CN112883583B - Design method of multilayer wave-absorbing coating - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a design method of a multilayer wave-absorbing coating, which comprises the following steps: step one, encoding and decoding; step two, constructing and initializing a genetic population; step three, selecting and calculating an fitness function; step four, selecting/crossing/mutating operation; and fifthly, determining convergence criteria. The invention realizes the automatic design of the multilayer composite stealth coating, eliminates the traditional error testing method, and greatly improves the design efficiency and accuracy; the invention can realize the target design aiming at stealth design requirements, can realize global autonomous target optimization in an infinite database, and greatly improves the pertinence of coating design.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wave-absorbing coating design, and particularly relates to a design method of a multilayer wave-absorbing coating.
Background
The rapid development of radar technology requires equipment to have broadband and efficient stealth performance, which puts extremely high demands on the development of stealth coatings. The single-layer wave-absorbing coating can regulate and control the wave-absorbing performance only through three parameters of dielectric constant, magnetic permeability and coating thickness of the material, the regulating and controlling parameters are few, and the effective absorption bandwidth of the single-layer coating is difficult to be greatly widened. In comparison, the multilayer wave-absorbing coating comprises a plurality of materials, the electromagnetic parameters and the structure size of the multilayer wave-absorbing coating are larger in adjustment space, and the adjustment and control range of the impedance characteristic and the electromagnetic wave loss efficiency of the coating is greatly expanded, so that the multilayer wave-absorbing coating is expected to achieve broadband and efficient wave-absorbing performance.
Despite its good potential, the design of the multilayer wave absorbing material coating presents a serious challenge to the method used. The structural design of the multi-layer wave-absorbing material necessarily relates to the transmission of electromagnetic waves at multiple interfaces and the action of multi-medium loss, and has quite high complexity; wherein the selection of materials and thicknesses in each sub-layer is the core of the design effort. Early designs of multilayer composite stealth coatings focused mainly on trial-and-error designs: (1) Selecting materials to prepare various multilayer wave-absorbing coatings according to the design principle of gradual change of electromagnetic performance; (2) The system tests the wave absorbing performance and fumbling rule of each composite system; (3) The wave absorbing performance of the multilayer composite coating is gradually optimized through the adjustment of the types and the thicknesses of the materials of the sublayers. The design method has extremely low efficiency and is difficult to screen and combine in a large range; secondly, the randomness of the trial-manufacture process itself causes insufficient design accuracy; when the number of layers is large, the test design of the composite coating is almost impossible. Taking the design of 5 layers of material 10 and five layers of composite wave-absorbing coating as an example, factors to be regulated in the design process comprise up to 25 parameters such as dielectric constants, magnetic permeability, thickness of each layer of 5 layers of coating and the like of 10 materials, and almost no adjustment can be performed. In particular, trial-and-error based design methods do not have the ability to implement targeted selection for the target band. Therefore, how to realize global targeting optimization of infinite materials and enable the multilayer composite stealth coating to have optimal performance becomes a difficult problem to be solved urgently.
The development of computer aided design technology provides a new thought for the design of wave-absorbing materials, and the development of wave-absorbing material design based on computer simulation is becoming the main stream direction of wave-absorbing materials and structural design. In order to support the computer design, an evaluation method of the electromagnetic wave absorption performance of the material is established based on an interaction model of electromagnetic waves and a multilayer material, and finally, the optimization of the gene information of 'sub-layer absorber type-sub-layer absorber content-sub-layer arrangement sequence' is carried out by a wide area trial calculation method; furthermore, if the target frequency band is established and the target performance is clear, the target design and the global optimization can be realized by realizing the design aiming at the performance requirement on the basis of the method, so that the method foundation of the high-performance stealth structure/coating design is formed.
The advent of various computer optimization techniques represented by genetic algorithms provides technical support for realizing multi-parameter cooperative adjustment and quickly searching multi-parameter optimal combinations. Genetic algorithms (Genetic Algorithm, GA) are a class of randomized search methods evolving with reference to the evolution laws of the biological kingdom. The genetic algorithm directly operates the structural object, and the limitation of derivation and function continuity does not exist; the method has inherent hidden parallelism and better global optimizing capability; by adopting the probabilistic optimizing method, the optimized searching space can be automatically acquired and guided, the searching direction can be adaptively adjusted, and the determined rule is not needed. In the design of the multilayer wave-absorbing coating, the use of a genetic algorithm can quickly determine the optimal material types, the coating structure and the combination of the thicknesses of all layers, so that the design efficiency of the multilayer wave-absorbing coating is greatly improved.
At present, development of computer simulation prediction for electromagnetic performance of a composite material system is few, results which can be referred to in the aspects of a database, a composite material microwave electromagnetic behavior model, a global optimization method and the like are very limited, and a technology for targeted design for a target wave band is not reported. Therefore, the algorithm of the multilayer composite stealth coating established based on the GA algorithm has very important engineering value.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems in the prior art and provides a design method of a multilayer wave-absorbing coating.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme, and provides a design method of a multilayer wave-absorbing coating, which comprises the following steps:
step one, encoding and decoding
The length of the coating gene is set to 25-100 positions, and the information carried by each section of the gene is determined according to the design requirement;
step two, construction and initialization of genetic population
Selecting sample individuals as initial populations in an original database, and selecting population sizes;
step three, selecting and calculating fitness functions, wherein the fitness functions comprise two types:
(1) Requiring a target band (f 1 ,f 2 ) The bandwidth of the upper reflection loss greater than 10dB is as wide as possible, expressed as follows:
Fitness＝W 10dB (Γ tot (f 1 ,f 2 )≥10)
wherein W is 10dB Representing an absorption bandwidth with a reflection loss greater than 10 dB; Γ -shaped structure tot Representing the total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating; f (f) 1 、f 2 The upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the target wave band are respectively; optimizing the coating parameters based on global optimization to gradually increase the Fitness value and finally obtain the maximum value;
(2) Requiring absorption peak in the target band (f 1 ,f 2 ) Inner and oppositeThe peak of the emission loss is as high as possible, and the expression is as follows:
Fitness＝RF max (Γ tot (f 1 ,f 2 ))
wherein RF max Representing the reflection absorption peak; Γ -shaped structure tot Representing the total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating; f (f) 1 、f 2 The upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the target wave band are respectively; optimizing the coating parameters based on global optimization to gradually increase the Fitness value and finally obtain the maximum value;
step four, select/cross/variant operation
The selection operation adopts a wheel disc type selection method, the crossover operation adopts point crossover, the mutation operation randomly selects a mutation point according to mutation probability p, and the position of the mutation point is inverted at the mutation point;
step five, determining convergence criteria
Adopting two convergence criteria of algebra invariant of the maximum optimization algebra and the optimal solution, namely, the optimal solution is continuously changed for a plurality of generations and is not changed any more, and considering that the optimization is converged; otherwise, until the maximum optimization algebra, stopping optimization; the optimization results must meet the set blank residual stress/performance control criteria, otherwise, the reconstruction objective function is optimized.
Further, the reflection loss is specifically: the electromagnetic wave is refracted and reflected to be divided into a refracted wave and a reflected wave when meeting an interface in the transmission process, and the superposition of the refracted and reflected waves is formed in the coating, so that the total reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave on the surface of the multilayer medium can be calculated according to the transmission line theory;
the reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves at the interface of the i-th layer and the i-1 th layer can be described by formulas (1) to (3):
wherein ε i And mu i Respectively the dielectric constant and the magnetic permeability of the ith layer of medium, f is the frequency of electromagnetic waves, c is the speed of light under vacuum, d i For the i-th layer thickness, k i And eta i The propagation coefficient and the wave impedance of the medium layer are respectively; the total reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave on the interface of the N layer is shown as a formula (4):
wherein eta 0 Representing the air characteristic impedance; Γ -shaped structure N Representing the reflection coefficient at the N-th layer interface; Γ -shaped structure tot Indicating the total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating.
Further, the information carried by each segment of the gene is specifically:
with a rank of 1-N 1 The genetic information of (2) is the kind of material and the rank is N 1 +1—N 1 The +4 gene information is four components of electromagnetic performance parameters of the material: a real permittivity part, an imaginary permittivity part, a real permeability part, and an imaginary permeability part; with a rank of N 1 +5—N 2 The gene information of (2) is the thickness of the sublayer; with a rank of N 2 +1—N 3 Is a sublayer sequence; with a rank of N 3 The +1-L gene information is temporary blank and motorized substitution.
Further, the wheel disc type selection method specifically comprises the following steps: first, a [0,1 ] is generated]Random number r in, if p 0 +p 1 +p 2 +…+p i-1 <r<p 1 +p 2 +…p i-1 +p i Then select individual I, where P 0 =0, where P i Representing the probability of occurrence of individual i; the point type intersection specifically comprises: randomly setting a cross point in the paired individual code strings according to the selection probability PC, and then exchanging two cross points with each otherPairing part of the genes of individuals, thereby forming two new individuals.
Further, the variation probability p is between 0.0001 and 0.005.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention realizes the design of the multilayer composite stealth coating, eliminates the inherent defects of low efficiency and incapability of selecting materials in a large range of the traditional 'trial and error-improvement' design method, and provides a novel method for the design of the multilayer stealth coating.
2. The software formed by the invention is simple and convenient to use, can conveniently define design targets such as a material library, the number of layers, the total thickness and the like, can realize automatic reading of the material electromagnetic property database and automatic calling of the MATLAB-GA tool kit, and is efficient and rapid.
3. The method realizes the target design for the target wave band through the definition of the fitness function, has high autonomy, and solves the problem that the target design cannot be carried out in the traditional method.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for designing a multilayer wave-absorbing coating according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the incidence of electromagnetic waves on the surface of a multilayer wave-absorbing coating;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a crossover operation;
FIG. 4 is a schematic graph of the wave absorbing performance curve of a fixed band optimized bilayer coating;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the wave-absorbing performance of a fixed band optimized three-layer coating.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
The invention uses ferromagnetic metal powder and ferromagnetic metal/oxide composite powder as absorbent materials, optimizes the coating structure by utilizing a genetic algorithm, and designs the multi-absorbent multi-layer structure coating with ultra-wide effective absorption frequency bandwidth. The source code for coating structure optimization based on the genetic algorithm is developed and operated in the MATLAB environment, but does not call the MATLAB-GA tool box.
Referring to fig. 1, the invention provides a design method of a multilayer wave-absorbing coating, which comprises the following steps:
step one, encoding and decoding
(1) Determining binary string length
The binary string carries the kind of each layer of material and its thickness information, which is represented by a binary code of a certain number of bits. The material category in the invention is described by binary code with length L and can be described as 2 L A seed material; the thickness of each layer of material is represented by an 8-bit binary number. Under this definition, each material has a corresponding code length of l+8 bits; when n-layer recombination is set, the length of the binary string describing the entire coating is n (l+8) bits. When the stacking order is set, the binary digit strings are written as<b 1,L+ 7 b 1,L+6 ····b 1,0 b 2，L+7 ···b 2,0 ···b n，L+7 ···b n,0 >
(2) Encoding and decoding
Decoding each layer of material: adopting a binary to decimal conversion formula, wherein each L-bit binary represents a material, and the decimal numbers are in one-to-one correspondence with the numbers of the materials in the material database so as to realize the code reading of the material data; the thickness of each layer of material is encoded: the maximum/minimum thickness is set as: d, d min And d max On the basis of (1), the following formula is adopted for coding:
step two, construction and initialization of genetic population
Selecting sample individuals as initial populations in an original database, and selecting population sizes; the population size is preferably 50, and on the basis of guaranteeing the diversity of individuals, individuals with better objective functions are selected as much as possible to form an initial population.
Step three, fitness function selection and calculation
In this embodiment, the bandwidth required to have reflection loss higher than 10dB in the target band is as wide as possible, and the fitness function selected is:
Fitness＝W 10dB (Γ tot (f 1 ,f 2 )≥10)
wherein W is 10dB Representing an absorption bandwidth with a reflection loss greater than 10 dB; Γ -shaped structure tot The total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating of the composite coating is represented, and the specific expression is described in detail later; f (f) 1 、f 2 The upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the target band, respectively.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the transmission process of electromagnetic waves in a multilayer coating. In the figure, θ represents an incident angle, and E (H), H (E) represents an electromagnetic wave electric field component and a magnetic field component, respectively; z is Z N Representing the characteristic impedance of the nth layer material, as shown in fig. 2, when an incident electromagnetic wave reaches the surface of the wave-absorbing coating, its energy is divided into three parts: one part is lost in the layer, another part is reflected at the surface, and yet another part will penetrate the layer and continue to propagate inside the coating. For the multilayer medium, the electromagnetic wave is refracted and reflected to be divided into a refracted wave and a reflected wave when encountering an interface in the transmission process, and the superposition of the refracted and reflected waves is formed in the coating, so that the total reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave on the surface of the multilayer medium can be calculated according to the transmission line theory;
the reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves at the interface of the i-th layer and the i-1 th layer can be described by formulas (1) to (3):
wherein ε i And mu i Respectively the dielectric constant and the magnetic permeability of the ith layer of medium, f is the frequency of electromagnetic waves, c is the speed of light under vacuum, d i For the i-th layer thickness, k i And eta i The propagation coefficient and the characteristic impedance of the layer of medium are respectively; the total reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave on the interface of the N layer is shown as a formula (4):
wherein eta 0 The value range of i representing the characteristic impedance of air is the same as the value range of i in the formulas (2) and (3);
Γ N representing the reflection coefficient at the N-th layer interface; Γ -shaped structure tot Representing the total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating;
step four, select/cross/variant operation
The selection operation adopts a wheel disc type selection method, the crossover operation adopts point crossover, the mutation operation randomly selects a mutation point according to mutation probability p, and the position of the mutation point is inverted at the mutation point; the variation probability p is between 0.0001 and 0.005.
The wheel disc type selection method specifically comprises the following steps: first, a [0,1 ] is generated]Random number r in, if p 0 +p 1 +p 2 +…+p i-1 <r<p 1 +p 2 +…p i-1 +p i Then select individual I, where P 0 =0, where P i Representing the probability of occurrence of individual i; the point type intersection specifically comprises: a cross point is randomly set in the paired individual code strings according to the selection probability PC, and then partial genes of the two paired individuals are exchanged at the cross point, so that two new individuals are formed. The crossover process is shown in fig. 3.
Step five, determining convergence criteria
Adopting two convergence criteria of algebra invariant of the maximum optimization algebra and the optimal solution, namely, the optimal solution is continuously changed for a plurality of generations and is not changed any more, and considering that the optimization is converged; otherwise, until the maximum optimization algebra, stopping optimization; the optimization results must meet the set blank residual stress/performance control criteria, otherwise, the reconstruction objective function is optimized.
The operation already forms a program, and the selection of each parameter, the reading of the electromagnetic performance of the material and the calling of MATLAB can be realized through the modification of the characteristic position of the program for calculation; the design results obtained contain the predicted values of the material selection (number), layer thickness selection and stealth performance of the multi-layer composite coating of each sublayer.
Two examples are illustrated herein. The two examples include two types of absorbents, namely FeSi particles and Co particles, and each type contains 8 absorbents and 16 absorbents in total due to different filling rates.
Example 1-double layer composite coating targeting design
(1) The design goals determined in this example are: (a) The absorption bands of more than 5dB of three wave bands of 4-6GHZ, 8-10GHz and 14-16GHz are as wide as possible; (b) a monolayer thickness of no more than 1mm; (c) the total thickness of the coating is less than 2mm. The design target is input through the modification of the corresponding position in the algorithm program;
(2) Setting a double-layer composite structure;
(3) Writing an electromagnetic performance database of the 16 absorbents into a MATLAB program;
(4) After the program is started, the program automatically calls a genetic algorithm tool box to operate and output a result;
FIG. 4 shows the wave-absorbing performance curves of the fixed band optimized bilayer coating, corresponding coating design parameters are listed in Table 1. Therefore, the absorption values of the fixed wave bands are all at peak values, and the absorption values are fully optimized.
TABLE 1 fixed band optimized bilayer coating design parameters
Example 2-three layer composite coating targeting design
(1) The design goals determined in this example are: (a) The absorption bands of more than 5dB of three wave bands of 4-6GHZ, 8-10GHz and 14-16GHz are as wide as possible; (b) a monolayer thickness of no more than 1mm; (c) the total thickness of the coating is less than 3mm. The design target is input through the modification of the corresponding position in the algorithm program;
(2) Setting a three-layer composite structure;
(3) Writing an electromagnetic performance database of the 16 absorbents into a MATLAB program;
(4) After the program is started, the program automatically calls a genetic algorithm tool box to operate and output a result;
FIG. 5 shows the wave-absorbing performance curves of the fixed band optimized three-layer coating, and the corresponding coating design parameters are listed in Table 2. Therefore, the absorption values of the fixed wave bands are all at peak values, and the target design target is realized.
Table 2 fixed band optimization of three layer coating design parameters
The above description of the design method of the multilayer wave-absorbing coating provided by the invention applies specific examples to illustrate the principle and the implementation of the invention, and the above examples are only used for helping to understand the method and the core idea of the invention; meanwhile, as those skilled in the art will have variations in the specific embodiments and application scope in accordance with the ideas of the present invention, the present description should not be construed as limiting the present invention in view of the above.
Claims (3)
1. A design method of a multilayer wave-absorbing coating is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
step one, encoding and decoding
The length of the coating gene is set to 25-100 positions, and the information carried by each section of the gene is determined according to the design requirement;
step two, construction and initialization of genetic population
Selecting sample individuals as initial populations in an original database, and selecting population sizes;
step three, selecting and calculating fitness functions, wherein the fitness functions comprise two types:
(1) Requiring a target band (f 1 ,f 2 ) The bandwidth of the upper reflection loss greater than 10dB is as wide as possible, expressed as follows:
Fitness＝W 10dB (Γ tot (f 1 ,f 2 )≥10)
wherein W is 10dB Representing an absorption bandwidth with a reflection loss greater than 10 dB; Γ -shaped structure tot Representing the total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating; f (f) 1 、f 2 The upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the target wave band are respectively; optimizing the coating parameters based on global optimization to gradually increase the Fitness value and finally obtain the maximum value;
(2) Requiring absorption peak in the target band (f 1 ,f 2 ) The peak value of the internal reflection loss is as high as possible, and the expression is as follows:
Fitness＝RF max (Γ tot (f 1 ,f 2 ))
wherein RF max Representing the reflection absorption peak; Γ -shaped structure tot Representing the total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating; f (f) 1 、f 2 The upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the target wave band are respectively; optimizing the coating parameters based on global optimization to gradually increase the Fitness value and finally obtain the maximum value;
step four, select/cross/variant operation
The selection operation adopts a wheel disc type selection method, the crossover operation adopts point crossover, the mutation operation randomly selects a mutation point according to mutation probability p, and the position of the mutation point is inverted at the mutation point;
step five, determining convergence criteria
Adopting two convergence criteria of algebra invariant of the maximum optimization algebra and the optimal solution, namely, the optimal solution is continuously changed for a plurality of generations and is not changed any more, and considering that the optimization is converged; otherwise, until the maximum optimization algebra, stopping optimization; the optimization result must meet the set blank residual stress/performance control criterion, otherwise, reconstructing the objective function for optimization;
the reflection loss is specifically: the electromagnetic wave is refracted and reflected to be divided into a refracted wave and a reflected wave when meeting an interface in the transmission process, superposition of the refracted and reflected waves is formed in the coating, and the total reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave on the surface of the multilayer medium is calculated according to the transmission line theory;
the reflection coefficient of electromagnetic waves at the interface of the i-th layer and the i-1 th layer can be described by formulas (1) to (3):
wherein ε i And mu i Respectively the dielectric constant and the magnetic permeability of the ith layer of medium, f is the frequency of electromagnetic waves, c is the speed of light under vacuum, d i For the i-th layer thickness, k i And eta i The propagation coefficient and the wave impedance of the medium layer are respectively; the total reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave on the interface of the N layer is shown as a formula (4):
wherein eta 0 Representing the air characteristic impedance; Γ -shaped structure N Representing the reflection coefficient at the N-th layer interface; Γ -shaped structure tot Representing the total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating;
the information carried by each section of the gene is specifically as follows:
with a rank of 1-N 1 The genetic information of (2) is the kind of material and the rank is N 1 +1—N 1 The +4 gene information is four components of electromagnetic performance parameters of the material: a real permittivity part, an imaginary permittivity part, a real permeability part, and an imaginary permeability part; with a rank of N 1 +5—N 2 The gene information of (2) is the thickness of the sublayer; with a rank of N 2 +1—N 3 Is a sublayer sequence; with a rank of N 3 The +1-L gene information is temporary blank and motorized substitution.
2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the wheel disc type selection method specifically comprises the following steps: first, a [0,1 ] is generated]Random number r in, if p 0 +p 1 +p 2 +…+p i-1 <r<p 1 +p 2 +…p i-1 +p i Then select individual I, where P 0 =0, where P i Representing the probability of occurrence of individual i; the point type intersection specifically comprises: a cross point is randomly set in the paired individual code strings according to the selection probability PC, and then partial genes of the two paired individuals are exchanged at the cross point, so that two new individuals are formed.
3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the variation probability p is between 0.0001 and 0.005.
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| CN109740238A (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2019-05-10 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | A kind of structural optimization method and preparation method thereof of the wideband Meta Materials wave-absorber based on topological optimization |
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| CN109740238A (en) * | 2018-12-28 | 2019-05-10 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | A kind of structural optimization method and preparation method thereof of the wideband Meta Materials wave-absorber based on topological optimization |
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