CN112719557B - Method and device for realizing non-uniform heat flux density distribution by using electron beam scanning - Google Patents
Method and device for realizing non-uniform heat flux density distribution by using electron beam scanning Download PDFInfo
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- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
Abstract
The invention discloses a method and a device for realizing non-uniform heat flux density distribution by using electron beam scanning, wherein the method comprises the following steps: carrying out scanning point regularized discrete processing on the original target heat flux density to obtain a discrete target heat flux density; planning a scanning path according to the heat flow density characteristics and the geometric characteristics of the scanning area; establishing an energy balance equation set of the scanning heat flux density and the target heat flux density in a scanning period, and solving the energy balance equation set to obtain the scanning dwell time of different scanning points; calculating according to the scanning path and the scanning retention time to obtain scanning heat flow density; the invention has the advantages that: non-uniform heat flow density distribution is achieved and the acquired scanning heat flow density has higher precision.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of electron beam scanning, in particular to a method and a device for realizing non-uniform heat flux density distribution by utilizing electron beam scanning.
Background
The aircraft generates violent friction with the atmosphere when moving at the hypersonic speed, and the wall surface is in a high-temperature and high-heat-flux-density environment. In order to ensure the heat resistance of the material and the reliability of the thermal protection measures, the development of ground high heat flow and high temperature test technology is required. The current common technical means comprise a quartz lamp array and a hypersonic wind tunnel, wherein a heat source in the hypersonic wind tunnel cannot directly heat materials, the energy utilization efficiency is low, and a large amount of gas sources are needed; quartz lamps have temperature limitations, and heating materials by radiation cannot generate high heat flux density, and are limited by their own volume, and cannot realize high heat flux density gradients.
Compared with the means, the electron beam has the advantages of high energy density, high resolution, high response and the like, is commonly used for welding, additive manufacturing, evaporation coating and the like, and has the heat efficiency of heating the metal material by the electron beam basically higher than 0.7 in the process of welding the material, so that energy can be saved to a great extent. The highest energy density of the electron beam can reach 107W/cm2And the heat flux density is far higher than the heat flux density requirement for thermal examination of materials. In addition, the diameter of the electron beam spot is controlled in millimeter magnitude by controlling the electromagnetic field and high-speed scanning is performed, so that high heat flux density gradient can be realized.
Chinese patent application No. CN03116992.9 discloses an electron beam scanning heating temperature closed-loop control method, belonging to the technical field of welding. The method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of carrying out process control, temperature signal acquisition and electronic beam current adjustment on an electron beam welding machine through computer programming, enabling an electron beam to scan and heat a workpiece along a set track and a set mode under the control of a computer program, inputting a temperature signal of a detection point of a heating area of the workpiece, which is measured by a bicolor infrared thermometer in real time, into a computer through a data acquisition card, comparing the temperature signal with a set value, and increasing or decreasing the electronic beam current according to a comparison result to maintain the temperature of the detection point on the workpiece to be constant, so that closed-loop control of an electron beam heating temperature field is realized. The invention realizes the closed-loop control of the electron beam scanning heating temperature field, and the temperature measuring device has the characteristics of quick response, high sensitivity, high resolution and the like; can realize high-speed data acquisition and processing, and is convenient to operate. The invention can be used in the condition that electron beams are used as heat sources, and is also suitable for temperature closed-loop control by using other high-energy beams as heat sources. But the invention can not realize non-uniform heat flow distribution and the accuracy of scanning heat flow is difficult to guarantee.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems that the electron beam scanning method in the prior art cannot realize non-uniform heat flux density distribution and the accuracy of the scanning heat flux density is difficult to ensure.
The invention solves the technical problems through the following technical means: a method of achieving a non-uniform heat flux density distribution using electron beam scanning, the method comprising:
the method comprises the following steps: carrying out scanning point regularized discrete processing on the original target heat flux density to obtain a discrete target heat flux density;
step two: planning a scanning path according to the heat flow density characteristics and the geometric characteristics of the scanning area;
step three: establishing an energy balance equation set of the scanning heat flux density and the target heat flux density in a scanning period, and solving the energy balance equation set to obtain the scanning dwell time of different scanning points;
step four: and calculating to obtain the scanning heat flux density according to the scanning path and the scanning dwell time.
The invention takes the electron beam as a heat source to scan on the surface of a material, realizes non-uniform heat flux density distribution by controlling the dwell time of different positions, discretizes the original target heat flux density data, establishes an energy balance equation for each scanning point in a scanning period, solves the dwell time of each scanning point, and obtains the scanning heat flux density with higher precision through a scanning path and the scanning dwell time.
Further, in the first step, a linear interpolation method, a quadratic interpolation method or a higher-order interpolation method is used to perform scanning point regularization discrete processing on the original target heat flux density.
Further, the third step includes: when the center of the beam spot is positioned at the center point of the surface of the material, the average heat flow density of the j point of the surface of the material in one scanning period is
Wherein, Δ tiThe residence time of the ith scanning point in the beam spot on the center point of the surface of the material is shown, i is 1,2,3 … n,nindicating the number of scanning points, T0Represents one scanning period and
q″ijwhich represents the heat flow density at point j on the material surface when the beam spot center is at the material surface center point.
Further, the third step further includes: by the formula
Constructing an energy conservation equation, wherein Q'jRepresenting the target heat flux density at the scan point j on the surface of the material.
Further, the third step further includes: all the scanning points on the surface of the material should satisfy the energy conservation relation, so that the energy conservation relation is expressed by a formula
Establishing an energy balance equation of the scanning heat flux density and the target heat flux densityAnd (4) grouping.
Further, the energy balance equation set is solved through an iterative solution method or a matrix inversion method to obtain the scanning dwell time of different scanning points.
The invention also provides a device for realizing non-uniform heat flux density distribution by using electron beam scanning, which comprises:
the data processing module is used for carrying out scanning point regularized discrete processing on the original target heat flow to obtain discrete target heat flow density;
the path planning module is used for planning a scanning path according to the heat flow characteristics and the geometric characteristics of the scanning area;
the scanning dwell time acquisition module is used for establishing an energy balance equation set of the scanning heat flux density and the target heat flux density in one scanning period and solving the energy balance equation set to obtain the scanning dwell time of different scanning points;
and the scanning heat flow density acquisition module is used for calculating to obtain the scanning heat flow density according to the scanning path and the scanning residence time.
Further, in the data processing module, a linear interpolation or a quadratic interpolation or a higher-order interpolation method is used for performing scanning point regularized discrete processing on the original target heat flux density.
Further, the scan dwell time acquisition module is further configured to: when the center of the beam spot is positioned at the center point of the surface of the material, the average heat flow density of the j point of the surface of the material in one scanning period is
Wherein, Δ tiThe residence time of the ith scanning point in the beam spot on the central point of the surface of the material is shown, i is 1,2,3 … n,nindicating the number of scanning points, T0Represents one scanning period and
q″ijand the heat flow density of the j point on the surface of the material is shown when the center of the beam spot is positioned at the center point of the surface of the material.
Go further forwardOne step, the scanning dwell time acquisition module is further configured to: by the formula
Constructing an energy conservation equation, wherein Q ″)jRepresenting the target heat flux density at the scan point j on the surface of the material.
Still further, the scan dwell time acquisition module is further configured to: all scanning points on the surface of the material should satisfy the energy conservation relation, so that the energy conservation relation is obtained through a formula
And establishing an energy balance equation set of the scanning heat flow density and the target heat flow density.
Further, the energy balance equation set is solved through an iterative solution method or a matrix inversion method to obtain the scanning dwell time of different scanning points.
The invention has the advantages that: the invention takes electron beams as a heat source to scan the surface of a material, realizes non-uniform heat flux density distribution by controlling the residence time of different positions, discretizes the original target heat flux density data, establishes an energy balance equation for each scanning point in a scanning period, solves the residence time of each scanning point, and obtains the scanning heat flux density with higher precision through a scanning path and the scanning residence time.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of electron beam scanning heating;
fig. 2 is a schematic view of an electron beam scanning method for achieving a non-uniform heat flux density distribution by using the electron beam scanning according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a target heat flux density graph in a gaussian distribution in a method for achieving non-uniform heat flux density distribution by using electron beam scanning according to an embodiment of the present invention, where (a) is a target heat flux density distribution graph, and (b) is a target heat flux density gradient distribution graph;
FIG. 4 is a scanned heat flux density map solved for the target heat flux density of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the error in the target heat flux density versus the scanned heat flux density.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, a schematic diagram of electron beam scanning heating is shown, which has the following general principles: the vacuum chamber 1 provides a vacuum environment, the metal wire of the cathode 2 emits electrons after being electrified and heated, the electrons form a high-energy electron beam 4 after being accelerated by the anode 3, the electron beam 4 is focused to the size of a specified beam spot and is targeted to a corresponding position after the action of the focusing magnetic field 5 and the deflecting magnetic field 6, the deflecting magnetic field 6 is adjusted to enable the beam spot to be rapidly scanned on the target 7 to realize heating, the target 7 is fixed on the cooling facility 8, and the whole vacuum chamber 1 and the cooling facility 8 are arranged on the support frame 9. The invention provides a method for realizing non-uniform heat flux density distribution by using electron beam scanning, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: carrying out scanning point regularized discrete processing on the original target heat flux density to obtain a discrete target heat flux density; specifically, a linear interpolation method, a quadratic interpolation method, or a higher-order interpolation method is used to perform scanning point regularized discrete processing on the original target heat flux density, and the linear interpolation method, the quadratic interpolation method, or the higher-order interpolation method are all the prior art and are not described herein again.
Step two: planning a scanning path according to the heat flow density characteristics and the geometric characteristics of the scanning area;
step three: establishing an energy balance equation set of the scanning heat flux density and the target heat flux density in a scanning period, and solving the energy balance equation set to obtain the scanning dwell time of different scanning points; the specific process is as follows:
as shown in fig. 2, the center point of the material surface is point I, and in the scanning process of the electron beam, when the center of the beam spot is located at the center point I of the material surface, the center of the beam spot continuously moves on the material surface according to the S-shaped scanning track, point J of the material surface interacts with the electron beam in the process to absorb heat, and the absorbed heat changes along with the movement of the beam spot. When the center of the beam spot is positioned at the center point of the surface of the material, the average heat flow density of the j point of the surface of the material in one scanning period is
Wherein, DeltatiThe residence time of the ith scanning point in the beam spot on the central point of the surface of the material is shown, i is 1,2,3 … n,nindicating the number of scanning points, T0Represents one scanning period and
q″ijwhich represents the heat flow density at point j on the material surface when the beam spot center is at the material surface center point.
In order to achieve the target heat flux density by the electron beam scanning heating method, the average heat flux density at the point J should be equal to the target heat flux density Q ″', at that pointjThus, an energy conservation equation can be constructed
All scanning points on the surface of the material should satisfy the energy conservation relation, so that an equation set can be established:
and solving the energy balance equation set by using an iterative solution method or a matrix inversion method to obtain the scanning dwell time of different scanning points, wherein the iterative solution method or the matrix inversion method are both in the prior art and are not described herein again.
Step four: and calculating to obtain the scanning heat flux density according to the scanning path and the scanning residence time, specifically, obtaining the scanning residence time of each scanning point in the scanning path, and then scanning and heating the material according to the specific scanning path to obtain the scanning heat flux density. The scanning heat flow density obtained by the method has extremely high precision, and the relative error between the scanning heat flow density and the target heat flow density can be controlled within 5 percent. For the target heat flow density shown in fig. 3 with a maximum value of 5.1MW/m2 and a maximum heat flow gradient of 148.5MW/m3, the residence time is obtained by solving the above method, and then the scanning heat flow density is obtained as shown in fig. 4, and the relative error between the scanning heat flow density and the target heat flow density is shown in fig. 5, and the maximum error is not more than 5%.
According to the technical scheme, the method for achieving the non-uniform heat flux density distribution by using the electron beam scanning comprises the steps of scanning the surface of a material by using the electron beam as a heat source, achieving the non-uniform heat flux density distribution by controlling the residence time of different positions, carrying out discretization processing on original target heat flux density data, establishing an energy balance equation for each scanning point in one scanning period, solving the residence time of each scanning point, and obtaining the scanning heat flux density with high precision through a scanning path and the scanning residence time.
Example 2
Corresponding to embodiment 1 of the present invention, embodiment 2 of the present invention further provides a device for realizing non-uniform heat flow by using electron beam scanning, where the device includes:
the data processing module is used for carrying out scanning point regularized discrete processing on the original target heat flux density to obtain a discrete target heat flux density;
the path planning module is used for planning a scanning path according to the heat flow density characteristics and the geometric characteristics of the scanning area;
the scanning dwell time acquisition module is used for establishing an energy balance equation set of the scanning heat flux density and the target heat flux density in a scanning period and solving the energy balance equation set to obtain the scanning dwell time of different scanning points;
and the scanning heat flow density acquisition module is used for calculating to obtain the scanning heat flow density according to the scanning path and the scanning residence time.
Specifically, in the data processing module, the scanning point regularized discrete processing is performed on the original target heat flow density by using a linear interpolation method, a quadratic interpolation method or a higher-order interpolation method.
Specifically, the scanning dwell time acquisition module is further configured to: when the center of the beam spot is positioned at the center point of the surface of the material, the average heat flow density of the j point of the surface of the material in one scanning period is
Wherein, Δ tiThe residence time of the ith scanning point in the beam spot on the center point of the surface of the material is shown, i is 1,2,3 … n,nindicating the number of scanning points, T0Represents one scanning period and
q″ijwhich represents the heat flow density at point j on the material surface when the beam spot center is at the material surface center point.
More specifically, the scan dwell time acquisition module is further configured to: by the formula
Constructing an energy conservation equation, wherein Q ″)jRepresenting the target heat flux density at the scan point j on the surface of the material.
More specifically, the scan dwell time acquisition module is further configured to: all scanning points on the surface of the material should satisfy the energy conservation relation, so that the energy conservation relation is obtained through a formula
And establishing an energy balance equation set of the scanning heat flow density and the target heat flow density.
Specifically, the energy balance equation set is solved through an iterative solution method or a matrix inversion method to obtain the scanning dwell time of different scanning points.
The above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for achieving a non-uniform heat flux density distribution using electron beam scanning, the method comprising:
the method comprises the following steps: carrying out scanning point regularized discrete processing on the original target heat flux density to obtain a discrete target heat flux density;
step two: planning a scanning path according to the heat flow density characteristics and the geometric characteristics of the scanning area;
step three: establishing an energy balance equation set of the scanning heat flux density and the target heat flux density in a scanning period, and solving the energy balance equation set to obtain the scanning dwell time of different scanning points; the specific process is as follows:
when the center of the beam spot is positioned at the center point of the surface of the material, the average heat flow density of the j point of the surface of the material in one scanning period is
Wherein, Δ tiThe residence time of the ith scanning point in the beam spot on the center point of the surface of the material is shown, i is 1,2,3 … n, n represents the number of the scanning points, T0Represents one scanning period and
q″ijrepresenting the heat flow density of j points on the surface of the material when the center of the beam spot is positioned at the center point of the surface of the material;
by the formula
Constructing an energy conservation equation, wherein Q ″)jTarget heat flow representing scan point j of material surfaceDensity;
all the scanning points on the surface of the material should satisfy the energy conservation relation, so that the energy conservation relation is expressed by a formula
Establishing an energy balance equation set of the scanning heat flow density and the target heat flow density;
step four: and calculating according to the scanning path and the scanning residence time to obtain the scanning heat flux density.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step one, the discretization of scanning point regularization is performed on the original target heat flux density by using linear interpolation or quadratic interpolation or higher interpolation method.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the energy balance equation system is solved by an iterative solution or matrix inversion method to obtain the scan dwell time of different scan points.
4. An apparatus for achieving a non-uniform heat flux density distribution using electron beam scanning, the apparatus comprising:
the data processing module is used for carrying out scanning point regularized discrete processing on the original target heat flux density to obtain a discrete target heat flux density;
the path planning module is used for planning a scanning path according to the heat flow density characteristics and the geometric characteristics of the scanning area;
the scanning dwell time acquisition module is used for establishing an energy balance equation set of the scanning heat flux density and the target heat flux density in one scanning period and solving the energy balance equation set to obtain the scanning dwell time of different scanning points; and is also used for:
when the center of the beam spot is positioned at the center point of the surface of the material, the average heat flow of the j point of the surface of the material in one scanning periodHas a density of
Wherein, Δ tiThe residence time of the ith scanning point in the beam spot on the center point of the surface of the material is shown, i is 1,2,3 … n, n represents the number of the scanning points, T0Represents one scanning period and
q″ijrepresenting the heat flow density of j points on the surface of the material when the center of the beam spot is positioned at the center point of the surface of the material;
by the formula
Constructing an energy conservation equation, wherein Q ″)jRepresenting the target heat flux density of a scanning point j on the surface of the material;
all the scanning points on the surface of the material should satisfy the energy conservation relation, so that the energy conservation relation is expressed by a formula
Establishing an energy balance equation set of the scanning heat flow density and the target heat flow density;
and the scanning heat flow density acquisition module is used for calculating to obtain the scanning heat flow density according to the scanning path and the scanning residence time.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the data processing module performs discretization processing of scan point regularization on the original target heat flux density by using linear interpolation or quadratic interpolation or higher interpolation method.
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