CN112899567B - 一种高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢 - Google Patents
一种高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及高品质特殊钢领域,具体为一种高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢。按重量百分比计,其化学成分范围为:C 0.35~0.45,Si 0.2~0.3,Mn 0.6~0.8,Cr 0.80~1.20,Mo 0.1~0.3,RE 0.005~0.100,S 0.010~0.050,O≤0.0010,P≤0.020,Fe余量。本发明稀土易切削钢夹杂物主要为稀土硫化物,尺寸小,呈球形。经调质处理后,具有良好的强韧性匹配。在车削加工过程中,表现出优异的切削性能,可形成短而不连续的断屑。所述稀土易切削钢的纯净度、力学性能和切削性能均优于目前常用的硫系易切削钢,可用于制造大型轴类部件,降低切削加工成本的同时,延长零部件的使用寿命。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及高品质特殊钢领域,具体为一种高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢。
背景技术
切削加工性能在零部件的生产过程中占有非常重要的地位,据统计,切削加工的费用占零部件成本的50%左右,尤其是在高强度零件的加工过程中显得更加突出。一般而言,高强度钢的切削加工性较差,不仅具有较高的切削抗力,对刀具的磨损较大,大幅降低刀具的使用寿命,而且加工后的表面质量较差,增加生产成本的同时,急剧降低产品质量。因此,改善高强度钢的切削加工性能是降低生产成本、提高生产效率、改善表面质量的关键所在。
通过添加特殊元素获得有利于切削加工的非金属夹杂物,是改善钢铁材料切削加工性能最常用的方法,如:通过添加S、Pb、Ca、Se、Te、P等元素,获得硫化物或氧化物提升切削性能。易切削钢的研究始于上世纪20年代的德国,最早出现的是硫系易切削钢。此后,英、美、日、法、俄等国相继生产和使用硫系易切削钢,并逐渐标准化,时至今日,硫系易切削钢仍占有很高的比例。随后,Pb系、Se系、Te系易切削钢,以及Pb-S系、Pb-S-Se系、Pb-S-Te系等复合型易切削钢不断问世,钢的切削性能得到进一步改善。但是,S、Pb等元素在钢中属于杂质元素或有害元素,随着这些元素含量的增加,钢的力学性能,尤其是冲击韧性会严重恶化。此外,Pb、Te等元素的氧化物易挥发、有毒性,对环境造成污染,从而限制了此类易切削钢的大面积推广。
新世纪以来,具备环境保护要求的高纯净、高强韧易切削钢成为了各大钢铁企业追求的目标和研究的热点。如美国研制了以铋代铅的无铅易切削钢,日本研制了含锡易切削钢,我国立足于稀土资源的特色优势,开展了稀土易切削钢的研究。稀土元素在钢中具有强烈的变质夹杂作用和微合金化作用,通过稀土元素调整夹杂物类型、形态和数量,能够确保钢具有良好切削性能的同时,具有良好的强韧性。然而,由于稀土易切削钢的稀土元素类型、含量及其与S、O元素的比例尚不明确,导致稀土净化钢液、变质夹杂效果不佳,造成杂质元素含量高,夹杂物尺寸大,力学性能较差等缺点。因此,如何保证高强钢切削性能的同时,提升纯净度和强韧性匹配成为目前亟待解决的技术难题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢,通过添加稀土元素,调整RE/S比例和O含量,控制其主要夹杂物为稀土硫化物,提升保证纯净度和强韧性的同时,提升切削性能,解决目前易切削钢纯净度、力学性能和切削性能不能兼得的技术难题。
本发明的技术方案是:
一种高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢,按重量百分比计,稀土易切削钢的成分范围为:C 0.35~0.45,Si 0.2~0.3,Mn 0.6~0.8,Cr 0.80~1.20,Mo 0.1~0.3,RE 0.005~0.100,S 0.010~0.050,O≤0.0010,P≤0.020,Fe余量。
所述的高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢,稀土元素RE为纯Ce、纯La或La、Ce混合稀土,稀土元素RE与S元素重量比例为1~5。
所述的高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢,通过稀土元素RE变质、细化夹杂物,稀土易切削钢中的主要夹杂物为稀土硫化物,A类夹杂物级别≤0.5级。
所述的高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢,稀土元素RE处理前钢水中O含量控制在40ppm以下,稀土元素RE处理时选用纯度≥99wt%的高纯稀土金属,加入稀土元素RE处理后,能够保持良好的强韧性匹配。
所述的高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢,稀土易切削钢的锻棒经880℃正火+840℃淬火+650℃回火的调质处理后,屈服强度≥700MPa,抗拉强度≥900MPa,延伸率≥16%,室温V口冲击功≥90J。
所述的高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢,稀土易切削钢在车削时的断屑具有小而短的卷曲半径,直接进行大切削量粗加工及高精度要求的精加工。
本发明的稀土易切削钢设计思想是:
采用稀土微合金化,产生强烈的净化钢液、变质夹杂作用,保证夹杂物主要为稀土硫化物,尺寸小,呈球形,提升易切削钢的纯净度,降低传统A类夹杂物对力学性能造成的不利影响;同时,稀土原子偏聚于晶界、相界、马氏体板条界等界面,产生强烈的微合金化作用,提高强韧性匹配。优选的,高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢中,RE=0.005~0.03。
控制RE/S的比例,调整稀土易切削钢中稀土硫化物和A类夹杂物的占比,在切削过程中,硫化物夹杂起到断屑作用,形成短而不连续的断屑,有效改善切削加工性能。优选的,高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢中,RE/S=1~3。
本发明的优点及有益效果是:
1.本发明通过加入适当的稀土元素,同时调整RE/S比例和O含量,控制夹杂物主要为细小弥散的稀土硫化物,纯净度大幅增加。硫化物在切削过程中起到断屑的作用,能够有效提高切削加工性能,能够显著降低传统A类夹杂物对力学性能造成的不利影响,从而保证易切削钢具有良好的强韧性匹配。
2.本发明具有良好的纯净度、强韧性和切削性能,均优于目前常用的硫系易切削钢,可用于制造对力学性能和表面质量要求较高的大型轴类部件,降低切削加工成本的同时,提升服役寿命。
附图说明
图1为本发明稀土易切削钢与硫系易切削钢典型夹杂物形貌;其中,(a)为硫系易切削钢夹杂物形貌,(b)为本发明稀土易切削钢夹杂物形貌。
图2为稀土易切削钢与硫系易切削钢在不同车削参数下的断屑形貌。图中,n代表车削转速(r/min),f代表进给量(mm/r),ap代表吃刀量(mm)。
具体实施方式
在具体实施过程中,本发明提供一种高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢,具体如下:
1.稀土易切削钢采用200kg真空感应炉进行钢水熔炼,原材料为纯铁和中间合金,选择合理的布料方式和加入顺序,严格控制S、O元素的含量。
2.采用高纯稀土(纯度≥99wt%)金属铈进行稀土处理,稀土处理前钢水充分脱氧,钢水中O含量控制在40ppm以下。稀土金属破碎成小块,用铝箔包裹,出钢前,从钢水顶部加入。稀土加入量与S元素重量比例为1~5,加入稀土元素RE处理后,能够保持良好的强韧性匹配。
4.锻棒热处理工艺为880℃/保温2h正火+840℃/保温1.5h淬火+650℃/保温3h回火,热处理后在不同车削参数下进行切削性能评价。
下面,结合具体实施例和附图详细描述本发明。
表1为本发明各实施例与比较例的具体成分列表;
表2为本发明各实施例与比较例的夹杂物统计分析列表;
表3为本发明各实施例与比较例的力学性能列表。
表1本发明各实施例与比较的具体成分列表,wt.%
类别 | C | Si | Mn | Cr | Mo | Ce | P | S | O | Fe |
实施例1 | 0.42 | 0.24 | 0.71 | 1.13 | 0.23 | 0.040 | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0.0007 | 余量 |
实施例2 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 0.74 | 1.14 | 0.23 | 0.080 | 0.006 | 0.022 | 0.0006 | 余量 |
实施例3 | 0.43 | 0.26 | 0.74 | 1.15 | 0.22 | 0.015 | 0.005 | 0.013 | 0.0007 | 余量 |
比较例1 | 0.44 | 0.35 | 0.75 | 1.11 | 0.23 | - | 0.013 | 0.014 | 0.0010 | 余量 |
比较例2 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.79 | 1.19 | 0.22 | - | 0.014 | 0.018 | 0.0006 | 余量 |
比较例3 | 0.43 | 0.23 | 0.77 | 1.17 | 0.18 | - | 0.017 | 0.020 | 0.0007 | 余量 |
表2本发明各实施例与比较例的夹杂物统计评级列表
表3本发明各实施例与比较例的力学性能列表
由表1列出的成分可知,与比较例的传统硫系易切削钢相比,本发明各实施含有较低的P含量,纯净度得到提升。如图1所示,加入稀土元素后,夹杂物由以长条状MnS为主转变为以颗粒状稀土硫化物为主。表2列出了夹杂物统计评级结果,本发明实施例的硫化物夹杂尺寸和A类夹杂物级别明显小于比较例,细小弥散的夹杂物有利于力学性能的提升;经调质处理后,本发明各实施例的屈服强度≥700MPa,抗拉强度≥900MPa,延伸率≥16%,室温V口冲击功≥90J,与传统硫系易切削钢持平或有所提高。如图2所示,在不同转速、进给量和吃刀量条件下的断屑形貌,本发明各实施例的切屑具有较小的卷曲半径(卷曲半径可在1~3mm范围内),断屑更加容易,具有优异的切削性能,延长零部件的使用寿命。
实施例和比较例结果表明,本发明稀土易切削钢通过稀土处理,主要夹杂物为稀土硫化物,具有优异的强韧性匹配和易切削特点。车削断屑具有小而短的卷曲半径,可直接进行大切削量粗加工及高精度要求的精加工。
Claims (3)
1.一种高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢,其特征在于,按重量百分比计,稀土易切削钢的成分范围为:C 0.35~0.45,Si 0.2~0.3,Mn 0.6~0.8,Cr 0.80~1.20,Mo 0.1~0.3,RE0.005~0.015,S 0.010~0.013,O≤0.0010,P≤0.020,Fe余量;
稀土元素RE为纯Ce、纯La或La、Ce混合稀土,稀土元素RE与S元素重量比例为1~1.15;
通过稀土元素RE变质、细化夹杂物,稀土易切削钢中的主要夹杂物为稀土硫化物,A类夹杂物级别≤0.5级;
稀土元素RE处理前钢水中O含量控制在40ppm以下,稀土元素RE处理时选用纯度≥99wt%的高纯稀土金属,加入稀土元素RE处理后,能够保持良好的强韧性匹配。
2.按照权利要求1所述的高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢,其特征在于,稀土易切削钢的锻棒经880℃正火+840℃淬火+650℃回火的调质处理后,屈服强度≥700MPa,抗拉强度≥900MPa,延伸率≥16%,室温V口冲击功≥90J。
3.按照权利要求1所述的高纯净、高强韧稀土易切削钢,其特征在于,稀土易切削钢在车削时的断屑具有小而短的卷曲半径,可直接进行大切削量粗加工及高精度要求的精加工。
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