CN112906152A - Design method of heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for composite refrigerator - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a design method of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for a composite refrigerator, which can reasonably screen materials of the heat exchanger, optimize the size parameters of the heat exchanger, comprehensively consider the heat exchange and flow characteristic factors of the heat exchanger and realize the performance optimization of the heat exchanger under certain conditions. The heat exchanger heat exchange performance is enhanced by increasing the specific surface area of the slit cold-end heat exchanger, the flow resistance is reduced by increasing the number of slits, and the comprehensive performance of flow heat exchange is improved. The invention has important guiding significance for the design and optimization of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger, can greatly improve the performance and efficiency of the composite refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region, and has very positive significance for the aspects of practicality, even aerospace application and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of refrigeration and low-temperature engineering, particularly relates to a technology of a composite refrigerator in an extremely low temperature region, and particularly relates to a design method of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold-end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region.
Background
The extremely-low-temperature-region composite refrigerator technology combining the regenerative pulse tube refrigerator and the dividing wall type Joule-Thompson refrigerator is an important means for extending the refrigerating temperature to below 2K, and provides important low-temperature environment support for deep space detection, superconducting single photon detection and space quantum communication technologies.
The heat exchanger at the cold end is used as a core component of the compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature area, and the heat transfer performance and the flow resistance characteristic of the heat exchanger directly influence the performance of the whole compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature area. The traditional cold end heat exchanger for the compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region, namely the coil heat exchanger, has the remarkable advantage of large heat exchange amount, but needs a large heat exchange area, so that the resistance pressure drop brought to the system is also very large, the performance of the compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region is not facilitated, and meanwhile, the large volume and weight of the heat exchanger are also not beneficial to the space application of the compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region.
The cold end heat exchanger is a very key part in the compound refrigerator in the very low temperature area. Ideally, it performs three main functions:
1) realizing high-efficiency heat exchange. Particularly, under the condition of space application of the compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region, the precooling amount of the precooling refrigerator is small, and the realization of efficient heat exchange is very important. This requires geometries that can achieve large heat exchange areas with limited volumes.
2) Reducing flow losses of the fluid through the heat exchanger. The resistance pressure drop of the circulating fluid in the compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region is particularly critical to the performance of the compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region, the flow resistance at the low pressure end can influence the lowest refrigerating temperature of the compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region, and the flow resistance at the high pressure end can influence the final refrigerating capacity of the compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region. There is therefore a need to be able to achieve a small flow resistance pressure drop with a sufficient amount of heat exchange.
3) Under the condition of meeting heat exchange and flow resistance, the size and the weight of the heat exchanger are reduced as much as possible, which is of great importance for the space application of the compound refrigerator in an extremely low temperature region.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the defects of the existing research and technology, the invention provides a design method of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for a composite refrigerator in an extremely low temperature region. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: according to the engineering practice, determining the design target parameters of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region: minimum heat transfer QminAnd most preferablyLarge resistance pressure drop Δ Pmax；
Step two: selecting materials of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region according to actual working conditions;
step three: preliminarily designing the structural parameters of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region: the length L of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the ultra-low temperature region composite refrigerator, the length a of a slit, the width b of the slit and the number x of the slits are calculated;
step four: under the condition of fixing inlet and outlet parameters, performing analog calculation on the flow and heat exchange of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region to obtain the heat exchange quantity and the flow pressure drop under corresponding conditions;
step five: judging whether the actual heat exchange quantity Q of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the ultra-low temperature area composite refrigerator designed in the step four meets the design requirement or not: if Q is not less than QminIf the requirement of the minimum heat exchange quantity is met, the step six is carried out; if Q<QminIf the design requirement of the lowest heat exchange quantity is not met, increasing the length delta a of the slit or reducing the width delta b of the slit, increasing the actual heat exchange quantity of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the extremely low temperature region composite refrigerator by increasing the heat exchange area or the heat exchange coefficient of the slit, and repeating the step four until the actual heat exchange quantity Q meets the design requirement;
step six: judging whether the actual flow pressure drop delta P of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the designed ultra-low temperature area composite refrigerator meets the design requirement or not: performing flow process simulation calculation on the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the ultra-low temperature region composite refrigerator determined in the step five to obtain the flow pressure drop delta P of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger, and if delta P is less than or equal to delta PmaxThen the maximum allowable flow pressure drop Δ P is satisfiedmaxIf so, performing the step seven; if Δ P>ΔPmaxThen the maximum allowable flow pressure drop Δ P is not satisfiedmaxThe design requirement of (2) is that the number of the slits is increased, or the width of the slits is increased, and the actual flow of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region is reduced by reducing the flow velocity or the flow path of fluid in the slitsAnd D, pressure drop, and repeating the step four until the actual flow pressure drop delta P meets the design requirement.
The method for performing simulation calculation on the flow and heat exchange of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the ultra-low temperature region composite refrigerator in the fourth step is as follows:
1) calculating the actual heat exchange quantity of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold-end heat exchanger for the extremely low temperature region composite refrigerator by an enthalpy difference method, namely determining the enthalpy value of an inlet and an outlet by utilizing the inlet and outlet parameters of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold-end heat exchanger for the extremely low temperature region composite refrigerator, and calculating the difference between the inlet and outlet parameters as the actual heat exchange quantity Q of the heat exchanger;
2) and calculating the flow pressure resistance of the fluid passing through the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region. Firstly, determining the actual flow passing through each slit according to the actual flow passing through the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region, and calculating the pressure drop delta P of the fluid passing through a single slit by a fluid pressure drop formula1(ii) a Secondly, calculating the resistance pressure drop delta P of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the fluid to enter and exit the ultra-low temperature region composite refrigerator according to a gradual expansion loss formula2(ii) a Similarly, the resistance pressure drop delta P of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the fluid flowing out of the extremely-low temperature region composite refrigerator is calculated according to the reduction loss formula3(ii) a Therefore, the total pressure drop of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator with the fluid flowing through the ultra-low temperature region can be obtained
Where n is the total number of slits.
The invention aims to provide a design method of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for a composite refrigerator in an extremely low temperature region, which comprises the steps of firstly, reasonably screening materials of the heat exchanger, optimizing the size parameters of the heat exchanger, comprehensively considering the heat exchange and flow characteristic factors of the heat exchanger, realizing the purposes of increasing the heat exchange area to the maximum extent in limited volume and limited weight, increasing the heat exchange quantity and realizing high-efficiency heat exchange; secondly, on the premise of meeting the heat exchange quantity of the heat exchanger, the flow pressure resistance of the fluid flowing through the heat exchanger is reduced as much as possible, and the negative influence on the performance of the compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region caused by overlarge pressure resistance is avoided.
Compared with the existing design method, the method has the following advantages:
(1) in the existing design methods, the design methods of the heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region all adopt the conventional heat exchanger design methods, namely an efficiency-heat transfer unit number method and an average logarithmic temperature difference method. Because the physical properties of the fluid change greatly with the temperature in the extremely low temperature region, the design calculation of the heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region by using the two methods brings great calculation errors. The enthalpy difference method is adopted when the actual heat exchange calculation of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region is carried out, the heat exchange quantity of the fluid is determined according to the state parameters of the inlet and the outlet of the heat exchanger, the calculation error caused by the temperature change of the physical property parameters in the traditional calculation method is avoided, the design of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region is closer to the reality, and the calculation is more accurate.
(2) In the existing design method, only the heat exchange performance of the heat exchanger is usually considered aiming at the design of the heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region, and the problem of resistance pressure drop caused by the fluid flowing through the heat exchanger is ignored, but the problem of pressure drop is particularly critical to the performance of the composite refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region. Therefore, the invention comprehensively considers the heat exchange and flow characteristic factors of the heat exchanger, reduces the flow pressure resistance of the fluid flowing through the heat exchanger as much as possible on the premise of meeting the heat exchange quantity of the heat exchanger, and avoids the negative influence on the performance of the compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region caused by overlarge pressure resistance.
(3) The heat exchange-resistance type slit cold-end heat exchanger for the compound refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region, which is designed by the method, is applied to a precooling heat exchanger and a cold-head evaporator of the compound refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region, and has the advantages of small pressure resistance, large heat exchange area, and small total volume and mass compared with a coil heat exchanger designed by the prior art. The load of the precooler of the compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature area is reduced, the structure of the whole refrigerating system is simplified, the structure is more compact, the reliability of the system is improved, the mass of the refrigerator is reduced, and the space application requirement of the compound refrigerator in the extremely low temperature area is easier to meet.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flow chart of a design method of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for a composite refrigerator in an extremely low temperature region.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for a composite refrigerator in an extremely low temperature region.
Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for a composite refrigerator in an extremely low temperature region, wherein: fig. 1 is a transverse cross section of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region, and fig. 2 is an axial cross section of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples:
fig. 1 is a flow chart of a design method of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for a composite refrigerator in an extremely low temperature region.
A design method of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for a composite refrigerator in an extremely low temperature region is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: according to the engineering practice, determining the design target parameters of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region: minimum heat transfer QminAnd maximum resistance pressure drop Δ Pmax。
Step two: selecting materials of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region according to actual working conditions; red copper is generally adopted as a heat exchange material of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for a composite refrigerator in an extremely low temperature region.
Step three: preliminarily designing the structural parameters of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region: the length L of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the ultra-low temperature region composite refrigerator, the length a of a slit, the width b of the slit and the number x of the slits are calculated; the large diameter of the heat exchanger is generally determined according to the size of a cold head of a precooling refrigerator of a composite refrigerator in an extremely low temperature region, a value is preliminarily drawn up for the length to be used as a first calculation parameter, and the number of slits is generally determined according to the process; the recommended value of L is (30-80) mm, and the recommended value is 50 mm; the recommended value of a is (20-70) mm, and the recommended value is 40 mm; the recommended value of b is (0.15-0.4) mm, and the recommended value is 0.2 mm; the recommended value of the number of the slits is (15-40), and the recommended value is 32.
Step four: and under the condition of fixing inlet and outlet parameters, performing analog calculation on the flow and heat exchange of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold-end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region to obtain the heat exchange quantity and the flow pressure drop under corresponding conditions.
Step five: judging whether the actual heat exchange quantity Q of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the ultra-low temperature area composite refrigerator designed in the step four meets the design requirement or not: if Q is not less than QminIf the requirement of the minimum heat exchange quantity is met, the step six is carried out; if Q<QminIf the design requirement of the lowest heat exchange quantity is not met, increasing the length delta a of the slit or reducing the width delta b of the slit, increasing the actual heat exchange quantity of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the extremely low temperature region composite refrigerator by increasing the heat exchange area or the heat exchange coefficient of the slit, and repeating the step four until the actual heat exchange quantity Q meets the design requirement; the length and width of the slit are increased by taking the unit length as a variable generally so as to obtain the parameter size of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the compact ultra-low temperature region composite refrigerator.
Step six: judging whether the actual flow pressure drop delta P of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the designed ultra-low temperature area composite refrigerator meets the design requirement or not: performing flow process simulation calculation on the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the ultra-low temperature region composite refrigerator determined in the step five to obtain the flow pressure drop delta P of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger, and if delta P is less than or equal to delta PmaxThen the maximum allowable flow pressure drop Δ P is satisfiedmaxIf so, performing the step seven; if Δ P>ΔPmaxThen the maximum allowable flow pressure drop Δ P is not satisfiedmaxThe number delta x of the slits is increased or the width delta b of the slits is increased, the actual flow pressure drop of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region is reduced by reducing the flow velocity or the flow path of the fluid in the slits, and the step four is repeated until the actual flow pressure drop delta P is reducedThe design requirements are met; the number of slits Δ x is generally 1 or 2 as a reference, which ensures the accuracy of the calculation and reduces the calculation time.
2. The design method of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the ultra-low temperature area composite refrigerator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fourth step comprises the following processes:
1) calculating the actual heat exchange quantity of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold-end heat exchanger for the extremely low temperature region composite refrigerator by an enthalpy difference method, namely determining the enthalpy value of an inlet and an outlet by utilizing the inlet and outlet parameters of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold-end heat exchanger for the extremely low temperature region composite refrigerator, and calculating the difference between the inlet and outlet parameters as the actual heat exchange quantity Q of the heat exchanger;
2) and calculating the flow pressure resistance of the fluid passing through the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region. Firstly, determining the actual flow passing through each slit according to the actual flow passing through the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region, and calculating the pressure drop delta P of the fluid passing through a single slit by a fluid pressure drop formula1(ii) a Secondly, calculating the resistance pressure drop delta P of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the fluid to enter and exit the ultra-low temperature region composite refrigerator according to a gradual expansion loss formula2(ii) a Similarly, the resistance pressure drop delta P of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the fluid flowing out of the extremely-low temperature region composite refrigerator is calculated according to the reduction loss formula3(ii) a Therefore, the total pressure drop of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator with the fluid flowing through the ultra-low temperature region can be obtained
Wherein n is the total number of slits; gradual expansion loss:
tapering loss:
in the formula A1Is the area of the reducer, m2；A2is the cross-sectional area of the slit, m2(ii) a Rho is the density kg/m of the fluid flowing through the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region3V is the volume flow of the fluid flowing through the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region, m3。
Claims (2)
1. A design method of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for a composite refrigerator is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: according to the engineering practice, determining the design target parameters of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region: minimum heat transfer QminAnd maximum resistance pressure drop Δ Pmax；
Step two: selecting materials of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region according to actual working conditions;
step three: preliminarily designing the structural parameters of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region: the length L of a heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the ultra-low temperature region composite refrigerator, the length a of a slit, the width b of the slit and the number x of the slits are calculated;
step four: under the condition of fixing inlet and outlet parameters, performing analog calculation on the flow and heat exchange of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region to obtain the heat exchange quantity and the flow pressure drop under corresponding conditions;
step five: judging whether the actual heat exchange quantity Q of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the ultra-low temperature area composite refrigerator designed in the step four meets the design requirement or not: if Q is not less than QminIf the requirement of the minimum heat exchange quantity is met, the step six is carried out; if Q<QminIf the design requirement of the lowest heat exchange quantity is not met, increasing the length delta a of the slit or reducing the width delta b of the slit, increasing the actual heat exchange quantity of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the extremely low temperature region composite refrigerator by increasing the heat exchange area or the heat exchange coefficient of the slit, and repeating the step four until the actual heat exchange quantity Q meets the design requirement;
step six: judgmentWhether the actual flow pressure drop delta P of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the designed ultra-low temperature area composite refrigerator meets the design requirement is determined: performing flow process simulation calculation on the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the ultra-low temperature region composite refrigerator determined in the step five to obtain the flow pressure drop delta P of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger, and if delta P is less than or equal to delta PmaxThen the maximum allowable flow pressure drop Δ P is satisfiedmaxIf so, performing the step seven; if Δ P>ΔPmaxThen the maximum allowable flow pressure drop Δ P is not satisfiedmaxAnd (3) increasing the number delta x of the slits or increasing the width delta b of the slits, reducing the actual flow pressure drop of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the extremely low temperature region by reducing the flow velocity or the flow path of the fluid in the slits, and repeating the step four until the actual flow pressure drop delta P meets the design requirement.
2. The design method of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator as claimed in claim 1,
the method for performing simulation calculation on the flow and heat exchange of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the ultra-low temperature region composite refrigerator in the fourth step is as follows:
1) calculating the actual heat exchange quantity of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold-end heat exchanger for the extremely low temperature region composite refrigerator by an enthalpy difference method, namely determining the enthalpy value of an inlet and an outlet by utilizing the inlet and outlet parameters of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold-end heat exchanger for the extremely low temperature region composite refrigerator, and calculating the difference between the inlet and outlet parameters as the actual heat exchange quantity Q of the heat exchanger;
2) calculating the flow pressure resistance of the fluid passing through the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region; firstly, determining the actual flow passing through each slit according to the actual flow passing through the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator in the ultra-low temperature region, and calculating the pressure drop delta P of the fluid passing through a single slit by a fluid pressure drop formula1(ii) a Secondly, calculating the resistance pressure drop delta P of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the fluid to enter and exit the ultra-low temperature region composite refrigerator according to a gradual expansion loss formula2(ii) a Similarly, the composition of the fluid flowing out of the extremely low temperature region is calculated according to a reduction loss formulaResistance pressure drop delta P of heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for refrigerator3(ii) a Therefore, the total pressure drop of the heat exchange-resistance type slit cold end heat exchanger for the composite refrigerator with the fluid flowing through the ultra-low temperature region can be obtained
Where n is the total number of slits.
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