CN112865883A - Channel modeling method combining ray tracing method and time domain finite difference method - Google Patents
Channel modeling method combining ray tracing method and time domain finite difference method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of radio frequency wireless communication, and particularly relates to a channel modeling method combining ray tracing and a time domain finite difference method. And finally, giving out channel modeling according to the channel parameters obtained in the ray propagation process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of radio frequency wireless communication, and particularly relates to a channel modeling method combining ray tracing and a time domain finite difference method.
Background
The wireless signal usually reaches the receiving end from the transmitting end through a series of direct, reflection, diffraction, scattering or transmission in a complex propagation environment, so that large-scale fading caused by path loss and shadow fading and small-scale fading caused by multipath effect can be generated. In order to better evaluate a wireless communication system, a wireless channel needs to be modeled, that is, the channel needs to be summarized, abstracted and simulated to find the propagation law of electromagnetic waves in different typical scenes. Due to the consideration of development cost and development period, simulation is generally adopted when channel modeling is carried out. The technologies with representative significance are ray tracing technology and FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain), large-scale or small-scale fading calculation parameters are obtained through simulation of electromagnetic wave propagation paths, and channel modeling is performed according to the calculation parameters.
The ray tracing technology is one of deterministic channel modeling modes, and can predict all effective electromagnetic wave propagation paths between a wireless channel transceiver and a receiving end, and can directly obtain various characteristic parameters in the electromagnetic wave propagation process, for example, characteristic parameters such as amplitude, angle, phase, time delay and the like can be obtained for each path so as to carry out analysis and calculation, and in addition, a final synthesis result can be obtained by synthesizing all propagation paths at a receiving end by combining an antenna pattern and the bandwidth of a system. Meanwhile, the complexity of the ray tracing technology is that the maximum reflection and diffraction times of the path are required to be set in the ray tracing process, the accuracy is generally higher as the times are larger, but the calculation complexity is increased if the reflection and diffraction times of each path are increased due to the larger number of the multiple paths. On the other hand, if a higher calculation rate and a lower complexity are pursued, tiny objects or materials with obviously differentiated dielectric coefficients need to be ignored during modeling, and meanwhile, factors such as scattering caused by moving vehicles and pedestrians and tree sheltering are not considered, so that certain influence is exerted on accuracy.
FDTD solves maxwell's rotation equations in a differential format, and can solve the differential equations in the time domain through cross iteration. The finite difference time domain method can analyze the influence caused by scattering, diffraction and refraction phenomena by calculating the field values of all grid nodes, because of the characteristics, the FDTD is more suitable for the scene of interaction of electromagnetic waves and complex media, and the ray tracing method is more accurate in predicting the propagation of the electromagnetic waves in an indoor large-size environment, but is more difficult to predict the scattered field of an indoor complex and lossy structure, so that the method cannot analyze the whole indoor scene and is usually combined with the FDTD for use.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a channel modeling method combining ray tracing and a time domain finite difference method, which solves the problem that the existing deterministic modeling technology cannot accurately predict the electric wave transmission process in the electric small-size environment, improves a medium with a complex structure in the modeling process, and accurately predicts the field value caused by scattering, diffraction and other phenomena.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a channel modeling method combining ray tracing and time domain finite difference method, comprising the following steps:
and S1, determining the type of the communication scene according to the communication environment of the communication scene system, and establishing a 3D scene model.
And S2, simulating the transmitting antenna by using an FDTD method according to the communication scene type, calculating the frequency domain characteristic of the antenna in a wide frequency band, and giving the radiation process of the antenna and the electromagnetic waves near the antenna.
And S3, setting the virtual space at the receiving point according to the communication scene type.
And S4, setting the cell size of the object at the receiving point and the absorption boundary condition at the truncation boundary according to the scene type of the communication system.
And S5, modeling a scattering target and a reflecting target in the virtual space at the receiving point.
And S6, calculating the field intensity at the receiving point according to the scene type of the communication system.
S7, combining collected channel parameter data to give time domain expression of channel according to wireless communication channel principle
Channel modeling is completed. WhereinN is the incident ray number; mrnThe number of times of reflection of the nth ray; mpnThe number of times of nth ray transmission; gamma-shapednThe nth ray wall reflection coefficient of the u time; pnvThe nth ray transmission coefficient; r isnIs the nth ray path length; tau isnIs the nth ray delay.
Further: in step S1, a 3D scene model is built, which mainly includes data records of the geometric sizes and shapes of various buildings and objects in the simulated environment, and the contents of the conductivities and dielectric coefficients of different materials. The method for determining the communication scene class comprises the following steps: if the wireless signal can reach the receiving end from the transmitting end antenna under the condition of no shielding, the communication scene is judged to be LoS, otherwise, the communication scene is NLoS.
Further: the step S2 specifically includes the following steps:
s21, analyzing whether the antenna is axisymmetric according to the situation of the communication system, if so, giving the differential equation under the cylindrical coordinate of the antenna as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
r, z are cylindrical coordinates, H is a magnetic field component, E is an electric field component, ∈0Is dielectric coefficient, mu0The permeability coefficient. In order to ensure the stability of the solution of the iterative method, the differential equation selects the condition that the time step delta t meets
And c is the speed of light.
S22, the absorption boundary of the antenna region is defined by (I) in the radial direction r in the case of a cylindrical coordinate systemmax+1/2) Δ r truncation boundary ImaxAbout
The FDTD difference formula for the first order approximation absorption boundary condition of (1) is:
in the axial direction z ═ Jmax+1/2) Δ z truncation boundary JmaxAbout
The FDTD difference formula for the first order approximation absorption boundary condition of (1) is:
further: the virtual space at the receiving point in step 3 should be a 6-face cube containing the receiving point and scatterers around the receiving point.
Further: in the step 4, the scatterers in the virtual space are subdivided, as shown in fig. 2. The choice of the discrete grid size δ of the FDTD is related to the incident wavelength, i.e., the condition δ ≦ λ/10 is satisfied, where λ is the minimum value of the wavelength in the medium in the calculation region. Meanwhile, the delta is determined by considering the geometric dimension of a fine structure on a target, and adopting a sub-grid technology for an object with a structure such as a slot, a thin plate and a thin coating. Assuming that the truncation boundary of the scatterer in the virtual space is 0 < x < a, 0 < y < b, 0 < z < d in the rectangular spatial coordinate system, the electric field value on the absorption edge interface at the truncation boundary of the virtual space is as follows:
further: the modeling of the virtual space reflection and scattering of the receiving point in the step 5 specifically includes the following steps:
s51, analyzing the appearance of the target, splitting parts, dividing the complex target object according to the geometric characteristics and the size, then individually processing each part, and finally splicing all the parts into a whole. When splitting, the shape data and the size data are recorded according to the geometric shape.
And S52, establishing a geometric parameter description file of the target. When creating the description data file, the outline value point file of each part is created according to a certain format. Firstly, N cross sections perpendicular to a certain coordinate axis are determined, and then, corresponding M type points are read on each cross section, and the total number of the type points describing the geometric shape is N × M. In selecting the profile position and the type value point, attention should be paid to proper density, and in the place where the curve of the target profile changes steeply, the profile position and the type value point should be selected close to each other so as to express the geometric profile more accurately.
And S53, FDTD subdivision. After the model points of different parts are selected and the description file is established, the FDTD mesh subdivision can be carried out on the target object, and the mesh size is
I.e. the investigation region is divided into a number of grids and the specific position of each grid on the target object is marked. In FDTD mesh partitioning, the mesh size is relatively enlarged not only for the consideration of computational resources.
And S54, determining the splicing integration of each part according to the relative position of each part on the target object, so that the gap problem which can occur after splicing can be effectively avoided. When typing in the type points, the type points of adjacent portions may be diffused to each other, and thus, although a certain overlap may occur, it may be solved by special processing.
S55, the calculation process is to initialize the electric field, the magnetic field and the time step, and calculate the difference formula coefficient and the electric field component of the incident field at the boundary of the total field at the integral multiple time and the magnetic field component at the integral multiple time interval according to the scattering property. Then determining whether a total field boundary is reached, recalculating the electric field components if the total field boundary is reached, otherwise determining whether a total field boundary is reachedThe boundary is truncated and if reached, the absorption boundary condition is used to calculate the electric field component and the magnetic field component at integer time intervals. Judging whether the total field boundary is reached again, if not, calculating equivalent electromagnetic flow and transient FDTD on the output surface, and setting the time step as
If the time step is finished, the algorithm is finished and a result file is output, otherwise, the calculation of the electric field component of the incident field on the total field boundary at integral multiple time and the magnetic field component at integral multiple time interval is restarted. The near-far field extrapolation calculation shown in the figure is performed after each time step is completed in the transient FDTD, and after the process reaches a steady state in the time harmonic field.
Further: in the step 6, the point virtual space is received, and the contents of the intersection point position, the arrival angle, the field intensity and the like are stored and processed as the excitation source of the FDTD during ray tracing. According to the FDTD principle and the absorption boundary condition, the field strength at the receiving point in the virtual space, the point (i, j) on the incident plane, where x is i Δ x and y is i Δ y, and each ray intersecting the incident plane, may assume the opening angle of the ray gate is Φ and the path traveled by the ray is l, and if the distance traveled by the ray is less than l Φ/2, it may be considered that the point (i, j) is within the ray sector, and thus the ray is useful for the total field strength at the point (i, j). Then assuming that a total of k rays will pass through or reach point (i, j), the electric field in point (i, j) can be represented as
Wherein the electric field intensity of the nth ray at the point (i, j) is En. The distribution of the excitation sources on the incident surface is determined, and then the specific characteristic parameters of the electromagnetic wave propagating into the calculation area can be calculated by using a time domain finite difference method. Firstly, a virtual rectangular region can be cut into Yee cells meeting the conditions, and the specific distribution of the field intensity in the region is calculated by adopting the absorption boundary conditions on each boundary. Assuming that the wave source is a TM wave and the walls in the room are lossy media, thatThe finite difference equation of maxwell's equations can be expressed as follows, when calculating using the finite difference method in time domain:
further: the deterministic model in step 7 assumes that the material effect at a particular frequency, and considering the geometry, reflection, diffraction, and transmission through the wall of the environment, the impulse response at a given point can be expressed as:
in the formula: n is the incident ray number; mrnThe number of times of reflection of the nth ray; mpnThe number of times of nth ray transmission; gamma-shapednThe nth ray wall reflection coefficient of the u time; pnvThe nth ray transmission coefficient; r isnIs the nth ray path length; tau isnIs the nth ray delay.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: aiming at the problems of high complexity, large calculation amount, defects in details and the like of the existing ray tracing technology, the method for determining the channel model by combining the ray tracing method and the FDTD is provided, the advantages of the two methods can be considered, and the channel transfer function is provided according to the method. In the parameter establishment process, a 3D environment model is required to be established according to an actual scene, and the times of reflection, diffraction and transmission can be set according to a communication scene. The path power, the horizontal wave emitting angle, the vertical wave emitting angle, the horizontal wave arrival angle and the vertical wave arrival angle of each path n are all established according to the environment. The invention has simple algorithm and easy scene switching, and reduces the calculation amount and the system complexity when the invention is used for obtaining the channel parameters.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flow chart of a channel modeling method combining ray tracing and a time-domain finite difference method.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of an absorption boundary of a scatterer after dissection in a virtual space of a receiving point.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of ray tracing calculations in accordance with the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a diagram of an exemplary indoor scene simulated and constructed by using ray tracing technology according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a ray propagation path diagram in an indoor scene according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The present invention provides a channel modeling method combining ray tracing and time domain finite difference method, and the following describes the present invention in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1, a channel modeling method combining ray tracing and time domain finite difference method provided in an embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:
s1: according to the communication environment of the communication scene system, the communication scene type is determined, and a 3D scene model is established, wherein the 3D scene model mainly comprises data records of the geometric sizes and shapes of various buildings and objects in the simulated environment, the conductivities of different materials, the dielectric coefficients and the like. If the wireless signal can reach the receiving end from the transmitting end antenna under the condition of no shielding, the communication scene is judged to be LoS, otherwise, the communication scene is NLoS.
S2: simulating a transmitting antenna by using an FDTD (frequency division multiplexing) method according to the communication scene type, calculating the frequency domain characteristic of the antenna in a wide frequency band, and giving the radiation process of the antenna and the electromagnetic waves nearby the antenna;
s3: and setting a virtual space at the receiving point according to the communication scene type, wherein the virtual space is a cube.
S4: and (3) subdividing the scatterers in the virtual space, wherein the size delta of the FDTD discrete grid is selected to meet the condition that delta is less than or equal to lambda/10, and meanwhile, the absorption boundary condition at the truncation boundary is obtained.
S5: and modeling a scattering target and a reflecting target in a virtual space at the receiving point. The modeling process firstly initializes the electric field, the magnetic field and the time step, and calculates the coefficient of a difference formula, the electric field component of the incident field on the boundary of the total field at integral multiple time and the magnetic field component at integral multiple time interval according to the scattering property. And then judging whether the total field boundary is reached, if so, recalculating the electric field component, otherwise, judging whether the truncation boundary is reached, and if so, calculating the magnetic field component of the electric field component at the time interval of integral multiple by using the absorption boundary condition. Judging whether the total field boundary is reached again, if not, calculating equivalent electromagnetic flow and transient FDTD on the output surface, and setting the time step as
If the time step is finished, the algorithm is finished and a result file is output, otherwise, the calculation of the electric field component of the incident field on the total field boundary at integral multiple time and the magnetic field component at integral multiple time interval is restarted. The near-far field extrapolation calculation shown in the figure is performed after each time step is completed in the transient FDTD, and after the process reaches a steady state in the time harmonic field.
S6, storing the intersection position, arrival angle, field intensity and other contents during ray tracing, and processing them as the excitation source of FDTD. According to the FDTD principle and the absorption boundary condition, the field strength at the receiving point in the virtual space, the point (i, j) on the incident plane, where x is i Δ x and y is i Δ y, and each ray intersecting the incident plane may assume the opening angle of the ray gate as phi and the path traveled by the ray as l, and if the distance traveled by the ray is less than l phi/2, the point (i, j) may be considered to be within the ray sector, and thus, the ray sector may be considered as the point (i, j) in the virtual spaceThe strip ray is useful for the total field strength at point (i, j). Then assuming that a total of k rays will pass through or reach point (i, j), the electric field in point (i, j) can be represented as
Wherein the electric field intensity of the nth ray at the point (i, j) is En. The distribution of the excitation sources on the incident surface is determined, and then the specific characteristic parameters of the electromagnetic wave propagating into the calculation area can be calculated by using a time domain finite difference method.
S7, the impulse response at a given point may be represented by:
wherein N is the incident ray number; mrnThe number of times of reflection of the nth ray; mpnThe number of times of nth ray transmission; gamma-shapednThe nth ray wall reflection coefficient of the u time; pnvThe nth ray transmission coefficient; r isnIs the nth ray path length; tau isnIs the nth ray delay.
Claims (8)
1. The channel modeling method combining ray tracing and a time domain finite difference method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
and S1, determining the type of the communication scene according to the communication environment of the communication scene system, and establishing a 3D scene model.
And S2, simulating the transmitting antenna by using an FDTD method according to the communication scene type, calculating the frequency domain characteristic of the antenna in a wide frequency band, and giving the radiation process of the antenna and the electromagnetic waves near the antenna.
And S3, setting the virtual space at the receiving point according to the communication scene type.
And S4, setting the cell size of the object at the receiving point and the absorption boundary condition at the truncation boundary according to the scene type of the communication system.
And S5, modeling a scattering target and a reflecting target in the virtual space at the receiving point.
And S6, calculating the field intensity at the receiving point according to the scene type of the communication system.
S7, combining collected channel parameter data to give time domain expression of channel according to wireless communication channel principle
Channel modeling is completed. Wherein N is the incident ray number; mrnThe number of times of reflection of the nth ray; mpnThe number of times of nth ray transmission; gamma-shapednThe nth ray wall reflection coefficient of the u time; pnvThe nth ray transmission coefficient; r isnIs the nth ray path length; tau isnIs the nth ray delay.
2. The method for channel modeling by joint ray tracing and time-domain finite difference method according to claim 1, wherein the 3D scene model established in step S1 mainly includes data records of geometric sizes and shapes of various buildings and objects in the simulated environment, and contents of different material conductivities, dielectric coefficients, etc. The method for determining the communication scene class comprises the following steps: if the wireless signal can reach the receiving end from the transmitting end antenna under the condition of no shielding, the communication scene is judged to be LoS, otherwise, the communication scene is NLoS.
3. The method for channel modeling based on joint ray tracing and time-domain finite difference method according to claim 1, wherein the step S2 comprises the following steps:
s21, analyzing whether the antenna is axisymmetric according to the situation of the communication system, if so, giving the differential equation under the cylindrical coordinate of the antenna as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
r, z are cylindrical coordinates, H is a magnetic field component, E is an electric field component, ∈0Is dielectric coefficient, mu0The permeability coefficient. In order to ensure the stability of the solution of the iterative method, the differential equation selects the condition that the time step delta t meets
And c is the speed of light.
S22, the absorption boundary of the antenna region is defined by (I) in the radial direction r in the case of a cylindrical coordinate systemmax+1/2) Δ r truncation boundary ImaxAbout
The FDTD difference formula for the first order approximation absorption boundary condition of (1) is:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
in the axial direction z ═ Jmax+1/2) Δ z truncation boundary JmaxAbout
The FDTD difference formula for the first order approximation absorption boundary condition of (1) is:
4. the method for channel modeling based on joint ray tracing and finite difference time domain method according to claim 1, wherein the virtual space at the receiving point in step 3 is a 6-face cube containing the receiving point and scatterers around the receiving point.
5. The method for channel modeling based on joint ray tracing and time-domain finite difference method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 4, scatterers in virtual space are subdivided. The choice of the discrete grid size δ of the FDTD is related to the incident wavelength, i.e., the condition δ ≦ λ/10 is satisfied, where λ is the minimum value of the wavelength in the medium in the calculation region. Meanwhile, the delta is determined by considering the geometric dimension of a fine structure on a target, and adopting a sub-grid technology for an object with a structure such as a slot, a thin plate and a thin coating. Assuming that the truncation boundary of the scatterer in the virtual space is 0 < x < a, 0 < y < b, 0 < z < d in the rectangular spatial coordinate system, the electric field value on the absorption edge interface at the truncation boundary of the virtual space is as follows:
6. the channel modeling method based on joint ray tracing and time-domain finite difference method according to claim 1, wherein the step 5 of modeling the virtual spatial reflection and scattering of the receiving point specifically includes the steps of:
s51, analyzing the appearance of the target, splitting parts, dividing the complex target object according to the geometric characteristics and the size, then individually processing each part, and finally splicing all the parts into a whole. When splitting, the shape data and the size data are recorded according to the geometric shape.
And S52, establishing a geometric parameter description file of the target. When creating the description data file, the outline value point file of each part is created according to a certain format. Firstly, N cross sections perpendicular to a certain coordinate axis are determined, and then, corresponding M type points are read on each cross section, and the total number of the type points describing the geometric shape is N × M. In selecting the profile position and the type value point, attention should be paid to proper density, and in the place where the curve of the target profile changes steeply, the profile position and the type value point should be selected close to each other so as to express the geometric profile more accurately.
And S53, FDTD subdivision. After the model points of different parts are selected and the description file is established, the FDTD mesh subdivision can be carried out on the target object, and the mesh size is
I.e. the investigation region is divided into a number of grids and the specific position of each grid on the target object is marked. In FDTD mesh partitioning, the mesh size is relatively enlarged not only for the consideration of computational resources.
And S54, determining the splicing integration of each part according to the relative position of each part on the target object, so that the gap problem which can occur after splicing can be effectively avoided. When typing in the type points, the type points of adjacent portions may be diffused to each other, and thus, although a certain overlap may occur, it may be solved by special processing.
S55, the calculation process is to initialize the electric field, the magnetic field and the time step, and calculate the difference formula coefficient and the electric field component of the incident field at the boundary of the total field at the integral multiple time and the magnetic field component at the integral multiple time interval according to the scattering property. And then judging whether the total field boundary is reached, if so, recalculating the electric field component, otherwise, judging whether the truncation boundary is reached, and if so, calculating the magnetic field component of the electric field component at the time interval of integral multiple by using the absorption boundary condition. Judging whether the total field boundary is reached again, if not, calculating equivalent electromagnetic flow and transient FDTD on the output surface, and setting the time step as
If the time step is finished, the algorithm is finished and a result file is output, otherwise, the calculation of the electric field component of the incident field on the total field boundary at integral multiple time and the magnetic field component at integral multiple time interval is restarted. The near-far field extrapolation calculation shown in the figure is performed after each time step is completed in the transient FDTD, and after the process reaches a steady state in the time harmonic field.
7. The method for channel modeling by combining ray tracing and finite difference time domain method according to claim 1, wherein the virtual space of points is received in the step 6, and the intersection position, the arrival angle, the field intensity and other contents are saved and processed as the excitation source of FDTD during ray tracing. According to the FDTD principle and the absorption boundary condition, the field strength at the receiving point in the virtual space, the point (i, j) on the incident plane, where x is i Δ x and y is i Δ y, and each ray intersecting the incident plane, may assume the opening angle of the ray gate is Φ and the path traveled by the ray is l, and if the distance traveled by the ray is less than l Φ/2, it may be considered that the point (i, j) is within the ray sector, and thus the ray is useful for the total field strength at the point (i, j). Then assuming that a total of k rays will pass through or reach point (i, j), the electric field in point (i, j) can be represented as
Wherein the electric field intensity of the nth ray at the point (i, j) is En. The distribution of the excitation sources on the incident surface is determined, and then the specific characteristic parameters of the electromagnetic wave propagating into the calculation area can be calculated by using a time domain finite difference method. Firstly, a virtual rectangular region can be cut into Yee cells meeting the conditions, and the specific distribution of the field intensity in the region is calculated by adopting the absorption boundary conditions on each boundary. Assuming that the wave source is a TM wave and the indoor wall is a lossy medium, when the time domain finite difference method is used for calculation, the finite difference expression of the maxwell equation can be expressed as the following case:
8. the method for channel modeling in combination with ray tracing and finite difference time domain method according to claim 1, wherein the deterministic model in step 7 assumes material effects at a specific frequency, and considering the geometry, reflection, diffraction and transmission through walls of the environment, the impulse response at a given point can be expressed as:
in the formula: n is the incident ray number; mrnThe number of times of reflection of the nth ray; mpnThe number of times of nth ray transmission; gamma-shapednThe nth ray wall reflection coefficient of the u time; pnvThe nth ray transmission coefficient; r isnIs the nth ray path length; tau isnIs the nth ray delay.
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