CN112760640A - Valve core of regulating valve and laser strengthening manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
Valve core of regulating valve and laser strengthening manufacturing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
- C23C24/103—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
- C23C24/106—Coating with metal alloys or metal elements only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/07—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on cobalt
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Abstract
The invention provides a regulating valve core and a laser strengthening manufacturing method thereof, belonging to the technical field of regulating valve preparation. The method comprises the following steps: pretreating the valve core base material; then preparing cobalt-based alloy powder of the cladding layer; carrying out repeated laser cladding on the outer surface of the pretreated valve core by using cobalt-based alloy powder; and finishing to obtain the finished product. According to the laser strengthening manufacturing method of the valve element of the regulating valve, cobalt-based alloy powder is added according to a reasonable proportion for laser cladding, the cladding layer and the base material form metallurgical bonding, the strength, the wear resistance and the high temperature resistance of the cladding layer are good, so that the valve element has good comprehensive mechanical properties, and the problems of easy peeling of a spray welding layer, cracks, air holes, slag inclusion, thermal deformation and the like are solved; meanwhile, the service life of the valve core is prolonged, the later-stage replacement and maintenance cost is reduced, the production benefit is improved, the operation is simple, the convenience and the flexibility are realized, and the valve core has great popularization and application values in the technical field of regulating valve cores.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of regulating valve preparation, and particularly relates to a regulating valve core and a laser strengthening manufacturing method thereof.
Background
In the automatic control of modern plants, control valves play a very important role, and the production of these plants depends on the correct distribution and control of the flowing media, such as liquids and gases. The valve core of the regulating valve is used as a key control unit for the flow and the flow direction of a medium and is in direct contact with the medium, and when the medium is high-temperature corrosive fluid containing high-concentration abrasive particles, the surface material of the valve core is required to be hard, wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant and good in high-temperature performance.
The prior art adopts the solution of spray welding alloy powder, but the surface coating of the matrix in the spray welding process is often not heated to a melting or semi-melting state because the remelting speed is too fast, and meanwhile, because the composition and the proportion of the alloy powder are unreasonable, the spray welding layer and the surface of the matrix can not form metallurgical bonding, but intermolecular adhesion connection leads to easy peeling of the spray welding layer, the spray welding layer is easy to generate cracks, air holes, slag inclusion and other defects, and meanwhile, the heat input of spray welding is large and easy to cause the thermal deformation of a workpiece, and the defects can lead to the condition that the performance of the spray welding layer can not meet the technical requirements of hard, wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant and good high-temperature performance of a valve core, thus the service life of the valve core is short.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention is directed to a regulating valve core and a laser-enhanced manufacturing method thereof.
Through research, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
1. a laser strengthening manufacturing method for a valve core of a regulating valve comprises the following steps:
preprocessing a valve core base material of the regulating valve, machining the valve core base material of the regulating valve to a valve core with a final working size through machining, and continuously machining to remove the thickness of 1.5-2 mm on the surface of the valve core;
preparing a cobalt-based alloy powder of a cladding layer, wherein the cobalt-based alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: fe: 3 percent of C, 1.3 to 1.4 percent of Si, less than or equal to 1.45 percent of Cr, 29 to 30 percent of Cr, 2.9 to 3 percent of Ni, 1 percent of Mo, 1 percent of Mn, 8 to 8.25 percent of W and the balance of Co;
placing the valve core after continuous processing on a rotating shaft of a two-shaft positioner of laser cladding equipment, clamping and positioning by using a three-jaw chuck, programming by using a robot controller, coaxially conveying cobalt alloy powder under the linkage action of the positioner and a robot, performing repeated laser cladding on the outer surface of the valve core by using the cobalt alloy powder in a spiral path, and manufacturing a strengthened cladding layer with the thickness of 2-2.5 mm on the surface of the valve core;
and (4) performing mechanical finish machining treatment on the valve core cladded with the strengthening layer.
Preferably, the valve core base material of the regulating valve is a common 304 or 316L stainless steel bar.
Preferably, the common 304 or 316L stainless steel bar is processed to a valve core with a final working size, and the thickness of the surface of the valve core which is removed by continuous processing is 2 mm.
Preferably, the thickness of the reinforced cladding layer made on the surface of the valve core is 2 mm.
Preferably, the cobalt-based alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 3 percent of C, 1.4 percent of Si, 1.45 percent of Cr, 29.5 percent of Ni, 1 percent of Mo, 1 percent of Mn, 8.25 percent of W and the balance of Co.
Preferably, the cobalt-based alloy powder is spherical particles, and the particle size is 50-150 mu m. Through experimental research, the smaller the powder particles, the better the flowability, but the powders with too small particles are easy to agglomerate, the ratio of the friction force between the powders to the self-gravity of the powders is relatively large, and therefore the powder particles are too small and the flowability is rather poor. In addition, if the particle size of the powder is too small, the cladding layer is prone to cracking, while if the particle size is too large, the cladding layer is prone to porosity. Therefore, experimental analysis shows that the powder has a particle size of 50-100 μm and the cladding layer has the best effect.
Preferably, the robot controller is used for programming, so that the valve core of the regulating valve on the positioner makes rotary motion, and the laser cladding head on the robot makes linear motion along the axial direction of the valve core.
Preferably, the laser cladding conditions are that the protective gas flow is 10-15L/min, the rotating speed of the powder feeder is 1.5-2.0 r/min, the laser power is 1300W, and the scanning speed is 10 mm/min.
Preferably, the laser cladding conditions are that the protective gas flow is 12L/min and the rotating speed of the powder feeder is 1.5 r/min.
Preferably, the shielding gas is nitrogen. The purity of the nitrogen gas was 99.99%.
2. The valve core of the regulating valve manufactured by the laser strengthening manufacturing method.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) according to the laser strengthening manufacturing method of the valve element of the regulating valve, proper Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn and W are added into the cobalt-based alloy powder, so that the strength of a cladding layer can be greatly increased, meanwhile, the wear resistance and high temperature resistance of the cladding layer are also remarkably improved, the cobalt-based alloy strengthening cladding layer is manufactured on the outer surface of the valve element, the cladding layer and a base material form metallurgical bonding, the grain structure is fine and compact, the strength, wear resistance and high temperature resistance of the cladding layer are good, the valve element has good comprehensive mechanical properties, and the problems that a spray welding layer is easy to peel off, cracks, air holes, slag inclusion, thermal deformation and the like are solved;
2) according to the laser strengthening manufacturing method of the valve core of the regulating valve, the cobalt-based alloy has high hardness, good wear resistance and corrosion resistance and good high-temperature performance by reasonably controlling the component proportion among Fe, C, Si, Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, W and Co in the cobalt-based alloy powder of the strengthening cladding layer, and the valve core can work in a high-concentration abrasive particle and corrosive high-temperature fluid medium for a long time by strengthening cladding with laser on the surface of the valve core, so that the service life of the valve core is greatly prolonged, the later replacement and maintenance cost is reduced, the long-term stable and accurate distribution and control of the medium in the modern factory production are ensured, the production benefit is improved, the operation is simple, convenient and flexible, and the method has great popularization and application values in the technical field of the valve core of the regulating valve.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a laser cladding device for carrying out laser cladding on a regulating valve core in the regulating valve core laser strengthening manufacturing method of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a regulating valve core manufactured by the laser-strengthening manufacturing method of the regulating valve core of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the results of dye penetrant inspection of a valve element of a regulating valve made by the laser-enhanced manufacturing method of the valve element of the regulating valve of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a metallographic structure diagram of a valve core of a regulating valve manufactured by the laser strengthening manufacturing method of the valve core of the regulating valve.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A laser strengthening manufacturing method for a valve core of a regulating valve comprises the following steps:
1) adopting a common 304 stainless steel bar as a valve core base material of the regulating valve, machining the valve core base material of the regulating valve to a valve core with a final working dimension by mechanical machining, continuously machining to remove the thickness of 2mm on the surface of the valve core, namely, roughly machining by mechanical machining to the inner side of the final working dimension of 2mm,
2) preparing the cobalt-base alloy powder of the cladding layer with high hardness, good wear resistance and corrosion resistance and good high-temperature performance, wherein the cobalt-base alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 3 percent of C, 1.4 percent of Si, 1.45 percent of Cr, 29.5 percent of Ni, 1 percent of Mo, 1 percent of Mn, 8.25 percent of W and the balance of Co; the cobalt-based alloy powder is spherical particles with the particle size of 50-150 mu m, the alloy powder is added into a powder feeding barrel for laser cladding after heat preservation is carried out in a vacuum drying oven at the temperature of 80 ℃ for 6 hours, and the fully dried powder can avoid pores in a laser cladding reinforcing layer and can also prevent the cladding reinforcing layer from being hydrogen-brittle;
3) as shown in fig. 1, a valve core which is continuously processed to the final working size of 2mm inwards is arranged on a rotating shaft of a two-shaft position changer of laser cladding equipment, a three-jaw chuck is used for clamping and positioning, then a robot controller is used for programming, a regulating valve core on the position changer is made to do rotary motion, a laser cladding head on a robot is made to do linear motion along the axial direction of the valve core, cobalt-based alloy powder is coaxially conveyed through the linkage effect of the position changer and the robot, and laser cladding technological parameters are set as follows: the flow rate of protective gas is 12L/min, the rotating speed of a powder feeder is 1.5r/min, the laser power is 1300W, the laser scanning speed is 10mm/min, the outer surface of the valve core is repeatedly subjected to laser cladding by cobalt-based alloy powder in a spiral path, and a strengthened cladding layer with the thickness of 2mm is manufactured on the surface of the valve core;
4) and (3) performing mechanical finish machining treatment on the regulating valve core cladded with the strengthening layer to enable the final shape, the working size precision and the finish degree of the regulating valve core to meet the working requirements.
The structural schematic diagram of the regulating valve core cladded with the strengthening layer prepared in this embodiment 1 is shown in fig. 2, and the cladding layer uniformly covers the surface of the regulating valve core.
Example 2
A laser strengthening manufacturing method for a valve core of a regulating valve comprises the following steps:
1) adopting a common 316L stainless steel bar as a valve core base material of the regulating valve, machining the valve core base material of the regulating valve to a valve core with a final working dimension by mechanical machining, continuously machining to remove the thickness of 2mm on the surface of the valve core, namely, roughly machining by mechanical machining to the inner side of the final working dimension of 2mm,
2) preparing the cobalt-base alloy powder of the cladding layer with high hardness, good wear resistance and corrosion resistance and good high-temperature performance, wherein the cobalt-base alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 3 percent of C, 1.4 percent of Si, 1.45 percent of Cr, 29.5 percent of Ni, 1 percent of Mo, 1 percent of Mn, 8.25 percent of W and the balance of Co; the cobalt-based alloy powder is spherical particles with the particle size of 50-150 mu m, the alloy powder is added into a powder feeding barrel for laser cladding after heat preservation is carried out in a vacuum drying oven at the temperature of 80 ℃ for 6 hours, and the fully dried powder can avoid pores in a laser cladding reinforcing layer and can also prevent the cladding reinforcing layer from being hydrogen-brittle;
3) as shown in fig. 1, a valve core which is continuously processed to the final working size of 2mm inwards is arranged on a rotating shaft of a two-shaft position changer of laser cladding equipment, a three-jaw chuck is used for clamping and positioning, then a robot controller is used for programming, so that an adjusting valve core on the position changer is in rotary motion, a laser cladding head on a robot is in linear motion along the axial direction of the valve core, cobalt alloy powder is coaxially conveyed through the linkage effect of the position changer and the robot, and laser cladding technological parameters are set as follows: the flow rate of protective gas is 12L/min, the rotating speed of a powder feeder is 1.5r/min, the laser power is 1300W, the laser scanning speed is 10mm/min, the outer surface of the valve core is repeatedly subjected to laser cladding by cobalt-based alloy powder in a spiral path, and a strengthened cladding layer with the thickness of 2mm is manufactured on the surface of the valve core;
4) and (3) performing mechanical finish machining treatment on the regulating valve core cladded with the strengthening layer to enable the final shape, the working size precision and the finish degree of the regulating valve core to meet the working requirements.
Correlation detection analysis
1. The valve core of the regulating valve prepared in example 1 and covered with the strengthening layer is used for detecting defects through a DPT dye penetrant
The specific operation is as follows: 1) cleaning dirt (scum, dust and the like) on the surface of the valve core of the cladding regulating valve by using a cleaning agent, and opening a permeation channel; 2) uniformly spraying a penetrant on the surface of the valve core of the cleaned regulating valve, and permeating for 5-15 minutes; 3) cleaning the penetrant on the surface of the workpiece by using a cleaning agent; 4) after the developer is fully shaken evenly, the position where the distance between the valve core of the regulating valve is 150 and 300mm is uniformly sprayed; 5) after the developer is sprayed, the defects (cracks or air holes are shown as red grains or spots) can be observed for a moment; 6) and after the detection is finished, cleaning the developer by using a cleaning agent. The results of the dye check are shown in FIG. 3.
As is clear from the observation and analysis in fig. 3, the DPT dye penetrant inspection results show that the cladding layer has no cladding defects such as cracks and pores.
2. Hardness test analysis was performed on the valve core of the regulating valve coated with the reinforcing layer obtained in example 1
The specific operation is as follows: 1) cutting the cladding layer into small blocks of 10x10x10mm by wire cutting; 2) polishing the square cladding surface into a mirror surface by a metallographic polishing machine; 3) the hardness of the cladding layer was measured by a Vickers micro-hardness tester (satisfying GB/T4340.2).
The hardness of the cladding layer is detected by a Vickers microhardness tester, so that the hardness of the cladding layer reaches 50-55 HRC.
3. Metallographic structure detection and analysis were performed on the valve element of the regulating valve coated with the strengthening layer prepared in example 1
The specific operation is as follows: 1) polishing the cross sections of the cladding layer and the base material of the square block after the hardness detection into a mirror surface by a metallographic polishing machine; 2) and observing the metallographic structures of the cross sections of the cladding layer and the base material through an optical metallographic microscope. The results are shown in FIG. 4.
Through the observation of the metallographic structure in fig. 4, the cladding layer and the base material form metallurgical bonding, the grain structure is fine and compact, and the comprehensive performance is better.
4. The valve core of the regulating valve prepared in the embodiment 1 and covered with the strengthening layer is subjected to high temperature resistance detection
The specific operation is as follows: 1) the temperature of industrial high-temperature fluid or gas is usually below 300 ℃, the temperature of a heat treatment furnace is set to be 500 ℃, and the temperature is stably raised to the set temperature; 2) placing the valve core of the regulating valve in a heat treatment furnace at 500 ℃ for 48 h; 3) and taking out the valve core of the regulating valve to observe the appearance condition of the strengthening layer.
Through observation, after the valve core of the regulating valve is subjected to a high-temperature test at 500 ℃ for 24 hours, the surface strengthening layer does not have the defects of falling, cracking and the like, and the surface strengthening layer is almost unchanged compared with the surface strengthening layer before the high-temperature test, so that the strengthening layer has good high-temperature resistance.
5. The valve core of the regulating valve prepared in example 1 and covered with the strengthening layer is subjected to corrosion resistance detection
The specific operation is as follows: 1) preparing a corrosion sample, cleaning and drying the corrosion sample, and weighing and recording the corrosion sample; 2) carrying out corrosion resistance tests on the valve core according to GB/T10125-2012 salt mist tests for artificial atmosphere corrosion tests, and respectively carrying out neutral salt mist (pH is 6.5-7.2) tests and acetic acid salt mist (pH is 3.1-3.3) tests on the valve core; 3) after 48h of salt spray corrosion test, the sample is taken out, cleaned and dried, and the mass loss of unit exposed area is measured, wherein the unit g/m2。
Through a salt spray corrosion test, the mass loss of the sample after neutral salt spray corrosion is less than 0.1g/m2The mass loss after acetate mist corrosion was < 0.1g/m2And no rust is generated on the surface of the sample, and the appearance has no obvious change, which indicates that the valve core strengthening layer has extremely high corrosion resistance.
6. The valve core of the regulating valve prepared in example 1 and covered with the strengthening layer is subjected to wear resistance detection
The specific operation is as follows: 1) manufacturing a standard circular annular abrasion sample and a block-shaped abrasion sample according to a national standard GB/T12444-2006 trial ring-trial block sliding abrasion test of a metal material abrasion test method; 2) carrying out a wear test according to standard test steps and loading force conditions, taking down a sample after the accumulated rotating speed and the wear time reach specified conditions, setting the loading load to be 200N, the rotating speed to be 400 r/min and the wear time to be 1 h; 3) measuring the width of a grinding crack of the worn sample, and calculating the wear volume percentage; 4) the above abrasion test was repeated 3 times, and the average of the test results was taken as the final test data.
Through a wear test, the volume wear of the test sample is lower than 1%, the wear requirement under the actual use working condition is met, and the cladding layer has better wear resistance.
According to the laser strengthening manufacturing method of the valve element of the regulating valve, proper Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn and W are added into the cobalt-based alloy powder, so that the strength of a cladding layer can be greatly increased, meanwhile, the wear resistance and high temperature resistance of the cladding layer are also remarkably improved, the cobalt-based alloy strengthening cladding layer is manufactured on the outer surface of the valve element, the cladding layer and a base material form metallurgical bonding, the grain structure is fine and compact, the strength, wear resistance and high temperature resistance of the cladding layer are good, the valve element has good comprehensive mechanical properties, and the problems that a spray welding layer is easy to peel off, cracks, air holes, slag inclusion, thermal deformation and the like are solved; the cobalt-based alloy powder strengthening the cladding layer is reasonably controlled to obtain the components of Fe, C, Si, Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, W and Co, so that the cobalt-based alloy has high hardness, good wear resistance and corrosion resistance and good high-temperature performance, and is cladded on the surface of the valve core through laser strengthening, so that the valve core can work in high-concentration abrasive particles and corrosive high-temperature fluid medium for a long time, the service life of the valve core is greatly prolonged, the later-stage replacement and maintenance cost is reduced, the long-term stable and accurate distribution and control of the medium in the modern factory production are ensured, the production benefit is improved, the operation is simple, the convenience and flexibility are realized, and the valve core of the regulating valve has great popularization and application values.
It should be understood that the above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and not intended to limit the present invention, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and equivalents may be made in the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or some technical features may be substituted. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A laser strengthening manufacturing method for a valve core of a regulating valve is characterized by comprising the following steps:
preprocessing a valve core base material of the regulating valve, machining the valve core base material of the regulating valve to a valve core with a final working size through machining, and continuously machining to remove the thickness of 1.5-2 mm on the surface of the valve core;
preparing a cobalt-based alloy powder of a cladding layer, wherein the cobalt-based alloy powder comprises the following components in percentage by weight: fe: 3 percent of C, 1.3 to 1.4 percent of Si, less than or equal to 1.45 percent of Cr, 29 to 30 percent of Cr, 2.9 to 3 percent of Ni, 1 percent of Mo, 1 percent of Mn, 8 to 8.25 percent of W and the balance of Co;
placing the valve core after continuous processing on a rotating shaft of a two-shaft positioner of laser cladding equipment, clamping and positioning by using a three-jaw chuck, programming by using a robot controller, coaxially conveying cobalt alloy powder under the linkage action of the positioner and a robot, performing repeated laser cladding on the outer surface of the valve core by using the cobalt alloy powder in a spiral path, and manufacturing a strengthened cladding layer with the thickness of 2-2.5 mm on the surface of the valve core;
and (4) performing mechanical finish machining treatment on the valve core cladded with the strengthening layer.
2. The laser-strengthened manufacturing method for the valve core of the regulating valve according to claim 1, wherein the base material of the valve core of the regulating valve is a common 304 or 316L stainless steel bar.
3. The laser strengthening manufacturing method for the valve core of the regulating valve according to claim 2, wherein the common 304 or 316L stainless steel bar is processed to the valve core with the final working size, and the thickness of the surface of the valve core which is removed by continuous processing is 2 mm.
4. The laser-peening method for manufacturing the valve element of the regulating valve according to claim 1, wherein the cobalt-based alloy powder consists of, in weight percent: fe: 3 percent of C, 1.4 percent of Si, 1.45 percent of Cr, 29.5 percent of Ni, 1 percent of Mo, 1 percent of Mn, 8.25 percent of W and the balance of Co.
5. The laser strengthening manufacturing method for the valve element of the regulating valve according to claim 1, wherein the cobalt-based alloy powder is spherical particles with a particle size of 50-150 μm.
6. The laser-reinforced manufacturing method of the valve element of the regulating valve according to claim 1, wherein the robot controller is programmed to make the valve element of the regulating valve on the positioner perform a rotary motion, and a laser cladding head on the robot performs a linear motion along the axial direction of the valve element.
7. The laser strengthening manufacturing method of the valve element of the regulating valve according to claim 1, wherein the laser cladding conditions are that the protective gas flow is 10-15L/min, the rotating speed of a powder feeder is 1.5-2.0 r/min, the laser power is 1300W, and the scanning speed is 10 mm/min.
8. The laser-reinforced manufacturing method of the valve element of the regulating valve according to claim 7, wherein the laser cladding conditions are that the protective gas flow is 12L/min and the rotating speed of the powder feeder is 1.5 r/min.
9. The laser-strengthening manufacturing method for the valve core of the regulating valve as claimed in claim 8, wherein the shielding gas is nitrogen.
10. The valve core of the regulating valve manufactured by the laser strengthening manufacturing method according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
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| CN113637873A (en) * | 2021-08-18 | 2021-11-12 | 沈阳大陆激光先进制造技术创新有限公司 | Functional layer alloy material for remanufacturing minimum flow valve sealing surface by utilizing laser technology and preparation method of cover |
| CN113699415A (en) * | 2021-07-29 | 2021-11-26 | 南昌大学 | Novel Co-based high-temperature alloy coating resistant to corrosion and high-temperature oxidation and preparation method thereof |
| CN114277369A (en) * | 2021-12-13 | 2022-04-05 | 重庆机电增材制造有限公司 | Impulse turbine spray needle and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN114717556A (en) * | 2022-03-11 | 2022-07-08 | 珠海粤清特环保科技有限公司 | Valve and reinforcing method and application thereof |
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