CN112882083A - High-sensitivity multi-path radioactive gas on-line monitor - Google Patents
High-sensitivity multi-path radioactive gas on-line monitor Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a high-sensitivity multi-path radioactive gas online monitor, which relates to the field of radiation protection monitoring of nuclear power stations and has the technical scheme key points that: the device comprises an airflow circulation unit and a sample injection measurement unit, wherein the airflow circulation unit comprises a high-pressure nitrogen cylinder, a plurality of front-end aerosol filters, a piston type air compressor, a mass flow controller, an air inlet electromagnetic valve, a switching electromagnetic valve and an air return electromagnetic valve; the sample introduction measuring unit comprises a sample introduction electromagnetic valve, a pressure sensor, a Maring cup type gas sample container, a lead shielding chamber, an HPGe detector, a liquid nitrogen condensation refrigerating system and a vacuum pump. The monitor can fully automatically complete sampling, measurement and energy spectrum analysis of radioactive gas, multiple points are sequentially monitored in a pipeline switching mode, the measured activity concentration range is expanded in a sample injection amount adjusting mode, the types of the radioactive gas can be distinguished, the activity concentration of each kind of the radioactive gas is given, the measurement precision is high, and the monitoring frequency and the automation degree reach the level of a commercial continuous monitoring system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of nuclear power, in particular to a high-sensitivity multi-path radioactive gas online monitor.
Background
During the operation of the reactor, radioisotope production, spent fuel treatment, etc., a large amount of radioactive materials are produced. Radioactive materials include primarily both radioactive aerosols and radioactive gases. Compared with radioactive aerosol, radioactive gas can penetrate a shielding structure more easily and is leaked into the environment, so that radiation damage is caused to workers and the public, and the radioactive gas is a main monitoring object for leakage monitoring of nuclear facilities.
There are two general monitoring techniques, sampling laboratory analysis and on-line monitoring. The former has high measurement accuracy, but the workload of operators is large, the monitoring period is long, and the acquired data volume is small. The latter is contrary, and measurement accuracy is poor, but operating personnel work load is little, and monitoring cycle is short, and the data bulk of acquireing is big. Because the radioactive gas leakage condition of the nuclear facility needs to be continuously monitored, the online monitoring technology is generally taken as the main technology, and the sampling laboratory analysis is taken as the auxiliary technology.
In the field of radioactive gas on-line monitoring technology, foreign technologies are mature. The most widely used product internationally is the NGM series of on-line radioactive inert gas monitoring system from Mirion. The basic working principle of the series of products is as follows: the radioactive gas is drawn into the gas sample container using a sampling pump and then measured using a silicon detector or gas detector. Wherein the volume of the gas sample container is tens to hundreds of milliliters, and a lead shield body with the length of 3-5cm is wrapped outside the gas sample container. To further reduce interference from background radiation, dual detectors are typically employed. One detector measures the total count rate generated by the gas sample and the environmental background, and the other detector measures only the count rate generated by the environmental background. And subtracting the measured radioactive gas and the measured radioactive gas to obtain the net counting rate generated by the measured radioactive gas. And calculating the activity concentration of the measured gas according to the net counting rate, the measured gas sample volume and the detection efficiency. MeasuringThe activity concentration of the amount is in the range of 104-1012Bq/m3。
The main defects of the radioactive gas online monitoring system are three aspects:
(1) the radioactive gas species cannot be resolved. The system can only give pairs133Xe and85the detection efficiency of Kr. If the leaking radioactive gas is only one of the two radioactive gases, the activity concentration data can be given more accurately. However, in most cases, the leaked radioactive gas components are complicated, and the activity concentrations of the respective components cannot be calculated.
(2) A single set of monitoring systems can only monitor one point. There are many locations around the nuclear facility that need to be monitored, which can significantly increase the overall cost if multiple sets of systems are used for monitoring.
(3) The lower limit of activity concentration measured on radioactive gas is higher, about 104Bq/m3And can only be detected in the event of a more severe leak.
Some domestic research institutions and manufacturers also develop a plurality of similar radioactive gas online monitoring devices. The principle of operation is similar to foreign products, but in order to save costs, a single domestic silicon or gas detector is typically used. The performance index and reliability are far from the foreign products. And the overall design of the instrument, the air-tight performance, the software and hardware of the control system and the like are obviously inferior to those of foreign products. In addition, most products are not fully tested by radioactive gas, and cannot provide reliable technical indexes.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a high-sensitivity multi-path radioactive gas online monitor, which can distinguish the types of radioactive gases, can give the activity concentration of each type of radioactive gas, can achieve the level of sampling laboratory analysis in measurement precision, and can achieve the level of a commercial continuous monitoring system in monitoring frequency and automation degree; meanwhile, a plurality of points can be sequentially monitored by adopting a pipeline switching mode, and the measured activity concentration range can be expanded by adjusting the sampling amount.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
high sensitivity multichannel radioactive gas on-line monitor includes air current circulation unit and advances a kind measuring unit two parts, and air current circulation unit includes: the system comprises a plurality of front-end aerosol filters, a high-pressure nitrogen cylinder, a plurality of air inlet electromagnetic valves, a piston type air compressor, a switching electromagnetic valve, a mass flow controller and an air return electromagnetic valve; the aerosol filter is placed at each monitoring point respectively, front end aerosol filter is connected with a plurality of air inlet solenoid valves through 16 mm's of external diameter long PU pipe. The high-pressure nitrogen cylinder is close to the air inlet electromagnetic valve, is connected with one air inlet electromagnetic valve through a short PU pipe with the outer diameter of 16mm, and is used for cleaning the air flow circulation unit and the sample introduction measuring unit; the plurality of air inlet electromagnetic valves, the switching electromagnetic valve, the mass flow controller and the air return electromagnetic valve are connected through stainless steel clamping sleeves with the diameters of more than 1/2 inches; the piston type air compressor is connected with the rest elements through 1/2-inch stainless steel corrugated pipes; the appearance measuring unit that advances includes: the system comprises a sample introduction electromagnetic valve, a pressure sensor, a gas sample container, a lead shielding chamber, an HPGe detector, a liquid nitrogen recondensing refrigeration system and a vacuum pump; the air inlet electromagnetic valve, the pressure sensor, the gas sample container and the vacuum pump are connected through an 1/2-inch stainless steel corrugated pipe; the gas sample container is made of aluminum alloy, and a gas guide grid is arranged in the gas sample container; the outer part of the gas sample container is square, the center of the gas sample container is concave, and an HPGe detector can be inserted into the gas sample container; the lead shielding chamber tightly wraps the gas sample container and sequentially comprises a 1mm copper plate, a 2mm cadmium plate and 10cm lead from inside to outside; the lead shielding chamber is of an accumulation type structure and is formed by accumulating standard lead bricks of 5cm multiplied by 10cm multiplied by 20 cm; a liquid nitrogen recondensing refrigeration system is used for refrigerating the HPGe detector, so that the HPGe detector can run for a long time without artificially adding liquid nitrogen; the gas outlet end of the gas flow circulation unit is connected with the gas outlet end of the sample injection measuring unit, and the measured gas sample is returned to the monitoring point.
The invention is further configured to: the number of front end aerosol filters is at least 4.
The invention is further configured to: the outside of the gas sample container is square, the length, the width and the height of the gas sample container are both 20cm, the center of the gas sample container is concave cylindrical, and the size of the square outside the gas sample container is matched with a standard lead brick of 5cm multiplied by 10cm multiplied by 20 cm; the HPGe detector is located in the center of the gas sample container recessed inward.
The invention is further configured to: the lead shielding chamber is characterized in that the copper plate and the cadmium plate on the inner side of the lead shielding chamber are of an integral structure, lead outside the lead shielding chamber is of an accumulation type structure and is formed by accumulating standard lead bricks of 5cm multiplied by 10cm multiplied by 20cm, and the scheme is convenient to save cost and assemble and transport.
Through the technical scheme, only one group of gas flow circulating unit and sample introduction measuring unit is used, and the volume of the measured radioactive gas can be dynamically adjusted from tens of milliliters to tens of liters by adjusting the gas pressure in the gas sample container, so that the purpose of expanding the measuring range is achieved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the monitor can distinguish the types of radioactive gases and give the activity concentration of each type of radioactive gas, under the condition of accurate scale coefficient, the deviation of the measured activity concentration is generally within 10 percent, the measurement precision reaches the level of analysis in a sampling laboratory, and the monitoring frequency and the automation degree reach the level of a commercial continuous monitoring system and have the advantages of both the monitoring frequency and the automation degree;
2. multiple points can be monitored sequentially by switching the lines, and to reduce cross-contamination interference, an aluminum gas sample container is used and an air guide baffle is provided within the aluminum gas sample container. In the monitoring process, firstly, background energy spectrum measurement is carried out, then, gas sample injection measurement is carried out, and background interference is deducted by adopting an energy spectrum stripping method;
3. the mode that adopts adjustable sample introduction volume extends the activity concentration scope of measurement, makes the instrument adapt to simultaneously that nuclear facility normally operates low activity concentration monitoring and high activity concentration monitoring under the accident condition, and the activity concentration scope of instrument to radioactive gas measurement is: 10 to 1012Bq/m3The lower limit of activity concentration measured is three orders of magnitude lower than that of commercial instruments.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram in an embodiment of the present invention;
in the figure: 1. an air flow circulation unit; 2. a sample introduction measuring unit; 3. a front end aerosol filter; 4. a high-pressure nitrogen cylinder; 5. an air inlet solenoid valve; 6. a piston type air compressor; 7. switching the electromagnetic valves; 8. a mass flow controller; 9. an air return electromagnetic valve; 10. a PU pipe with an outer diameter of 16 mmPU; 11. 1/2 inch stainless steel ferrule; 12. 1/2 inch stainless steel bellows; 13. a sample introduction electromagnetic valve; 14. a pressure sensor; 15. a gas sample container; 16. a lead shielding chamber; 17. an HPGe detector; 18. a liquid nitrogen back condensation refrigeration system; 19. a vacuum pump; 20. an air guide grid.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to fig. 1.
Example (b): high sensitivity multichannel radioactive gas on-line monitoring appearance, as shown in figure 1, including air current circulation unit 1 and 2 parts of appearance measuring unit, air current circulation unit 1 includes: a plurality of front end aerosol filters 3, a high-pressure nitrogen cylinder 4, a plurality of air inlet solenoid valves 5, a piston type air compressor 6, a switching solenoid valve 7, a mass flow controller 8 and an air return solenoid valve 9. The front end aerosol filter 3 is respectively placed at each monitoring point, and the front end aerosol filter 3 is connected with a plurality of air inlet solenoid valves 5 through long PU pipes 10 with the outer diameter of 16 mm. The high-pressure nitrogen cylinder 4 is close to the air inlet electromagnetic valve 5, is connected with one air inlet electromagnetic valve 5 through a short PU tube 10 with the outer diameter of 16mm, and is used for cleaning the air flow circulation unit and the sample introduction measuring unit. The plurality of intake solenoid valves 5, switching solenoid valves 7, mass flow controllers 8, and return solenoid valves 9 are connected by 1/2-inch stainless steel ferrules 11. The piston air compressor 6 is connected with the rest of the components through 1/2-inch stainless steel bellows 12. The appearance measuring unit that advances includes: a sample introduction electromagnetic valve 13, a pressure sensor 14, a gas sample container 15, a lead shielding chamber 16, an HPGe detector 17, a liquid nitrogen recondensing refrigeration system 18, a vacuum pump 19 and an air guide grid 20. The sample introduction solenoid valve 13, the pressure sensor 14, the gas sample container 15 and the vacuum pump 19 are connected by an 1/2-inch stainless steel bellows 12. The gas sample container 15 is made of aluminium alloy and is provided with an air guide grid 20 inside. The gas sample container 15 is square on the outside and concave in the center, and the HPGe detector 17 can be inserted. The lead shielding chamber 16 tightly wraps the gas sample container 15, and comprises a 1mm copper plate, a 2mm cadmium plate and 10cm lead from inside to outside in sequence. The copper plate and the cadmium plate on the inner side of the lead shielding chamber 16 are of an integral structure, the lead on the outer side is of an accumulation type structure, and standard lead bricks of 5cm multiplied by 10cm multiplied by 20cm are accumulated to form the lead shielding chamber. The HPGe detector is cooled using a liquid nitrogen recondensing refrigeration system 18, enabling it to operate for long periods without the manual addition of liquid nitrogen. The gas outlet end of the gas flow circulation unit is connected with the gas outlet end of the sample injection measuring unit, and the measured gas sample is returned to the monitoring point.
Wherein, the number of the front end aerosol filter 3 is at least 4, and a plurality of points can be sequentially monitored by switching pipelines.
Wherein an HPGe detector 17 is employed and is refrigerated using a liquid nitrogen recondensing refrigeration system 18.
Wherein, the outer part of the gas sample container 15 is square, the length, width and height are both 20cm, and the center is concave cylinder. The external square size is matched with a standard lead brick of 5cm multiplied by 10cm multiplied by 20cm, and the seamless installation can be realized. The diameter and depth of the central concave cylinder is matched to the selected HPGe detector 17, and the HPGe detector 17 is located in the central concave portion of the gas sample container 15.
The copper plate and the cadmium plate on the inner layer of the assembled lead shielding chamber 16 are of an integral structure, and the lead shielding on the outer layer can be formed by adding standard lead bricks of 5cm multiplied by 10cm multiplied by 20cm, so that the cost is saved, and the assembly and the transportation are convenient.
When the instrument runs, firstly, gas at a monitoring point is filled in a sampling pipeline through air circulation, the sampling time is determined according to the length of a sampling pipeline and the sampling flow, then, the measured gas is introduced into a gas sample container 12 through a right-side sampling measurement pipeline, and a HPGe gamma spectrometer 13 is used for measurement.
The monitor has 4 basic operation modes, namely negative pressure sample injection measurement, normal pressure sample injection measurement, pressurized sample injection measurement, cleaning and background measurement, and the specific operation flows of the operation modes are as follows:
(1) negative pressure sample introduction measurement
Gas volume measured in this mode of operationThe volume is tens of milliliters, which is suitable for the case that serious radioactive gas leakage occurs and the activity concentration is extremely high. The measured activity concentration range is 108～1012Bq/m3. The process comprises the following operation steps:
opening an air inlet electromagnetic valve 5, a mass flow controller 8, an air return electromagnetic valve 9 and a piston type air compressor 6 of a certain path where the front end aerosol filter 3 is located, and enabling the air inlet electromagnetic valve, the mass flow controller, the air return electromagnetic valve 9 and the piston type air compressor 6 to operate for a period of time, so that air at a monitoring point is filled with an airflow circulation unit.
② the vacuum pump 19 is started to pump the gas sample container 15 into a vacuum state.
③ the mass flow controller 8 is closed, the sample injection electromagnetic valve 13 is opened, and dozens of milliliters of gas among the mass flow controller 8, the gas return electromagnetic valve 9 and the sample injection electromagnetic valve 13 is led into the gas sample container 15.
And fourthly, measuring the gas sample by adopting an HPGe detector 17.
(2) Atmospheric pressure sample introduction measurement
The measurement operation mode is suitable for the condition of moderate activity and concentration of radioactive gas, and the measurement range is 103～108Bq/m3. The process comprises the following operation steps:
opening an air inlet electromagnetic valve 5, a mass flow controller 8, an air return electromagnetic valve 9 and a piston type air compressor 6 of a certain path where the front end aerosol filter 3 is located, and enabling the air inlet electromagnetic valve, the mass flow controller, the air return electromagnetic valve 9 and the piston type air compressor 6 to operate for a period of time, so that air at a monitoring point is filled with an airflow circulation unit.
② the vacuum pump 19 is started to pump the gas sample container 15 into a vacuum state.
And thirdly, opening the switching electromagnetic valve 7 and the sample injection electromagnetic valve 13 for tens of seconds to enable radioactive gas to enter the gas sample container 15 and enable the internal pressure of the gas sample container 15 to be balanced with the outside.
And fourthly, repeating the second step and the third step, carrying out second vacuumizing sample injection through the vacuum pump 19, and obviously reducing the interference of the gas residue of the previous sample on the subsequent measurement by adopting a twice vacuumizing sample injection mode. In this sample measurement mode, the measurement gas volume is equal to the volume of the gas sample container 15 and is 5L.
Measuring the gas sample by using an HPGe detector 17.
(3) Pressurized sample introduction measurement
The measurement mode is suitable for the condition that the activity and concentration of radioactive gas are low, and the measurement range is 10-103Bq/m3. The process comprises the following operation steps:
opening an air inlet electromagnetic valve 5, a mass flow controller 8, an air return electromagnetic valve 9 and a piston type air compressor 6 of a certain path where the front end aerosol filter 3 is located, and enabling the air inlet electromagnetic valve, the mass flow controller, the air return electromagnetic valve 9 and the piston type air compressor 6 to operate for a period of time, so that air at a monitoring point is filled with an airflow circulation unit.
② the vacuum pump 19 is started to pump the gas sample container 15 into a vacuum state.
And thirdly, opening the switching electromagnetic valve 7 and the sample injection electromagnetic valve 13 for tens of seconds to enable radioactive gas to enter the gas sample container 15 and enable the internal pressure of the gas sample container 15 to be balanced with the outside.
And fourthly, repeating the steps II and III, and carrying out secondary vacuumizing sample injection through the vacuum pump 19.
The piston air compressor 6 continues to operate, the air pressure in the gas sample container 15 is increased to about 5atm, and the actual sample injection volume (usually about 25L) is calculated according to the reading of the pressure sensor 14.
Measurement of gas samples using HPGe detector 17.
(4) Cleaning and background measurement
The process has the function of removing radioactive gas in a sample container, and the process comprises the following operation steps:
opening a sample injection electromagnetic valve 13, a switching electromagnetic valve 7 and a mass flow controller 8.
Secondly, starting a vacuum pump 19 to vacuumize the gas sample container 15 and the gas flow pipeline of the monitor.
And thirdly, opening an air inlet electromagnetic valve 5 connected with the high-pressure nitrogen cylinder and filling nitrogen.
Fourthly, repeating the step two and the step three for five times.
Measuring residual background by using an HPGe detector 17.
In the continuous operation process of the monitor, a cleaning and background measuring process is operated firstly, then a sample injection measuring process is operated again, and the automatic continuous monitoring can be realized by the repeated circulating operation. And selecting a corresponding sample introduction measurement mode and measurement time according to the activity concentration of the radioactive gas, and determining the switching time according to the measurement result.
The data processing mode of the data monitored by the monitor is as follows:
starting time T of sampling by gas sample1Calculating the activity concentration for the reference, assuming that the activity concentration of a certain radioactive gas at that moment is AVThe decay constant is lambda, the sampling volume is V, the gamma ray emission probability is P, the detection efficiency is epsilon, and the time interval from the sampling start time to the measurement start time is t1(the sampling end time is also the measurement start time), and the measurement time of the HPGe gamma spectrometer is t2. Then at the start of the measurement, the activity of the radioactive gas in the sample container is:
A0＝AVV exp(-λt1) (1)
the measured peak count n is:
then T1The activity concentration A of a certain nuclide in the sample container at that momentVComprises the following steps:
in the process of monitoring data processing, a gas sample is used for measuring an energy spectrum and deducting a background energy spectrum to obtain a net energy spectrum generated by the measured gas, the net energy spectrum is subjected to energy spectrum processing to obtain a net peak count n generated by the gas sample, and then the activity concentration of various radioactive gases is calculated by using the formula (3).
The continuous monitor of the invention can achieve the following beneficial effects:
1. the radioactive gas type can be distinguished, the activity concentration of each kind of radioactive gas is given, under the condition that the scale coefficient is accurate, the deviation of the measured activity concentration is generally within 10%, the measurement precision reaches the level of sampling laboratory analysis, the monitoring frequency and the automation degree reach the level of a commercial continuous monitoring system, and the two radioactive gas type and the measurement precision have the advantages of both the two.
2. Multiple points can be monitored sequentially by switching the pipelines, and in order to reduce the interference of cross contamination, the gas sample container is made of aluminum, and a gas guide baffle plate is arranged in the gas sample container. In the monitoring process, firstly, the background energy spectrum measurement is carried out, then the operation flow of gas sample injection measurement is carried out, and the background interference is deducted by adopting an energy spectrum stripping method. .
3. The mode that adopts adjustable sample introduction volume extends the activity concentration scope of measurement, makes the instrument adapt to simultaneously that nuclear facility normally operates low activity concentration monitoring and high activity concentration monitoring under the accident condition, and the activity concentration scope of instrument to radioactive gas measurement is: 10 to 1012Bq/m3The lower limit of activity concentration measured is three orders of magnitude lower than that of commercial instruments.
The present embodiment is only for explaining the present invention, and it is not limited to the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make modifications of the present embodiment without inventive contribution as needed after reading the present specification, but all of them are protected by patent law within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. High sensitivity multichannel radioactive gas on-line monitoring appearance, characterized by: the device comprises an airflow circulating unit (1) and a sample introduction measuring unit (2):
the air circulation unit includes: the device comprises a plurality of front-end aerosol filters (3), a high-pressure nitrogen cylinder (4), a plurality of air inlet electromagnetic valves (5), a piston type air compressor (6), a switching electromagnetic valve (7), a mass flow controller (8) and an air return electromagnetic valve (9); the front-end aerosol filter (3) is respectively arranged at each monitoring point, and the front-end aerosol filter (3) is connected with the plurality of air inlet electromagnetic valves (5) through long PU pipes (10) with the outer diameter of 16 mm; the high-pressure nitrogen cylinder (4) is close to the air inlet electromagnetic valve (5), and the high-pressure nitrogen cylinder (4) is connected with one air inlet electromagnetic valve (5) through a short PU pipe (10) with the outer diameter of 16mm and used for cleaning the air flow circulation unit and the sample injection measuring unit; the air inlet electromagnetic valves (5), the switching electromagnetic valves (7), the mass flow controller (8) and the air return electromagnetic valves (9) are connected through 1/2-inch stainless steel clamping sleeves (11);
the sampling measurement unit comprises: a sample introduction electromagnetic valve (13), a pressure sensor (14), a gas sample container (15), a lead shielding chamber (16), an HPGe detector (17), a liquid nitrogen condensation refrigerating system (18), a vacuum pump (19) and an air guide grid (20); the sample introduction electromagnetic valve (13), the pressure sensor (14), the gas sample container (15) and the vacuum pump (19) are connected through an 1/2-inch stainless steel corrugated pipe (12); the gas sample container (15) is made of aluminum alloy, and a gas guide grid (20) is arranged in the gas sample container; the outer part of the gas sample container (15) is square, the center of the gas sample container is concave, and an HPGe detector (17) can be inserted; the lead shielding chamber (16) is tightly wrapped on the gas sample container (15), and the lead shielding chamber (16) is sequentially provided with a 1mm copper plate, a 2mm cadmium plate and 10cm lead from inside to outside; the liquid nitrogen condensation-back refrigerating system (18) is used for refrigerating the HPGe detector (17);
and the air outlet end of the air flow circulating unit (1) is connected with the air outlet end of the sample injection measuring unit (2).
2. The high sensitivity multi-path radioactive gas on-line monitor according to claim 1, wherein: the number of the front-end aerosol filters (3) is at least 4.
3. The high-sensitivity multi-path radioactive gas online monitor according to claim 1, wherein the outer part of the gas sample container (15) is square, the length, width and height of the gas sample container (15) are both 20cm, the center of the gas sample container (15) is concave cylindrical, and the size of the square outer part of the gas sample container (15) is matched with a standard lead brick of 5cm x 10cm x 20 cm; the HPGe detector (17) is positioned at the central concave part of the gas sample container (15).
4. The high sensitivity multi-path radioactive gas on-line monitor according to claim 1, wherein: the copper plate and the cadmium plate on the inner side of the lead shielding chamber (16) are of an integral structure, and lead outside the lead shielding chamber (16) is of an accumulation structure and is formed by accumulating standard lead bricks of 5cm multiplied by 10cm multiplied by 20 cm.
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