CN112883583A - Design method of multilayer wave-absorbing coating - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a design method of a multilayer wave-absorbing coating, which comprises the following steps: step one, encoding and decoding; step two, constructing and initializing a genetic population; selecting and calculating a fitness function; step four, selection/cross/mutation operation; and step five, determining a convergence criterion. The invention realizes the automatic design of the multilayer composite stealth coating, eliminates the traditional trial and error method and greatly improves the design efficiency and accuracy; the invention can realize the target design aiming at the stealth design requirement, can realize the global autonomous target optimization in an infinite database, and greatly improves the pertinence of the coating design.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wave-absorbing coating design, and particularly relates to a design method of a multi-layer wave-absorbing coating.
Background
The rapid development of the radar technology requires equipment to have broadband and high-efficiency stealth performance, which puts a very high requirement on the development of stealth coatings. The single-layer wave-absorbing coating can only regulate and control the wave-absorbing performance through three parameters of the dielectric constant, the magnetic permeability and the coating thickness of the material, the regulation and control parameters are less, and the effective absorption bandwidth of the single-layer coating is difficult to greatly widen. In comparison, the multi-layer wave-absorbing coating comprises a plurality of materials, the electromagnetic parameters and the structural size of the multi-layer wave-absorbing coating have larger adjustment space, and the adjustment and control range of the impedance characteristic and the electromagnetic wave loss efficiency of the coating is greatly expanded, so that the broadband and high-efficiency wave-absorbing performance is expected to be realized.
Despite the potential for good performance, the design of multiple layers of wave-absorbing material coatings presents a significant challenge to the methods used. The structural design of the multilayer wave-absorbing material necessarily relates to the transmission of electromagnetic waves on multiple interfaces and the loss behavior of multiple media, and has quite high complexity; wherein the choice of materials and thicknesses in each sublayer is at the heart of the design effort. Early designs of multilayer composite stealth coatings focused mainly on trial and error design: (1) various multi-layer wave-absorbing coatings are prepared by selecting materials according to the design principle of gradual change of electromagnetic properties; (2) the system tests the wave absorbing performance and groping rule of each composite system; (3) the wave-absorbing performance of the multilayer composite coating is gradually optimized through adjusting the types and thicknesses of materials of the sub-layers. The design method has extremely low efficiency and is difficult to screen and combine in a large range; secondly, the randomness of the trial manufacturing process leads to insufficient design precision; when the number of layers is large, the experimental design of the composite coating can hardly be carried out. Taking the design of 5-five layers of composite wave-absorbing coating selected from 10 materials as an example, the factors needing to be adjusted in the design process include dielectric constant and magnetic conductivity of 10 materials, thickness of each layer of 5 layers of coating and the like which are up to 25 parameters, and the design can hardly be carried out. In particular, trial and error based design methods do not have the ability to perform targeted selection for the target band. Therefore, how to realize the global targeting optimization of infinite materials and enable the multilayer composite stealth coating to have the best performance becomes a difficult problem to be solved urgently.
The development of the computer aided design technology provides a new idea for the design of the wave-absorbing material, and the development of the wave-absorbing material design based on computer simulation is becoming the mainstream direction of the wave-absorbing material and the structural design. In order to support computer design, an evaluation method of electromagnetic wave absorption performance of the material is established based on an interaction model of electromagnetic waves and a multilayer material, and finally, the optimization of the genetic information of 'the type of the sub-layer absorbent, the content of the sub-layer absorbent and the arrangement sequence of the sub-layer' is carried out through a wide-area trial calculation method; further, if the target frequency band is established and the target performance is clear, the design aiming at the performance requirement is realized on the basis of the method, namely the target design and the global optimization are possible to realize, and the method basis of the high-performance stealth structure/coating design is formed.
The emergence of various computer optimization technologies represented by genetic algorithms provides technical support for realizing multi-parameter cooperative adjustment and quickly searching multi-parameter optimal combinations. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a kind of randomized search method that has evolved based on the evolution law in the biological world. The genetic algorithm directly operates the structural object without the limitation of derivation and function continuity; the method has the advantages of inherent hidden parallelism and better global optimization capability; by adopting a probabilistic optimization method, the optimized search space can be automatically acquired and guided, the search direction can be adaptively adjusted, and a determined rule is not needed. In the design of the multi-layer wave-absorbing coating, the combination of the optimal material type, the coating structure and the thickness of each layer can be quickly determined by using a genetic algorithm, so that the design efficiency of the multi-layer wave-absorbing coating is greatly improved.
At present, the development of computer simulation prediction aiming at the electromagnetic performance of a composite material system is less, the referent results in the aspects of a database, a composite material microwave electromagnetic behavior model, a global optimization method and the like are very limited, and the technology of performing targeted design aiming at a target waveband is not reported. Therefore, the multilayer composite stealth coating algorithm established based on the GA algorithm has very important engineering value.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems in the prior art and provides a design method of a multilayer wave-absorbing coating.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme, and provides a design method of a multilayer wave-absorbing coating, which comprises the following steps:
step one, encoding and decoding
The length of the coating gene is set to be 25-100 bits, and the information carried by each segment of the gene is determined according to the design requirement;
step two, construction and initialization of genetic population
Selecting sample individuals from an original database as an initial population, and selecting the size of the population;
selecting and calculating a fitness function, wherein the fitness function comprises two types:
(1) requires a target band (f)1,f2) The bandwidth with the upper reflection loss larger than 10dB is as wide as possible, and the expression is as follows:
Fitness＝W10dB(Γtot(f1,f2)≥10)
wherein, W10dBAn absorption bandwidth representing a reflection loss greater than 10 dB; gamma-shapedtotRepresenting the total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating; f. of1、f2The upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the target waveband are respectively; optimizing the coating parameters based on global optimization to gradually increase the Fitness value and finally obtain the maximum value;
(2) requiring absorption peak at target band (f)1,f2) Internal, and reflection loss peaks as high as possible, expressed as follows:
Fitness＝RFmax(Γtot(f1,f2))
wherein, RFmaxRepresents the reflection absorption peak; gamma-shapedtotRepresenting the total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating; f. of1、f2The upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the target waveband are respectively; optimizing the coating parameters based on global optimization to gradually increase the Fitness value and finally obtain the maximum value;
step four, selection/crossover/mutation operation
The selection operation adopts a wheel disc type selection method, the intersection operation adopts point intersection, the mutation operation randomly selects a mutation point according to the mutation probability p, and the position of the mutation point is negated;
step five, determining convergence criterion
Adopting two convergence criteria of maximum optimization algebra and invariant algebra of the optimal solution, namely that the optimal solution is not changed for a plurality of generations, and considering that the optimization is converged; otherwise, until the maximum optimization algebra, the optimization is stopped; the optimization result must meet the set stock residual stress/performance control criteria, otherwise, the objective function is reconstructed for optimization.
Further, the reflection loss specifically is: the electromagnetic wave is refracted and reflected when meeting an interface in the transmission process and is divided into refracted waves and reflected waves, the superposition of the refracted waves and the reflected waves is formed in the coating, and the total reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave on the surface of the multilayer medium can be calculated according to the transmission line theory;
the reflection coefficient of an electromagnetic wave at the interface of the i-th layer and the i-1 st layer can be described by equations (1) to (3):
wherein epsiloniAnd muiRespectively the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability of the i-th layer of medium, f is the frequency of electromagnetic wave, c is the speed of light in vacuum, diIs the ith layer thickness, kiAnd ηiThe propagation coefficient and the wave impedance of the layer of medium are respectively; the total reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave on the Nth layer interface is shown as the formula (4):
wherein eta is0Representing the air characteristic impedance; gamma-shapedNRepresenting the reflection coefficient at the interface of the Nth layer; gamma-shapedtotThe total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating is shown.
Further, the information carried by each segment of the gene is specifically:
order of 1-N1The genetic information of (a) is the kind of the material, the rank is N1+1—N1The +4 gene information is four components of the electromagnetic performance parameters of the material respectively: the real part of the dielectric constant, the imaginary part of the dielectric constant, the real part of the magnetic conductivity and the imaginary part of the magnetic conductivity; order of N1+5—N2The genetic information of (a) is the thickness of the sublayer; order of N2+1—N3The genetic information of (a) is a sublayer sequence; order of N3The gene information of +1-L is temporarily left blank and is dynamically substituted.
Further, the wheel disc type selection method specifically comprises the following steps: first generating a [0, 1 ]]Random number r within, if p0+p1+p2+…+pi-1<r<p1+p2+…pi-1+piThen select individual I, where P 00, wherein PiRepresenting the probability of occurrence of the individual i; the point type intersection specifically comprises: randomly setting a cross point in the individual code strings matched in pairs according to the selection probability PC, and then mutually exchanging partial genes of the two matched individuals at the cross point to form two new individuals.
Further, the variation probability p is between 0.0001 and 0.005.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention realizes the design of the multilayer composite stealth coating, overcomes the inherent defects of low efficiency and incapability of selecting materials in a large range of the traditional trial and error-improvement design method, and provides a novel method for the design of the multilayer stealth coating.
2. The software formed by the invention is simple and convenient to use, can conveniently define design targets such as a material library, the number of layers, the total thickness and the like, can realize automatic reading of a material electromagnetic performance database and automatic calling of an MATLAB-GA tool box, and is efficient and rapid.
3. The invention realizes the target design aiming at the target wave band through the definition of the fitness function, the design method has high autonomy, and the problem that the target design can not be carried out in the traditional method is solved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a design method of a multilayer wave-absorbing coating according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the incidence of electromagnetic waves on the surface of a multi-layer wave-absorbing coating;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a crossover operation;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a wave-absorbing performance curve of a fixed-band optimized double-layer coating;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a wave-absorbing performance curve of a fixed-band optimized three-layer coating.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The invention takes ferromagnetic metal powder and ferromagnetic metal/oxide composite powder as absorbent materials respectively, optimizes the coating structure by utilizing a genetic algorithm, and designs the multi-absorbent multilayer structure coating with ultra-wide effective absorption frequency bandwidth. The source code for optimizing the coating structure based on the genetic algorithm is developed and run in the MATLAB environment, but does not call the MATLAB-GA tool box.
With reference to fig. 1, the invention provides a design method of a multilayer wave-absorbing coating, which comprises the following steps:
step one, encoding and decoding
(1) Determining binary string length
The binary string carries information on the type of material of each layer and its thickness, which is represented by a binary code of a certain number of bits. The material category is described by a binary code with the length of L, and can be described by 2LA seed material; the thickness of each layer of material is represented by an 8-bit binary number. Under this definition, the corresponding code length of each material is L +8 bits; given an n-layer composite, the binary string describing the entire coating is n (L +8) bits in length. When the stacking sequence is predetermined, the binary digit string is written as<b1,L+ 7b1,L+6····b1,0b2，L+7···b2,0···bn，L+7···bn,0>
(2) Encoding and decoding
Decoding each layer of material: adopting a binary system to decimal system conversion formula, wherein each L bit binary system represents a material, and the decimal number corresponds to the serial numbers of the materials in the material database one by one so as to realize the reading-in of the material data according to codes; the thickness of each layer of material is encoded: the maximum/minimum thicknesses are respectively set as: dminAnd dmaxOn the basis, the following formula is adopted for coding:
step two, construction and initialization of genetic population
Selecting sample individuals from an original database as an initial population, and selecting the size of the population; the population size is preferably 50, and on the basis of ensuring the individual diversity, individuals with better objective functions are selected as much as possible to form an initial population.
Thirdly, selecting and calculating a fitness function
In this embodiment, in the target band, the bandwidth with reflection loss higher than 10dB is required to be as wide as possible, and the fitness function selected is:
Fitness＝W10dB(Γtot(f1,f2)≥10)
wherein, W10dBAn absorption bandwidth representing a reflection loss greater than 10 dB; gamma-shapedtotThe total reflection coefficient of the incidence surface of the multilayer composite coating of the composite coating is expressed, and the specific expression of the total reflection coefficient is specifically described in the following text; f. of1、f2Respectively the upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the target band.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating the transmission process of electromagnetic waves in the coating layer of the multilayer structure. In the figure, θ represents an incident angle, e (h), and h (e) represents an electromagnetic wave electric field component and a magnetic field component, respectively; zNRepresenting the characteristic impedance of the material of the Nth layer, as shown in FIG. 2When the incident electromagnetic wave reaches the surface of the wave-absorbing coating, the energy of the incident electromagnetic wave is divided into three parts: one part is lost in the layer, another part is reflected at the surface and a further part will penetrate the layer and continue to propagate into the coating. For the multilayer medium, the electromagnetic wave is refracted and reflected when meeting an interface in the transmission process and is divided into refracted waves and reflected waves, the superposition of the refracted waves and the reflected waves is formed in the coating, and the total reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave on the surface of the multilayer medium can be calculated according to the transmission line theory;
the reflection coefficient of an electromagnetic wave at the interface of the i-th layer and the i-1 st layer can be described by equations (1) to (3):
wherein epsiloniAnd muiRespectively the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability of the i-th layer of medium, f is the frequency of electromagnetic wave, c is the speed of light in vacuum, diIs the ith layer thickness, kiAnd ηiRespectively representing the propagation coefficient and the characteristic impedance of the layer of medium; the total reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave on the Nth layer interface is shown as the formula (4):
wherein eta is0Representing the air characteristic impedance, wherein the value range of i is the same as that of i in the formulas (2) and (3);
ΓNrepresenting the reflection coefficient at the interface of the Nth layer; gamma-shapedtotRepresenting the total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating;
step four, selection/crossover/mutation operation
The selection operation adopts a wheel disc type selection method, the intersection operation adopts point intersection, the mutation operation randomly selects a mutation point according to the mutation probability p, and the position of the mutation point is negated; the variation probability p is between 0.0001 and 0.005.
The wheel disc type selection method specifically comprises the following steps: first generating a [0, 1 ]]Random number r within, if p0+p1+p2+…+pi-1<r<p1+p2+…pi-1+piThen select individual I, where P 00, wherein PiRepresenting the probability of occurrence of the individual i; the point type intersection specifically comprises: randomly setting a cross point in the individual code strings matched in pairs according to the selection probability PC, and then mutually exchanging partial genes of the two matched individuals at the cross point to form two new individuals. The interleaving process is shown in fig. 3.
Step five, determining convergence criterion
Adopting two convergence criteria of maximum optimization algebra and invariant algebra of the optimal solution, namely that the optimal solution is not changed for a plurality of generations, and considering that the optimization is converged; otherwise, until the maximum optimization algebra, the optimization is stopped; the optimization result must meet the set stock residual stress/performance control criteria, otherwise, the objective function is reconstructed for optimization.
The operation forms a program, and the selection of each parameter and the reading of the electromagnetic performance of the material can be realized by modifying the characteristic position of the program, and MATLAB is called for calculation; the obtained design results comprise the material selection (number) of each sub-layer, the layer thickness selection and the predicted value of the stealth performance of the multi-layer composite coating.
Two examples are illustrated here. In the two examples, the material property database comprises two types of absorbents, namely FeSi particles and Co particles, and each type comprises 8 types of absorbents and 16 types of absorbents in total due to different filling rates.
EXAMPLE 1 two-layer composite coating targeting design
(1) The design goals identified in this example are: (a) the absorption bands of more than 5dB of three wave bands of 4-6GHZ, 8-10GHz and 14-16GHz are as wide as possible; (b) the single-layer thickness is not more than 1 mm; (c) the total thickness of the coating is less than 2 mm. The design target is input through the modification of the corresponding position in the algorithm program;
(2) setting the structure as a double-layer composite structure;
(3) writing an electromagnetic performance database of 16 absorbents into an MATLAB program;
(4) after the program is started, the program automatically calls a genetic algorithm toolbox to carry out operation and output a result;
fig. 4 shows the wave-absorbing performance curve of the fixed-band optimized double-layer coating, and the corresponding coating design parameters are listed in table 1. Therefore, the absorption values of the fixed wave bands are all at the peak value, and are fully optimized.
TABLE 1 fixed band optimization of double layer coating design parameters
EXAMPLE 2 three-layer composite coating Targeted design
(1) The design goals identified in this example are: (a) the absorption bands of more than 5dB of three wave bands of 4-6GHZ, 8-10GHz and 14-16GHz are as wide as possible; (b) the single-layer thickness is not more than 1 mm; (c) the total thickness of the coating is less than 3 mm. The design target is input through the modification of the corresponding position in the algorithm program;
(2) setting the structure as a three-layer composite structure;
(3) writing an electromagnetic performance database of 16 absorbents into an MATLAB program;
(4) after the program is started, the program automatically calls a genetic algorithm toolbox to carry out operation and output a result;
fig. 5 shows the wave-absorbing performance curve of the fixed-band optimized three-layer coating, and the corresponding coating design parameters are listed in table 2. Therefore, the absorption values of the fixed wave bands are all at the peak value, and the target design goal is achieved.
TABLE 2 fixed band optimization of three-layer coating design parameters
The design method of the multilayer wave-absorbing coating provided by the invention is described in detail, specific examples are applied in the design method to explain the principle and the implementation mode of the invention, and the description of the examples is only used for helping to understand the method and the core idea of the invention; meanwhile, for a person skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present invention, there may be variations in the specific embodiments and the application scope, and in summary, the content of the present specification should not be construed as a limitation to the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A design method of a multi-layer wave-absorbing coating is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step one, encoding and decoding
The length of the coating gene is set to be 25-100 bits, and the information carried by each segment of the gene is determined according to the design requirement;
step two, construction and initialization of genetic population
Selecting sample individuals from an original database as an initial population, and selecting the size of the population;
selecting and calculating a fitness function, wherein the fitness function comprises two types:
(1) requires a target band (f)1，f2) The bandwidth with the upper reflection loss larger than 10dB is as wide as possible, and the expression is as follows:
Fitness＝W10dB(Γtot(f1，f2)≥10)
wherein, W10dBAn absorption bandwidth representing a reflection loss greater than 10 dB; gamma-shapedtotRepresenting the total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating; f. of1、f2The upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the target waveband are respectively; optimizing the coating parameters based on global optimization to gradually increase the Fitness value and finally obtain the maximum value;
(2) requiring absorption peak at target band (f)1，f2) Internal and reflection lossesThe peak is as high as possible, and its expression is as follows:
Fitness＝RFmax(Γtot(f1，f2))
wherein, RFmaxRepresents the reflection absorption peak; gamma-shapedtotRepresenting the total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating; f. of1、f2The upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the target waveband are respectively; optimizing the coating parameters based on global optimization to gradually increase the Fitness value and finally obtain the maximum value;
step four, selection/crossover/mutation operation
The selection operation adopts a wheel disc type selection method, the intersection operation adopts point intersection, the mutation operation randomly selects a mutation point according to the mutation probability p, and the position of the mutation point is negated;
step five, determining convergence criterion
Adopting two convergence criteria of maximum optimization algebra and invariant algebra of the optimal solution, namely that the optimal solution is not changed for a plurality of generations, and considering that the optimization is converged; otherwise, until the maximum optimization algebra, the optimization is stopped; the optimization result must meet the set stock residual stress/performance control criteria, otherwise, the objective function is reconstructed for optimization.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the reflection loss is specifically as follows: the electromagnetic wave is refracted and reflected when meeting an interface in the transmission process and is divided into refracted waves and reflected waves, the superposition of the refracted waves and the reflected waves is formed in the coating, and the total reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave on the surface of the multilayer medium can be calculated according to the transmission line theory;
the reflection coefficient of an electromagnetic wave at the interface of the i-th layer and the i-1 st layer can be described by equations (1) to (3):
wherein epsiloniAnd muiRespectively the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability of the i-th layer of medium, f is the frequency of electromagnetic wave, c is the speed of light in vacuum, diIs the ith layer thickness, kiAnd ηiThe propagation coefficient and the wave impedance of the layer of medium are respectively; the total reflection coefficient of the electromagnetic wave on the Nth layer interface is shown as the formula (4):
wherein eta is0Representing the air characteristic impedance; gamma-shapedNRepresenting the reflection coefficient at the interface of the Nth layer; gamma-shapedtotThe total reflection coefficient of the incident surface of the multilayer composite coating is shown.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein: the information carried by each segment of the gene is specifically as follows:
order of 1-N1The genetic information of (a) is the kind of the material, the rank is N1+1-N1The +4 gene information is four components of the electromagnetic performance parameters of the material respectively: the real part of the dielectric constant, the imaginary part of the dielectric constant, the real part of the magnetic conductivity and the imaginary part of the magnetic conductivity; order of N1+5-N2The genetic information of (a) is the thickness of the sublayer; order of N2+1-N3The genetic information of (a) is a sublayer sequence; order of N3The gene information of +1-L is temporarily left blank and is replaced by a mobile.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the wheel disc type selection method specifically comprises the following steps: first generating a [0, 1 ]]Random number r within, if p0+p1+p2+…+pi-1＜r＜p1+p2+…pi-1+piThen select individual I, where P00, wherein PiRepresenting the probability of occurrence of the individual i; the point type intersection specifically comprises: randomly setting a cross point in the individual code strings matched in pairs according to the selection probability PC, and then mutually exchanging partial genes of the two matched individuals at the cross point to form two new individuals.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein: the variation probability p is between 0.0001 and 0.005.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116441142A (en) * | 2022-07-12 | 2023-07-18 | 西安交通大学 | Construction method of photocuring surface layer functionally gradient coating and solid insulating part thereof |
| CN116441142B (en) * | 2022-07-12 | 2023-11-21 | 西安交通大学 | Construction method of photocuring surface layer functionally gradient coating and solid insulating part thereof |
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| CN112883583B (en) | 2023-05-30 |
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