CN112727424A - Shaft-fracture experiment system and method for simulating fracturing fluid injection - Google Patents
Shaft-fracture experiment system and method for simulating fracturing fluid injection Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
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- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
- E21B47/06—Measuring temperature or pressure
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
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Abstract
The application discloses shaft-crack experiment system and method of simulation fracturing fluid injection, and the experiment system includes: a plurality of casings, every casing has leakage fluid dram and inlet, is provided with in the casing: the fracture simulation device comprises a first cavity and a second cavity, wherein a fracture model is filled in the first cavity, the fracture model comprises a fracture, the fracture has roughness in an undulating state relative to a horizontal plane, a plurality of first pressure sensors are arranged in the extension direction of the fracture, the fracture is communicated with the second cavity, and rock is filled in the second cavity and used for simulating a reservoir matrix; the simulated shaft is connected with the plurality of shells, a drill hole communicated with the liquid inlet of the shell is formed in the side wall of the simulated shaft, and a plurality of second pressure sensors are arranged in the simulated shaft; a data acquisition device; and the injection device is used for injecting fracturing fluid into the simulated shaft. The method and the device can be used for researching the pressure propagation characteristics in the shaft and the fracture, the fluid loss effect and the influence of the fracture roughness on pressure propagation.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of rock hydraulic fracturing, in particular to a shaft-fracture experiment system and method for simulating fracturing fluid injection.
Background
The tight rock oil reservoir belongs to the type of unconventional petroleum resources, and is mostly endowed with unconventional reservoirs with low porosity, low permeability and the like. Because of the characteristics of compactness and low permeability of the reservoir, great difficulty is brought to the development of oil reservoirs, and the permeability of the reservoir is generally improved by adopting a fracturing technology at present.
The fracturing technology is that fracturing fluid is injected into stratum during oil or gas production to artificially crack the stratum, so as to improve the flow condition at the bottom of an oil well and increase the yield of the oil well. Pulse-cycle hydraulic fracturing is a new fracturing technology that has been proposed in recent years. The technology utilizes alternating water flow with waveform change pressure to act on rocks, so that the rocks generate fatigue damage and generate cracks to increase the fracturing area, and further a hydraulic fracture network is formed.
In the prior art, some experimental researches are carried out on pulse hydraulic fracturing, a flat plate experimental means is mainly adopted, cracks are arranged on the surface of a flat plate, then fracturing fluid is injected into the flat plate and flows out along the cracks, and therefore the propagation process of the fracturing fluid in the cracks is observed and researched. The applicant finds that when the fracturing fluid propagates in the fractures arranged on the flat plate, the fluid loss effect cannot be simulated according to the fluid loss condition of the fracturing fluid in a homogeneous reservoir under the real condition, so that the research result is insufficient. Therefore, it is necessary to provide an experimental system and an experimental method for the crack impulse pressure propagation rule to make up for the deficiencies of the existing research and provide a guidance basis for the actual engineering.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to achieve the purpose, the application provides a shaft-fracture experiment system and an experiment method for simulating fracturing fluid injection, which can be used for researching pressure propagation characteristics, filtration and influence of fracture roughness on pressure propagation in a shaft and a fracture. The technical scheme is as follows:
a wellbore-fracture experimental system for simulating fracturing fluid injection, the experimental system comprising:
a plurality of casings that have hollow structure, every the casing has leakage fluid dram and inlet, be provided with in the casing: the fracture model comprises a fracture, the fracture has roughness in an undulating state relative to a horizontal plane, a plurality of first pressure sensors are arranged in the fracture in the extending direction of the fracture, the fracture is communicated with the second cavity, and rock is filled in the second cavity and used for simulating a reservoir matrix;
the simulated shaft is connected with the plurality of shells, a drilling hole communicated with the liquid inlet of the shell is formed in the side wall of the simulated shaft, a plurality of second pressure sensors are arranged in the simulated shaft, and the second pressure sensors are arranged at intervals along the lengthwise extension direction of the simulated shaft;
the data acquisition device is used for acquiring data measured by the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor;
and the injection device is used for injecting fracturing fluid into the simulated shaft.
As a preferred embodiment, the experimental system comprises a fluid loss control device comprising: a first reservoir container; and the first flow channel is arranged between the first liquid storage container and the liquid outlet, and is provided with a first valve for adjusting the filtration rate and a first detection unit for detecting the filtration loss parameter.
As a preferred embodiment, each of the housings is provided with: and the permeable pipe is positioned between the first cavity and the second cavity, one end of the permeable pipe is communicated with the crack model, the other end of the permeable pipe is communicated with the second cavity, and rock is filled in the permeable pipe to simulate a reservoir matrix.
As a preferred embodiment, the liquid injection device includes: a second reservoir vessel for storing fracturing fluid; and the second flow channel is arranged between the second liquid storage container and the upper end of the simulated shaft, and is provided with a second valve for adjusting the liquid injection quantity parameter, a second detection unit for detecting the liquid injection quantity parameter and a pressure control mechanism for adjusting the pump injection parameter.
As a preferred embodiment, the pressure control mechanism includes: a pulse pump and a frequency controller for adjusting the frequency of the pumping pressure.
As a preferred embodiment, the experimental system further comprises an exhaust device, the exhaust device comprising: an air extraction mechanism for extracting air; and the third flow channel is arranged between the air pumping mechanism and the lower end of the simulated shaft and is in sealing connection with the lower end of the simulated shaft, and a third valve is arranged on the third flow channel.
As a preferred embodiment, the exhaust apparatus further includes: a third reservoir; and a bypass branch arranged between the third flow channel and the third liquid storage container, wherein a fourth valve is arranged on the bypass branch.
As a preferred embodiment, the fracture model is obtained by a 3D printing technique.
In a preferred embodiment, the fracture model has a fracture, a flowmeter is arranged in the fracture near the drill hole, the flowmeter is electrically connected with the data acquisition device, and the roughness of the fracture in each fracture model is different.
An experimental method of a wellbore-fracture experimental system using the simulated fracturing fluid injection, the experimental method comprising the following steps:
closing the first valve and the second valve, opening the third valve, and starting the air pumping mechanism to pump air out of the simulated shaft and the shell;
opening the pressure control mechanism and the second valve, and injecting fracturing fluid into the simulated shaft until the shell is filled with the fracturing fluid;
closing all valves, and checking the tightness of the experimental system until no liquid leakage occurs;
opening the first valve, and adjusting the opening of the first valve to enable the data measured by the first detection unit to be a first set value;
and opening the second valve, and continuing to inject the fracturing fluid until the injection amount of the fracturing fluid reaches the designed pumping amount.
Compared with the prior art, the shaft-fracture experiment system for simulating the injection of the fracturing fluid provided by the embodiment of the application comprises a shell provided with a first chamber and a second chamber. The shell is provided with a plurality of shells, a first cavity of each shell is filled with a fracture model, a second cavity of each shell is filled with rock for simulating a reservoir matrix, and the fracture model comprises fractures with roughness in a fluctuating state relative to a horizontal plane. Therefore, the fracturing fluid enters each shell through the simulated shaft, can flow into the second cavity along the crack with the roughness after entering the first cavity, and simulates the filtration effect of the fracturing fluid in the reservoir matrix through the rock filled in the second cavity. Therefore, the method can reflect the fluid loss process of the fracturing fluid in the reservoir matrix under the real condition, and is beneficial to researching the fluid loss action of the fracturing fluid and the influence of the fracture roughness on the flowing process of the fracturing fluid in the fracture.
Specific embodiments of the present application are disclosed in detail with reference to the following description and drawings, indicating the manner in which the principles of the application may be employed. It should be understood that the embodiments of the present application are not so limited in scope.
Features that are described and/or illustrated with respect to one embodiment may be used in the same way or in a similar way in one or more other embodiments, in combination with or instead of the features of the other embodiments.
It should be emphasized that the term "comprises/comprising" when used herein, is taken to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps or components but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps or components.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art without inventive labor.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a wellbore-fracture experimental system for simulating injection of a fracturing fluid provided by an embodiment of the present application;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the internal structure of the housing provided in the embodiments of the present application;
FIG. 3 is a top view of a housing provided by an embodiment of the present application;
fig. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an experimental method of a wellbore-fracture experimental system for simulating injection of a fracturing fluid according to an embodiment of the present application.
Description of reference numerals:
1. a frequency controller; 2. a pulse pump; 31. a first valve; 32. a second valve; 33. a third valve; 34. a fourth valve; 41. a first detection unit; 42. a second detection unit; 5. a pressure data collector; 6. simulating a shaft; 7. a data acquisition device; 8. a first chamber; 81. a fracture model; 91. a first reservoir container; 92. a second reservoir; 93. a third reservoir; 10. an air extraction mechanism; 11. a first pressure sensor; 12. a second pressure sensor; 13. a liquid inlet; 14. a fixing plate; 15. bolt holes; 16. a water permeable pipe; 17. a second chamber; 18. a rock; 19. a liquid discharge port; 20. a housing; 201. a first housing; 202. a second housing; 21. cracking; 22. and (4) bolts.
Detailed Description
While the invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings and specific embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of and not restrictive on the broad invention, and that various equivalent modifications can be effected therein by those skilled in the art upon reading the disclosure.
It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being "disposed on" another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. When an element is referred to as being "connected" to another element, it can be directly connected to the other element or intervening elements may also be present. The terms "vertical," "horizontal," "upper," "lower," "left," "right," and the like as used herein are for illustrative purposes only and do not denote a unique embodiment.
The wellbore-fracture experiment system and the experiment method for simulating the injection of the fracturing fluid according to the embodiment of the invention will be explained and explained with reference to fig. 1 to 4. It should be noted that, for convenience of description, like reference numerals denote like parts in the embodiments of the present invention. And for the sake of brevity, detailed descriptions of the same components are omitted in different embodiments, and the descriptions of the same components may be mutually referred to and cited.
The embodiment of the application provides a shaft-fracture experiment system for simulating fracturing fluid injection. The experimental system comprises: a plurality of housings 20 having a hollow structure, each of the housings 20 having a liquid outlet 19 and a liquid inlet 13, the housings 20 having disposed therein: a first cavity 8 close to the liquid inlet 13 and a second cavity 17 close to the liquid outlet 19, wherein a crack model 81 is filled in the first cavity 8, the crack model 81 comprises a crack 21, the crack 21 has roughness in a fluctuating state relative to a horizontal plane, the crack 21 is provided with a plurality of first pressure sensors 11 in the extending direction, the crack 21 is communicated with the second cavity 17, and rocks 18 are filled in the second cavity 17 for simulating a reservoir matrix; the simulated shaft 6 is connected with the plurality of shells 20, a borehole (not shown in the figure) communicated with the liquid inlet 13 of the shell 20 is arranged on the side wall of the simulated shaft 6, a plurality of second pressure sensors 12 are arranged in the simulated shaft 6, and the plurality of second pressure sensors 12 are arranged at intervals along the longitudinal extension direction of the simulated shaft 6; the data acquisition device 7 is used for acquiring data measured by the first pressure sensor 11 and the second pressure sensor 12; and the liquid injection device is used for injecting fracturing liquid into the simulated shaft 6.
Specifically, the simulated wellbore 6 is a hollow tubular body having an upper end and a lower end opposite to each other in the extending direction thereof. The simulated shaft 6 is communicated with the shell 20, a plurality of drill holes can be formed in the wall surface of the simulated shaft, then the simulated shaft 6 and the shell 20 can be connected through a steel pipeline, and fracturing fluid conveyed by the fluid injection device can enter the shell 20 through the simulated shaft 6 and the steel pipeline.
The shell 20 has a hollow structure, a liquid outlet 19 and a liquid inlet 13 are arranged on the shell 20, and the liquid inlet 13 is communicated with the simulated shaft 6. Disposed within the housing 20 are a first chamber 8 adjacent the inlet port 13 and a second chamber 17 adjacent the outlet port 19. The first chamber 8 is filled with a crack pattern 81, the crack pattern 81 including a crack 21, the crack 21 being in communication with the second chamber 17. The second chamber 17 is filled with rock 18 to simulate the reservoir matrix so that after entering from the first chamber 8, the fracturing fluid can enter the second chamber 17 along the fracture 21 and exit through the fluid outlet 19 to simulate the fluid loss process. In order to facilitate the laboratory to see the flowing process of the fracturing fluid inside the housing 20, the housing 20 may be made of transparent glass.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, in order to facilitate the replacement of the crack model 81, each of the housings 20 includes a first housing 201 and a second housing 202, and the housings 20 may be formed by abutting the first housing 201 and the second housing 202 and connected by a fixing plate 14 connected to the first housing 201 or the second housing 202. The fixing plate 14 may be provided with bolt holes 15, which are fixed by bolts 22 to form a complete housing 20. In the present application, the shape of the case 20 is not particularly limited as long as a closed cavity is formed for installing the crack model 81.
In the present embodiment, a plurality of casings 20 are provided along the circumference of the pseudo well bore 6. The specific number of the housings 20 is not limited in this application, and two, three or more may be provided. The shape of the housing 20 can be matched with the simulated borehole 6, for example, the first housing 201 and the second housing 202 can be provided with arc structures (not shown) matched with the pipe body of the simulated borehole 6, and the simulated borehole 6 is located between the plurality of housings 20.
The crack pattern 81 inside each housing 20 includes the crack 21, and the crack 21 has roughness in a wavy state with respect to the horizontal plane. The crack model 81 can be made using 3D printing techniques and can thus be used to simulate a crack 21 with roughness. When the crack surface with different roughness needs to be simulated, different models can be input and manufactured through a 3D printing technology, and the printed crack model 81 is attached to the wall surface of the shell 20 to simulate the crack 21 with the roughness. In the present embodiment, the maximum undulation height of the crack 21 is characterized as the roughness of the crack 21, i.e., the larger the maximum undulation height of the crack 21, the larger the roughness of the crack 21 is. The fracture 21 is provided with a plurality of first pressure sensors 11 at intervals in the extending direction thereof, and the first pressure sensors are used for measuring the pressure change condition when the fracturing fluid flows in the fracture 21.
Furthermore, a flowmeter is further arranged in the crack 21 and close to the drill hole, the flowmeter is electrically connected with the data acquisition device 7, and the roughness of the crack 21 in each crack model 81 is different. Thus, when the fracturing fluid enters different casings 20, the fracturing fluid flows in a plurality of fractures 21 in a competitive relationship. During the experiment, the flow rate of the fracturing fluid into the corresponding casing 20 may be indicated by a flow meter disposed within each fracture 21. And the volume of the crack 21 in the corresponding shell 20 is obtained, the relationship between the flow entering the shell 20 and the volume and the filtration rate of the crack 21 in the shell 20 is established, the influence of the factors on the flow distribution in different shells 20 is analyzed, and then a flow distribution equation among the cracks 21 can be established according to the experimental result.
In order to facilitate the smooth discharge of the fracturing fluid from the fracture model 81, the fluid outlet 19 may be located at the bottom of the second chamber 17. The second chamber 17 communicates with the slit 21 and the liquid discharge port 19. The process can simulate the fluid loss effect of the fracturing fluid in the reservoir matrix under real conditions. Further, the housing 20 is provided with: the permeable pipe 16 is located between the first cavity 8 and the second cavity 17, one end of the permeable pipe 16 is communicated with the crack model 81, the other end of the permeable pipe 16 is communicated with the second cavity 17, and the permeable pipe 16 is filled with rocks 18 for simulating reservoir matrix and simulating a fracturing fluid filtration process in the crack 21. Therefore, all fracturing fluid flowing out of the fracture model 81 can enter a reservoir matrix, and the accuracy of an experimental result is ensured.
In this specification, the experimental system includes a fluid loss control device comprising: a first reservoir 91; a first flow path provided between the first liquid storage container 91 and the liquid discharge port 19, and provided with a first valve 31 for adjusting a fluid loss rate and a first detection unit 41 for detecting a fluid loss parameter.
The fluid loss control device is communicated with the liquid outlet 19 and is used for controlling the fluid loss coefficient of the fracturing fluid in the reservoir matrix. Wherein the first liquid storage container 91 is used for representing the fluid loss volume of the fracture, and the first liquid storage container 91 is connected with the liquid outlet 19 through a pipeline. A first detection unit 41 and a first valve 31 are arranged on the pipeline, and the first detection unit 41 can be a flowmeter. The first valve 31 is specifically a throttle valve, the valve opening size of which is adjustable, and adjusts the fluid loss rate to a value required for an experiment based on data displayed by the first detection unit 41.
In the experimental process, the fluid loss rate can be set to be a first set value through the opening degree of the first valve 31, the first set value can be determined according to experimental needs, and the fluid loss process of the fracturing fluid in the reservoir matrix under the real condition can be simulated, so that the influence of the fluid loss factor of the fracturing fluid on the flowing process of the fracturing fluid in the fracture can be researched.
The injection device comprises a second reservoir 92 for storing fracturing fluid; and a second flow passage arranged between the second liquid storage container 92 and the upper end of the simulated shaft 6, wherein the second flow passage is provided with a second valve 32 for adjusting the liquid injection quantity parameter, a second detection unit 42 for detecting the liquid injection quantity parameter and a pressure control mechanism for adjusting the pumping parameter.
The second reservoir 92 is used to hold the fracturing fluid, which can be prepared according to the formulation of the fracturing fluid in actual construction. The fracturing fluids in different construction stages are different, the second liquid storage container 92 is internally divided into a plurality of layers, and the fracturing fluids with different formulas can be placed, for example, the pad fluid is placed on the upper layer, and the sand-carrying fluid and the propping agent are placed on the lower layer.
The second liquid storage container 92 is connected with the upper end of the simulated well bore 6 through a pipeline and a sealing joint, and the connection tightness is ensured. A second valve 32 and a second sensing unit 42 are provided in the line, the second sensing unit 42 being located downstream of the second valve 32 on the second flow path. The second valve 32 is specifically a throttle valve, the opening of which can be adjusted, and adjusts the flow of the fracturing fluid to the value required by the experiment according to the data displayed by the second detection unit 42, so as to change the injection displacement, perform the variable displacement experiment, and study the influence rule of the fracturing fluid displacement on pressure propagation. The second flow passage may further include a pressure data collector 5 for collecting pressure parameters of the fracturing fluid.
Further, the pressure control mechanism may include: a frequency controller 1 and a pulse pump 2. The pulse pump 2 is used for adjusting the amplitude of the pumping pressure or flow, and the frequency controller 1 is used for adjusting the waveform and the frequency of the pressure or flow. During pumping, by setting the frequency controller 1 and the pulse pump 2, pumping parameters of the pulse pump can be set according to waveforms, injection pressure frequency and injection pressure amplitude in an experimental scheme, and the fracturing fluid in the second reservoir 92 is continuously injected into the simulated wellbore 6 in a pulse mode. The pressure control mechanism can realize simulation conditions under variable injection pressure.
In this specification, the experimental system may further include an exhaust device including: an air-extracting mechanism 10 for extracting air; and the third flow passage is arranged between the air pumping mechanism 10 and the lower end of the simulated shaft 6 and is in sealing connection with the lower end of the simulated shaft 6, and a third valve 33 is arranged on the third flow passage.
Specifically, the air-extracting mechanism 10 may be a vacuum pump, or may be other devices capable of extracting air. When the simulation device is used, the first valve 31 and the second valve 32 need to be closed, then the third valve 33 and the air pumping mechanism 10 are opened, air in the simulation shaft 6, the shell 20, the first flow passage and the second flow passage can be pumped out completely, no air bubble exists in the subsequent fracturing fluid injection process, and therefore inaccuracy of an experimental result is avoided. The air pumping mechanism 10 is connected with the lower end of the simulation shaft 6 through a pipeline and a sealing joint, so that the connection sealing performance is ensured. The third flow passage is provided with a third valve 33, and the third valve 33 can be a throttle valve, and the opening of the throttle valve can be adjusted. The third valve 33 may be a normal valve and may be switched between an open state and a closed state.
Further, the exhaust apparatus further includes: a third reservoir 93; and a bypass branch provided between the third flow path and the third reservoir 93, and the bypass branch is provided with a fourth valve 34. The third reservoir 93 is used for collecting waste liquid discharged from the simulated well bore 6. As shown in fig. 1, when air needs to be pumped, the first valve 31, the second valve 32 and the fourth valve 34 are all closed, and the third valve 33 and the air pumping mechanism 10 are opened to pump air. After the experiment is finished, the residual fracturing fluid can be discharged through the lower end of the simulation shaft 6, and the third valve 33 needs to be closed, so that the fracturing fluid is prevented from entering the air pumping mechanism 10 along the third flow channel, and the equipment is prevented from being damaged. At this point the fourth valve 34 is opened and the fracturing fluid can pass along the bypass branch to the third reservoir 93 for storage.
In this specification, a plurality of second pressure sensors 12 are disposed in the simulated wellbore 6, the plurality of second pressure sensors 12 are disposed at intervals along the lengthwise extending direction of the simulated wellbore 6, and the plurality of second pressure sensors 12 are electrically connected to the data acquisition device 7.
In this embodiment, the inside of the simulated wellbore 6 and the fracture 21 are both provided with pressure sensors, and the pressure sensors are electrically connected with the data acquisition device 7, so as to acquire the relationship between the pressures of the monitoring points at the fracture 21 and the relationship between the pressures of the monitoring points at the simulated wellbore 6. The pulse fracturing fluid is alternating water flow with waveform changing pressure, when the alternating water flow circulates in the simulation shaft 6, certain friction loss can be generated between the alternating water flow and the inner wall of the simulation shaft 6 due to friction, pressure can be attenuated when pulse hydraulic power is transmitted in the shaft, and then the transmission process of the fracturing fluid in the crack 21 is influenced. Through the data obtained by the first pressure sensor 11, the second pressure sensor 12 and the flow meter in the crack 21 and the drilling hole size of the connecting shell 20 and the simulated well bore 6, the friction loss at the drilling hole under the condition of variable injection displacement or variable injection pressure can be established, and the pressure difference between the pressure at the well bore and the pressure at the crack 21 can be analyzed, so that the influence factors of the pulse pressure attenuation can be comprehensively analyzed.
The application also provides an experimental method of the shaft-fracture experimental system for simulating the injection of the fracturing fluid, wherein the experimental method comprises the following steps:
s10: closing the first valve 31 and the second valve 32, opening the third valve 33, and activating the pumping mechanism 10 to pump out the air in the simulated wellbore 6 and the housing 20;
s20: opening the pressure control mechanism and the second valve 32, and injecting fracturing fluid into the simulated shaft 6 until the shell 20 is filled with the fracturing fluid;
s30: closing all valves, and checking the tightness of the experimental system until no liquid leakage occurs;
s40: opening the first valve 31, and adjusting the opening of the first valve 31 to make the data measured by the first detection unit 41 be a first set value;
s50: and opening the second valve 32, and continuing to inject the fracturing fluid until the injection amount of the fracturing fluid reaches the designed pumping amount.
In this specification, before the step of injecting the fracturing fluid into the simulated well bore 6, the first valve 31 and the second valve 32 need to be closed, the third valve 33 needs to be opened, and the air pumping mechanism 10 needs to be started to pump out the air in the simulated well bore 6 and the housing 20. And air in the simulation shaft 6, the shell 20, the first flow passage and the second flow passage is completely extracted, so that no air bubble exists in the subsequent fracturing fluid injection process, and the inaccuracy of an experimental result is avoided.
In the process of injecting the fracturing fluid, the first valve 31, the third valve 33 and the fourth valve 34 need to be closed, and after the casing 20 is filled with the fracturing fluid, whether a leakage phenomenon occurs in the experimental system is detected. If the liquid leakage phenomenon does not exist, the connection among all the equipment of the experimental system is complete, otherwise, the relevant equipment needs to be replaced, and the equipment connection is checked again until the liquid leakage phenomenon does not exist in the experimental system.
And then setting the fluid loss rate of the fracturing fluid according to the experimental scheme, adjusting the opening of the first valve 31 according to the fluid loss rate value measured by the first detection unit 41 until the fluid loss rate meets the experimental scheme, and representing the fluid loss volume of the fracture by the liquid volume in the first liquid storage container 91. The parameters of the pulse pump injection can be set according to the waveform, frequency and amplitude in the experimental scheme, and the fracturing fluid in the second liquid storage container 92 is continuously injected into the simulated well bore 6, and the values of the pressure sensor and the flowmeter are recorded in the process until the values are stable.
In this specification, the experimental method further comprises: changing the experimental working conditions, and repeating the steps to carry out a plurality of groups of experiments, wherein the experimental working conditions comprise any one or a combination of several of the following: fluid loss rate, roughness of fractures 21, number of fractures 21 (achieved by changing the number of casings 20), pulse pressure frequency, pulse pressure amplitude, injection displacement of fracturing fluid.
For a further understanding of the present application, the wellbore-fracture experiment system and experiment method for simulating the injection of fracturing fluid in the embodiment of the present application will be further described with reference to fig. 1 to 4.
In the embodiment of the application, fracturing is performed by taking the experimental scheme in the following table as an example, and the influence of the roughness of the fracture, the fluid loss coefficient of the fracturing fluid (representing the fluid loss rate) and the number of 21 fractures on the propagation of the pulse pressure in the fracture is respectively researched. In the experiment process, the experiment temperature is 25 ℃, and the pumping time is 25 min. The pumping frequency of the pulse pump is 10Hz, and the pumping amplitude is 10 MPa. The length of the crack is 10m, and the height of the crack is 5 mm. The crack roughness is described using the maximum undulation height of the crack 21.
Table 1 experimental protocol for investigating the influence of fluid loss coefficient on the propagation of impulse pressure in fractures
| Fluid loss coefficient m/min0.5 | Maximum undulation height mm of crack | Number of cracks strip |
| 0.0002 | 2 | 1 |
| 0.0003 | 2 | 1 |
| 0.0004 | 2 | 1 |
Table 2 experimental protocol for investigating the influence of the roughness of the fracture on the propagation of the impulse pressure in the fracture
| Fluid loss coefficient m/min0.5 | Maximum undulation height mm of crack | Number of cracks strip |
| 0.0002 | 1 | 1 |
| 0.0002 | 2 | 1 |
| 0.0002 | 3 | 1 |
TABLE 3 Experimental protocol for investigating the influence of the number of cracks on the propagation of the impulse pressure in the cracks
| Fluid loss coefficient m/min0.5 | Maximum undulation height mm of crack | Number of cracks strip |
| 0.0002 | 2 | 1 |
| 0.0002 | 2 | 2 |
| 0.0002 | 2 | 4 |
The experimental set-up was connected as shown in FIG. 1. Then, the fracturing fluid is prepared, and the pad fluid and the sand carrying fluid are layered in the second liquid storage container 92. The conventional formula (Kcl + resistance reducing agent + clay anti-swelling agent + cleanup additive) in the clean water fracturing technology has the concentration of the fracturing fluid containing the proppant of 60Kg/m3。
First, the third valve 33 is opened, the air pumping mechanism 10 is started, and the air in the experimental system is pumped to be dry, including the inside of the simulated shaft 6, the inside of the shell 20 and the inside of the connecting pipe are pumped to be clean. Then the third valve 33 is closed and the first valve 31 and the second valve 32 are opened, and fracturing fluid is slowly injected into the simulated well bore 6 through the second flow passage. When the fracturing fluid flows into the first reservoir 91 through the first flow channel, all valves in the experimental system are closed, and the experimental system is filled with the fracturing fluid. And slowly increasing the pressure of the pulse pump 2 until the pressure reaches 20MPa, and checking whether the system has a liquid leakage phenomenon. If the liquid leakage phenomenon does not exist, the system is well connected; otherwise, the related equipment is replaced, and the equipment connection is checked again until the experimental equipment has no liquid leakage phenomenon.
When the experiment system has no liquid leakage phenomenon, the opening degree of the first valve 31 is adjusted to change the fracturing fluid filtration rate, and the filtration rate value is measured through the first detection unit 41 until the filtration rate is 0.00004 m/min. At this time, the fluid loss coefficient was 0.0002m/min0.5. Setting a pulse pump injection parameter, setting the frequency of the frequency controller 1 to be 10Hz, setting the injection pressure amplitude of the pulse pump 2 to be 10MPa, setting the waveform to be a sine line, continuously injecting the fracturing fluid in the second liquid storage container 92 into the simulated shaft 6, recording the numerical values of the pressure sensor and the flowmeter at each position until the numerical values are kept stable, and recording the liquid volume in the first liquid storage container 91 to represent the fracture filtration volume.
In an experiment, the collected pressure data may be converted into an image using origin software to analyze the relationship between the pressures at the monitoring points in the simulated wellbore 6, the relationship between the pressures at the monitoring points in the fracture 21, and the relationship between the pressure in the simulated wellbore 6 and the pressure in the fracture 21.
And changing the experimental working condition, and repeating the steps to carry out multiple groups of experiments. For example, the opening of the first valve 31 is adjusted to change the fluid loss rate of the fracturing fluid, and the fluid loss rate value is measured by the first detection unit 41 until the fluid loss rate is 0.00006m/min, i.e., the fluid loss coefficient is 0.0003m/min0.5All experiments were completed until the fluid loss coefficients were adjusted to the experimental data in table 1. Or, for example, a maximum relief height of the crack of 2.5mm is made using a 3D printing technique until the crack roughness is adjusted to the experimental data in table 2 to change the roughness of the crack 21, and all experiments are completed. Alternatively, for example, the number of the crack models 81 is 2 by using the 3D printing technique until the number of cracks is adjusted to the experimental data in table 3, and all the experiments are completed. In the above experiment process, the pulse pressure frequency and the pulse pressure amplitude may also be changed, and multiple sets of experiments are performed, which is not illustrated herein.
In order to ensure the accuracy of the experiment, repeated experiments are required. The experiment of the influence of the roughness of the fracture, the loss of fluid and the number of the fracture on the propagation of the pulse pressure in the fracture is completed through the experiment. And analyzing the influence of the roughness of the cracks, the loss coefficient of the fracturing fluid and the number of the cracks on the propagation of the pulse pressure in the cracks respectively by utilizing the pressure data monitored by the experiment.
The above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical concepts and features of the present application, and the purpose of the present invention is to enable those skilled in the art to understand the content of the present application and implement the present application, and not to limit the protection scope of the present application. All equivalent changes and modifications made according to the spirit of the present application should be covered in the protection scope of the present application.
All articles and references disclosed, including patent applications and publications, are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes. The term "consisting essentially of …" describing a combination shall include the identified element, ingredient, component or step as well as other elements, ingredients, components or steps that do not materially affect the basic novel characteristics of the combination. The use of the terms "comprising" or "including" to describe combinations of elements, components, or steps herein also contemplates embodiments that consist essentially of such elements, components, or steps. By using the term "may" herein, it is intended to indicate that any of the described attributes that "may" include are optional.
A plurality of elements, components, parts or steps can be provided by a single integrated element, component, part or step. Alternatively, a single integrated element, component, part or step may be divided into separate plural elements, components, parts or steps. The disclosure of "a" or "an" to describe an element, ingredient, component or step is not intended to foreclose other elements, ingredients, components or steps.
It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Many embodiments and many applications other than the examples provided will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading the above description. The disclosures of all articles and references, including patent applications and publications, are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
Claims (10)
1. A wellbore-fracture experimental system for simulating injection of a fracturing fluid, the experimental system comprising:
a plurality of casings that have hollow structure, every the casing has leakage fluid dram and inlet, be provided with in the casing: the fracture model comprises a fracture, the fracture has roughness in an undulating state relative to a horizontal plane, a plurality of first pressure sensors are arranged in the fracture in the extending direction of the fracture, the fracture is communicated with the second cavity, and rock is filled in the second cavity and used for simulating a reservoir matrix;
the simulated shaft is connected with the plurality of shells, a drilling hole communicated with the liquid inlet of the shell is formed in the side wall of the simulated shaft, a plurality of second pressure sensors are arranged in the simulated shaft, and the second pressure sensors are arranged at intervals along the lengthwise extension direction of the simulated shaft;
the data acquisition device is used for acquiring data measured by the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor;
and the injection device is used for injecting fracturing fluid into the simulated shaft.
2. The wellbore-fracture experimental system for simulating fracturing fluid injection of claim 1, wherein the experimental system comprises a fluid loss control device comprising: a first reservoir container; and the first flow channel is arranged between the first liquid storage container and the liquid outlet, and is provided with a first valve for adjusting the filtration rate and a first detection unit for detecting the filtration loss parameter.
3. The wellbore-fracture experimental system for simulating injection of fracturing fluid of claim 1, wherein each of the housings has disposed therein: and the permeable pipe is positioned between the first cavity and the second cavity, one end of the permeable pipe is communicated with the crack model, the other end of the permeable pipe is communicated with the second cavity, and rock is filled in the permeable pipe to simulate a reservoir matrix.
4. The wellbore-fracture experimental system for simulating injection of fracturing fluid according to claim 2, wherein the fluid injection device comprises: a second reservoir vessel for storing fracturing fluid; and the second flow channel is arranged between the second liquid storage container and the upper end of the simulated shaft, and is provided with a second valve for adjusting the liquid injection quantity parameter, a second detection unit for detecting the liquid injection quantity parameter and a pressure control mechanism for adjusting the pump injection parameter.
5. The wellbore-fracture experimental system for simulating fracturing fluid injection of claim 4, wherein the pressure control mechanism comprises: a pulse pump and a frequency controller for adjusting the frequency of the pumping pressure.
6. The wellbore-fracture experimental system for simulating fracturing fluid injection of claim 4, wherein the experimental system further comprises an exhaust device, the exhaust device comprising: an air extraction mechanism for extracting air; and the third flow channel is arranged between the air pumping mechanism and the lower end of the simulated shaft and is in sealing connection with the lower end of the simulated shaft, and a third valve is arranged on the third flow channel.
7. The wellbore-fracture experimental system for simulating fracturing fluid injection of claim 6, wherein the gas exhaust device further comprises: a third reservoir; and a bypass branch arranged between the third flow channel and the third liquid storage container, wherein a fourth valve is arranged on the bypass branch.
8. The wellbore-fracture experimental system for simulating injection of fracturing fluid of claim 1, wherein the fracture model is obtained by a 3D printing technique.
9. The wellbore-fracture experimental system for simulating injection of a fracturing fluid of claim 8, wherein the fracture model has a fracture, a flowmeter is disposed in the fracture near the borehole, the flowmeter is electrically connected to the data acquisition device, and the fracture roughness in each of the fracture models is different.
10. An experimental method using the wellbore-fracture experimental system for simulating fracturing fluid injection according to claim 6, wherein the experimental method comprises the following steps:
closing the first valve and the second valve, opening the third valve, and starting the air pumping mechanism to pump air out of the simulated shaft and the shell;
opening the pressure control mechanism and the second valve, and injecting fracturing fluid into the simulated shaft until the shell is filled with the fracturing fluid;
closing all valves, and checking the tightness of the experimental system until no liquid leakage occurs;
opening the first valve, and adjusting the opening of the first valve to enable the data measured by the first detection unit to be a first set value;
and opening the second valve, and continuing to inject the fracturing fluid until the injection amount of the fracturing fluid reaches the designed pumping amount.
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