a position separated from the electric wire and

shield tube inserters

1 and 51 in the horizontal direction, and therefore, interference with the operation of the rotation driving side of the

rubber rollers

8 and 58 can be avoided. In the above embodiment, the wire grip 2 is shown as a pair of

grip pieces

2a and 2b in which the elevating portion using the feed screw mechanism and the portion directly contacting the wire are integrally formed by different members. However, the structure of the electric wire grip portion 2 should be expanded to understand that the portion directly abutting the electric wire and the clamping mechanism portion are also a pair of

grip pieces

2a, 2b formed continuously by the same member.

In the above embodiment, the

rubber rollers

8 and 58 are disposed at positions near the centers of the

guide rails

6 and 56. However, the

rubber rollers

8 and 58 may be disposed at any position as long as they are disposed so as to face the

guide rails

6 and 56. Therefore, the fitting portion of the protection tube 101 may be arranged near the distal ends of the

guide rails

6 and 56 according to the shape and diameter of the fitting portion.

In the above embodiment, the

guide rails

6 and 56 are formed of a single continuous member. However, the guide roller may be divided into a plurality of pieces as long as it is partially included (overlapped) in the pressure contact region of the guide roller and extends along one virtual reference line inclined with respect to the gripped electric wire. Similarly, in the second embodiment, even in the configuration in which the

guide rails

6 and 56 are cut off in the region other than the notch 54b, the same effect can be obtained by forming a single imaginary reference line as a whole.

In the above embodiment, the

rubber rollers

8 and 58 have a configuration in which the width of the roller surface is larger than the width of the shield pipe. However, if at least the width of the roller surface is set to be larger than the width of the

guide rails

6 and 56, a force for wrapping in the width direction at the time of deformation can be obtained.

In the second embodiment, the following configuration is exemplified: the guide rail 56 is cut at a position of the cut plate 54 where the notch 54b is formed, at a cross-sectional position shown in fig. 8, and is partially continuous in a perspective view shown in fig. 7. However, the cross-sectional position is not limited, and the guide rail 56 may be completely laterally cut off.

In the above embodiment, the following configuration is exemplified: both the

rubber rollers

8 and 58 are filled with gas at substantially atmospheric pressure in a closed space. However, the rubber may not be sealed as long as it has a thickness that can deform to the same extent and generate an appropriate pressure.

Industrial applicability of the invention

The shield tube inserter of the present invention can reliably clamp the shield tube through a wide contact area, and is therefore particularly useful in work such as rainy weather.

(symbol description)

1 protective tube inserter

2 wire grip

2a, 2b grip tab

4 cut into the board

4a end edge

6 guide rail

8 rubber roller

10. 12 connecting part

10a screw shaft

14. 16 remote control stick

18 continuously arranged parts

20 bevel gear

20a crown gear

20b pinion

22 contact area

22a, 22b high pressure region

51 protective tube inserter

54 cut into the board

54a end edge

54b gap

56 guide rail

58 rubber roller

60 crimping zone

60a, 60b high pressure region

100 (aerial) electric wire

101 protective tube

102 main body part

103 female fitting part

104 male fitting part

106 receiving part

107 opening part

109 fin portion

110 tube inserter

111 electric wire pressing angle steel

112 guide body

113 guide rod

115 pipe expanding plate

116 drive tire

127 roller

A. B, C, D, E arrow head

Theta central angle.

Claims

1. A shield pipe insertion device which inserts a shield pipe formed with a slit from an oblique direction with respect to an overhead wire while widening a part of the slit,

it is characterized by comprising:

an electric wire grip that grips the overhead electric wire by a pair of grip pieces;

a cutting plate which is integrated with one of the grip pieces and cuts an end edge into the slit;

a guide rail that extends in an oblique direction with respect to the overhead wire that is gripped on the end edge side of the cut-in plate, and that guides the inside of the protective pipe; and

a hollow rubber roller configured to be crimped to deform in a manner including an area in the shield tube that is in sliding contact with the guide rail.

2. The cannula inserter of claim 1,

the rubber roller is deformable in contact with the protection tube at least over a central angle of 70 degrees.

3. The cannula inserter of claim 1 or 2,

the rubber roller has an internal pressure of substantially atmospheric pressure in a non-deformed state.