CN112858462B - Rapid nondestructive testing method applied to reaching of carbon content of steel bars in concrete member - Google Patents
Rapid nondestructive testing method applied to reaching of carbon content of steel bars in concrete member Download PDFInfo
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- CN112858462B CN112858462B CN202110390677.0A CN202110390677A CN112858462B CN 112858462 B CN112858462 B CN 112858462B CN 202110390677 A CN202110390677 A CN 202110390677A CN 112858462 B CN112858462 B CN 112858462B
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000009659 non-destructive testing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 230000005415 magnetization Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003302 ferromagnetic material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910017369 Fe3 C Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000954 Medium-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005389 magnetism Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229910001294 Reinforcing steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005674 electromagnetic induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/72—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating magnetic variables
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Abstract
The invention relates to a rapid nondestructive testing method for reaching the standard of the carbon content of a reinforcing steel bar in a concrete member, belonging to the field of electromagnetic measurement. The method is based on magnetization theory in iron-based crystals and propagation theory of electromagnetic fields in media, constant magnetic fields generated by permanent magnets are used as sources, the distance from an observation point to the permanent magnets is fixed, and a sensor manufactured according to a Hall principle is used for measuring the magnetic induction intensity of the measurement point to obtain the magnetic induction intensity of the measurement point. The distance between the permanent magnet and the surface of the concrete member is continuously changed, and the curve obtained by connecting the values of different measuring points is compared with the curve obtained under the standard carbon content, so that whether the carbon content of the steel bars used in the concrete member reaches the standard can be judged. The method can realize the rapid nondestructive detection of the carbon content of the steel bars in the concrete member reaching the standard, can greatly improve the detection efficiency, and has important significance for application in practical engineering.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of electromagnetic measurement, and relates to a rapid nondestructive testing method applied to the standard of the carbon content of steel bars in a concrete member.
Background
The steel bar materials in the concrete member just leaving the factory are checked by detecting the content of various elements in the steel bar (mainly detecting the content of carbon elements closely related to the strength of the steel bar for the steel bar in the concrete member) and judging whether the steel bar used by the member meets the requirements of corresponding specification parameters, thereby determining whether the whole concrete member meets the use standard. Therefore, accurate detection of the steel bar materials in the concrete member is an important means for ensuring that various concrete buildings exert due effects, and can timely avoid building collapse caused by unqualified steel bar materials and reduce economic losses caused by unqualified steel bar materials.
The current method for detecting the carbon content of the steel bar material mainly comprises the following steps: ① The principle of the combustion-infrared absorption method, which is the most used method in the actual detection at present, is that a test steel bar sample is ground into powder, and then oxygen is introduced to fully burn the powder, so that carbon elements in the steel bar sample are converted into carbon dioxide to exist. The amount of carbon dioxide is calculated by the energy change of the carbon dioxide before and after the irradiation of infrared light, thereby determining the carbon content of the reinforcing steel bar. This method, although highly accurate, is destructive to the use of concrete components and is not suitable for widespread inspection. ② According to the induction heating method, the heat conducting properties of the steel bars with different carbon contents are different, the steel bars are heated by utilizing the eddy current effect of electromagnetic induction, meanwhile, the thermal imager is utilized to generate a thermal map of the steel bars, and whether the used steel bars are qualified or not can be determined by comparing the thermal map of the steel bars with the thermal map of the qualified steel bars. The method can realize nondestructive detection, but the energy consumed by heating the internal steel bars through the concrete protective layer is larger, and the method has no economic applicability. ③ According to the X-ray method, secondary X-rays with different characteristics are generated by utilizing the X-rays, and the content of the carbon element in the steel bar can be determined by detecting the intensity of the secondary X-rays corresponding to the carbon element. This method also achieves the purpose of nondestructive testing, but the accuracy of this measurement method is not high because a part of the secondary X-rays will be absorbed by the concrete medium during the propagation.
In the conventional common detection method of the carbon content in the steel bar, the result obtained by the combustion-infrared absorption method is more accurate, but the nondestructive detection of the steel bar in the concrete member cannot be realized; the time and economic cost spent by the induction heating method measurement are not enough for large-area popularization; the accuracy of the detection result of the X-ray method is still to be improved, and radiation problems can be generated, so that the method is not suitable for practical detection in engineering. Therefore, there is a need for an engineering rapid nondestructive testing method suitable for detecting the carbon content of the steel bar in the concrete member to reach the standard, so as to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the testing method and solve the nondestructive testing problem of the member.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the invention aims to provide a rapid nondestructive testing method for the carbon content of the steel bar in the concrete member.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
A rapid nondestructive testing method for the carbon content of steel bars in concrete members reaches the standard, which comprises the following steps:
S1: analyzing magnetic characteristic changes caused by different carbon contents in the steel bars;
s2: acquiring the positions of steel bars in the concrete member;
S3: moving the measuring point and analyzing the magnetic induction intensity change;
s4: and comparing the measurement results and making a judgment standard.
Optionally, the S1 specifically is:
the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials is related to the domain and domain wall migration in ferromagnetic materials;
when the carbon content of steel increases, there are two factors that lead to a decrease in the permeability of steel: on the one hand, the magnetic permeability of Fe 3C,Fe3 C formed by C atoms and nearby Fe atoms is inferior to that of pure iron, so that the magnetic permeability of steel is reduced, on the other hand, the infiltration of C atoms in the iron matrix crystal influences the components of solid solution, and the increase of the content of second phase particles and the uneven stress distribution, the uneven domain wall density distribution, the uneven solid solution atom distribution and the like caused by lattice distortion can increase the characteristic resistance of domain wall movement, so that the migration resistance of domain walls is increased, and the magnetization of steel is reduced; according to the theory of electromagnetic calculation,
Wherein mu r is relative magnetic permeability, M is magnetization intensity of the material, and H is magnetic field size of the material;
when the magnetization of the steel decreases, the permeability decreases.
Optionally, the S2 specifically is:
Detecting whether the carbon content of the steel bars in the concrete member meets the standard or not, and firstly, acquiring the positions of the steel bars in the member; according to the magnetic medium theory, when ferromagnetic materials with strong magnetic permeability exist in the space, most magnetic lines of force generated by the permanent magnets form a closed loop through the ferromagnetic materials; the concentration of magnetic lines of force will increase the magnetic induction at this point and the magnetic induction at the point where the permanent magnet is fixed relative to the magnet will acquire the position of the steel bar in the concrete member.
Optionally, the S3 specifically is:
The reason for the magnetism of the permanent magnet is that the residual magnetization intensity exists in the magnet material, which is equivalent to a certain polarized current, and the space magnetic field generated by the permanent magnet is described by the law of Piao-Sha Faer; when the magnetization intensity distribution inside the permanent magnet is uniform, the polarized current only exists on the surface of the permanent magnet; when the magnetization distribution is uneven, the polarized current will also be distributed in the permanent magnet body, and the distribution of the spatial magnetic field is expressed as:
Wherein j is the surface current density, delta is the bulk current density, and r is the vector diameter from the space calculation point to the permanent magnet;
After determining the positions of the reinforcing bars in the concrete member, moving the measuring device upward at 1 cm intervals along the axial direction perpendicular to the reinforcing bars; according to the space magnetic field calculation theory of the permanent magnet, the magnetic field intensity of the measuring point is approximately inversely proportional to the square of the distance in consideration of the influence of the steel bars on the magnetic field distribution.
Optionally, the S4 specifically is:
The steel bar is made of medium carbon steel with carbon content of 0.25% -0.6%, and the relative permeability is about 200; the increase of the carbon content leads to the reduction of the relative magnetic permeability, three steel bars with the relative magnetic permeability of 200,100 and 50 are adopted for building a finite element simulation model in the simulation, and the result is obtained; the residual magnetization of the permanent magnet was set to 0.4T;
The measurement results of the steel bars with different carbon contents under the same measurement scheme are different, and the measurement results are analyzed by a root mean square error method:
wherein d i is the difference between the measured sample value and the standard value, and n is the measurement times;
When the relative magnetic permeability is calculated to be 100 and 50, the root mean square error is 93.09Gs and 216.30Gs respectively;
When the residual magnetic field intensity of the permanent magnet is 0.4T and the root mean square error of the measured value exceeds 100Gs, the magnetic conductivity of the steel bars in the concrete member is considered to be abnormal, the carbon content exceeds the standard, and then the steel bars in the concrete member are judged to be unqualified products.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method is based on magnetization theory in iron-based crystals and propagation theory of electromagnetic fields in media, constant magnetic fields generated by permanent magnets are used as sources, the distance from an observation point to the permanent magnets is fixed, and a sensor manufactured according to a Hall principle is used for measuring the magnetic induction intensity of the measurement point to obtain the magnetic induction intensity of the measurement point. The distance between the permanent magnet and the surface of the concrete member is continuously changed, and the curve obtained by connecting the values of different measuring points is compared with the curve obtained under the standard carbon content, so that whether the carbon content of the steel bars used in the concrete member reaches the standard can be judged. The method can realize the rapid nondestructive detection of the carbon content of the steel bars in the concrete member reaching the standard, can greatly improve the detection efficiency, and has important significance for application in practical engineering.
Additional advantages, objects, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned from practice of the invention. The objects and other advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the specification.
Drawings
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention will be described in the following preferred detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
fig. 1 shows the distribution of magnetic lines of force under a permanent magnet with or without reinforcing bars; fig. 1 (a) shows the distribution of magnetic force lines under a permanent magnet without reinforcing steel bars; fig. 1 (b) shows the distribution of magnetic lines of force under a permanent magnet when a reinforcing steel bar is present;
fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a method for acquiring the positions of reinforcing bars;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a measurement method;
fig. 4 is a comparative schematic diagram of the results of different permeability.
Detailed Description
Other advantages and effects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following disclosure, which describes the embodiments of the present invention with reference to specific examples. The invention may be practiced or carried out in other embodiments that depart from the specific details, and the details of the present description may be modified or varied from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It should be noted that the illustrations provided in the following embodiments merely illustrate the basic idea of the present invention by way of illustration, and the following embodiments and features in the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict.
Wherein the drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are shown in schematic, non-physical, and not intended to limit the invention; for the purpose of better illustrating embodiments of the invention, certain elements of the drawings may be omitted, enlarged or reduced and do not represent the size of the actual product; it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that certain well-known structures in the drawings and descriptions thereof may be omitted.
The same or similar reference numbers in the drawings of embodiments of the invention correspond to the same or similar components; in the description of the present invention, it should be understood that, if there are terms such as "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "front", "rear", etc., that indicate an azimuth or a positional relationship based on the azimuth or the positional relationship shown in the drawings, it is only for convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, but not for indicating or suggesting that the referred device or element must have a specific azimuth, be constructed and operated in a specific azimuth, so that the terms describing the positional relationship in the drawings are merely for exemplary illustration and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and that the specific meaning of the above terms may be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art according to the specific circumstances.
See fig. 1: comparing the space magnetic field under the condition of the presence or absence of ferromagnetic materials; fig. 1 (a) shows the distribution of magnetic force lines under a permanent magnet without reinforcing steel bars; fig. 1 (b) shows the distribution of magnetic lines of force under a permanent magnet when a reinforcing steel bar is present;
And (2) the position of the steel bar in the concrete member is acquired by causing corresponding change of the space magnetic field through change of the magnetic conductivity of the steel bar. In order to verify the magnetic field change, the feasibility of the measurement principle of the invention is proved, and two comparison models with or without reinforcing steel bars are built in finite element simulation software. By the distribution of magnetic lines of force of the two models, it can be found that when ferromagnetic materials exist below the permanent magnet, the magnetic lines of force at the measuring point below the permanent magnet are denser, and the magnetic flux density is greater. Therefore, the position where the maximum value appears in the measuring process is right above the steel bar, and the position of the steel bar is obtained.
See fig. 2: schematic diagram of method for acquiring positions of steel bars in concrete member
The construction device is used for acquiring the position of the steel bar in the concrete member, the Hall probe for measuring the magnetic induction intensity is fixed at the position 0.5cm away from the surface of the square permanent magnet, the permanent magnet and the probe synchronously move in the moving process, and when the measuring device passes over the steel bar, the measured value is maximum, so that the position of the steel bar is acquired.
See fig. 3: schematic of measurement method
In the measuring method of the present invention, after the positions of the reinforcing bars in the concrete member were determined, the measuring device was moved upward at 1cm intervals in the axial direction perpendicular to the reinforcing bars. According to the theory of the space magnetic field calculation of the permanent magnet, the magnetic field intensity of the measuring point is approximately inversely proportional to the square of the distance by taking the influence of the steel bars on the magnetic field distribution into consideration.
Referring to fig. 4: comparison of results of different permeability
In the simulation, three kinds of steel bars with relative magnetic permeability of 200,100 and 50 are adopted to carry out finite element simulation model construction, so as to obtain the measurement result shown in the table, and three curves shown in the table are drawn in Origin drawing software for making the obtained result more visual, as shown in reference to fig. 4. The measurement results of different magnetic permeability can be found to have obvious difference, so that the method for detecting the carbon content of the steel bar in the reinforced concrete member reaching the standard is feasible.
Finally, it is noted that the above embodiments are only for illustrating the technical solution of the present invention and not for limiting the same, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications and equivalents may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which is intended to be covered by the claims of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. A rapid nondestructive testing method for the carbon content of steel bars in concrete members to reach the standard is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
S1: analyzing magnetic characteristic changes caused by different carbon contents in the steel bars;
s2: acquiring the positions of steel bars in the concrete member;
S3: moving the measuring point and analyzing the magnetic induction intensity change;
s4: comparing the measurement results and making a judgment standard;
the S1 specifically comprises the following steps:
the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials is related to the domain and domain wall migration in ferromagnetic materials;
when the carbon content of steel increases, there are two factors that lead to a decrease in the permeability of steel: on the one hand, the magnetic permeability of Fe 3C,Fe3 C formed by C atoms and nearby Fe atoms is inferior to that of pure iron, so that the magnetic permeability of steel is reduced, on the other hand, the infiltration of C atoms in the iron matrix crystal influences the components of solid solution, and the increase of the content of second phase particles and the uneven stress distribution, the uneven domain wall density distribution, the uneven solid solution atom distribution and the like caused by lattice distortion can increase the characteristic resistance of domain wall movement, so that the migration resistance of domain walls is increased, and the magnetization of steel is reduced; according to the theory of electromagnetic calculation,
Wherein mu r is relative magnetic permeability, M is magnetization intensity of the material, and H is magnetic field size of the material;
when the magnetization of steel decreases, the magnetic permeability decreases;
The step S2 is specifically as follows:
detecting whether the carbon content of the steel bars in the concrete member meets the standard or not, and firstly, acquiring the positions of the steel bars in the member; according to the magnetic medium theory, when ferromagnetic materials with strong magnetic permeability exist in the space, most magnetic lines of force generated by the permanent magnets form a closed loop through the ferromagnetic materials; the concentration of magnetic lines of force increases the magnetic induction intensity at the point, and the magnetic induction intensity of the measuring point which is relatively fixed with the permanent magnet obtains the position of the steel bar in the concrete member;
the step S3 is specifically as follows:
The reason for the magnetism of the permanent magnet is that the residual magnetization intensity exists in the magnet material, which is equivalent to a certain polarized current, and the space magnetic field generated by the permanent magnet is described by the law of Piao-Sha Faer; when the magnetization intensity distribution inside the permanent magnet is uniform, the polarized current only exists on the surface of the permanent magnet; when the magnetization distribution is uneven, the polarized current will also be distributed in the permanent magnet body, and the distribution of the spatial magnetic field is expressed as:
Wherein j is the surface current density, delta is the bulk current density, r is the vector diameter from the space calculation point to the permanent magnet, and mu 0 represents the magnetic permeability;
After determining the positions of the reinforcing bars in the concrete member, moving the measuring device upward at 1 cm intervals along the axial direction perpendicular to the reinforcing bars; according to the space magnetic field calculation theory of the permanent magnet, taking the influence of the steel bars on the magnetic field distribution into consideration, the magnetic field intensity of the measuring point is approximately inversely proportional to the square of the distance;
The step S4 specifically comprises the following steps:
The steel bar is made of medium carbon steel with carbon content of 0.25% -0.6%, and the relative permeability is 200; the increase of the carbon content leads to the reduction of the relative magnetic permeability, three steel bars with the relative magnetic permeability of 200,100 and 50 are adopted for building a finite element simulation model in the simulation, and the result is obtained; the residual magnetization of the permanent magnet was set to 0.4T;
The measurement results of the steel bars with different carbon contents under the same measurement scheme are different, and the measurement results are analyzed by a root mean square error method:
Wherein d i is the difference between the measured sample value and the standard value, n is the measurement times, and sigma represents the root mean square error;
When the relative magnetic permeability is calculated to be 100 and 50, the root mean square error is 93.09Gs and 216.30Gs respectively;
When the residual magnetic field intensity of the permanent magnet is 0.4T and the root mean square error of the measured value exceeds 100Gs, the magnetic conductivity of the steel bars in the concrete member is considered to be abnormal, the carbon content exceeds the standard, and then the steel bars in the concrete member are judged to be unqualified products.
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