CN112693320A - 具有交错式可变电压转换器的汽车电驱动系统 - Google Patents

具有交错式可变电压转换器的汽车电驱动系统 Download PDF

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CN112693320A
CN112693320A CN202011116632.6A CN202011116632A CN112693320A CN 112693320 A CN112693320 A CN 112693320A CN 202011116632 A CN202011116632 A CN 202011116632A CN 112693320 A CN112693320 A CN 112693320A
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葛宝明
陈礼华
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1584—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/28—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2200/00—Type of vehicle
    • B60Y2200/90—Vehicles comprising electric prime movers
    • B60Y2200/91—Electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2200/00—Type of vehicle
    • B60Y2200/90—Vehicles comprising electric prime movers
    • B60Y2200/92—Hybrid vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2400/00—Special features of vehicle units
    • B60Y2400/61—Arrangements of controllers for electric machines, e.g. inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
    • H01F3/10—Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
    • H01F3/14—Constrictions; Gaps, e.g. air-gaps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0064—Magnetic structures combining different functions, e.g. storage, filtering or transformation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/14—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output
    • H02M1/143—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output using compensating arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1584—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel
    • H02M3/1586—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel switched with a phase shift, i.e. interleaved
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to controlling arrangements characterised by the converter used
    • H02P2201/03—AC-DC converter stage controlled to provide a defined DC link voltage
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

本公开提供了“具有交错式可变电压转换器的汽车电驱动系统”。一种双向可变电压转换器在牵引电池与电机逆变器之间传输功率。所述双向可变电压转换器包括电容器、两个功率模块相桥以及具有三个绕组和仅仅四个端子的气隙变压器。所述绕组中的第一个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第一端子和第二端子。所述第一端子与牵引电池的正端子直接电连接，并且所述第二端子与电容器的正端子以及在所述第二绕组和第三绕组之间的接点直接电连接。所述绕组中的第二个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第三端子，所述第三端子与功率模块相桥中的一个直接电连接。所述绕组中的第三个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第四端子，所述第四端子与功率模块相桥中的另一个直接电连接。

Description

具有交错式可变电压转换器的汽车电驱动系统
技术领域
本公开涉及汽车电力电子系统。
背景技术
电动化车辆(包括混合动力车辆、插电式混合动力车辆和电动车辆)被设计为由一个或若干电机(诸如AC感应电机、DC无刷电机和永磁同步电机)推进或部分地推进。电池组包括在电动化车辆中以向电机提供电力。混合动力车辆和插电式混合动力车辆还可具有能够给电池组充电和/或推进电动化车辆的内置式内燃发动机。电池组包括多个串联和/或并联的电池单元以实现高电压和/或高输出功率来满足电机的需要。电池组还向其他设备和电路(诸如DC-DC转换器、车载发电机和空调系统)提供电力。
发明内容
一种汽车电驱动系统包括牵引电池；电机逆变器；以及双向可变电压转换器，所述双向可变电压转换器在所述牵引电池与所述电机逆变器之间传输功率。所述双向可变电压转换器包括电容器、两个功率模块相桥以及具有三个绕组和仅仅四个端子的气隙变压器。所述绕组中的第一个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第一端子和第二端子。所述第一端子与所述牵引电池的正端子直接电连接，并且所述第二端子与所述电容器的正端子以及在所述第二绕组和第三绕组之间的接点直接电连接。所述绕组中的第二个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第三端子，所述第三端子与所述功率模块相桥中的一个直接电连接，并且所述绕组中的第三个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第四端子，所述第四端子与所述功率模块相桥中的另一个直接电连接。
一种汽车电驱动系统包括牵引电池；电机逆变器；以及双向可变电压转换器，所述双向可变电压转换器在所述牵引电池与所述电机逆变器之间传输功率。所述双向可变电压转换器包括电容器、两个功率模块相桥以及具有三个芯和三个绕组的气隙变压器。所述绕组中的第一个仅缠绕在所述芯中的第一个上。所述绕组中的第二个和第三个各自缠绕在所述芯中的所述第一个上和所述芯中的第二个上。设置在所述芯中的所述第一个与第二个之间的所述芯中的第三个不使所述绕组中的任一个缠绕在其上。
一种汽车电驱动系统包括牵引电池；电机逆变器；以及双向可变电压转换器，所述双向可变电压转换器在所述牵引电池与所述电机逆变器之间传输功率。所述双向可变电压转换器包括电容器、两个功率模块相桥以及具有三个芯和三个绕组的气隙变压器。所述绕组中的第一个仅缠绕在所述芯中的第一个上。所述绕组中的第二个和第三个各自仅缠绕在所述芯中的第二个上。所述芯中的所述第一个和第二个彼此直接相邻，并且所述芯中的第三个不使所述绕组中的任一个缠绕在其上。
附图说明
图1是包括典型的交错式可变电压转换器的汽车电驱动系统的一部分的示意图。
图2是包括建议的交错式可变电压转换器的汽车电驱动系统的一部分的示意图。
图3是图2的汽车电驱动系统的一部分的示意图，其具有交错式可变电压转换器的等效电路图。
图4是包括另一种建议的交错式可变电压转换器的汽车电驱动系统的一部分的示意图。
图5是在3μH的杂散电感和内阻Rb＝0.2Ω下的图2和图4的交错式可变电压转换器的iB随时间变化的曲线图。
图6是在3μH的杂散电感和内阻Rb＝0.2Ω下的图2和图4的交错式可变电压转换器的i1和i2随时间变化的曲线图。
图7是在3μH的杂散电感和内阻Rb＝0.2Ω下的图2和图4的交错式可变电压转换器的Vb和Vdc随时间变化的曲线图。
图8是在3μH的杂散电感和内阻Rb＝0.2Ω下的图1的交错式可变电压转换器的iB随时间变化的曲线图。
图9是在3μH的杂散电感和内阻Rb＝0.2Ω下的图1的交错式可变电压转换器的i1和i2随时间变化的曲线图。
图10是在3μH的杂散电感和内阻Rb＝0.2Ω下的图1的交错式可变电压转换器的Vb和Vdc随时间变化的曲线图。
具体实施方式
本文中描述了本公开的实施例。然而，应理解，所公开的实施例仅仅是示例并且其他实施例可以呈现各种和替代形式。附图不一定按比例绘制；一些特征可能被放大或最小化以示出特定部件的细节。因此，本文所公开的具体结构和功能细节不应被解释为是限制性的，而仅是作为教导本领域技术人员以不同方式采用本发明的代表性基础。如本领域的普通技术人员将理解，参考附图中的任一附图示出和描述的各个特征可与一个或多个其他附图中示出的特征组合以产生未明确地示出或描述的实施例。所示特征的组合提供典型应用的代表性实施例。然而，对于特定应用或实现方式，可能希望与本公开的教导一致的对特征的各种组合和修改。
可变电压转换器(VVC)通常应用于混合动力电动车辆(HEV)和电动车辆(EV)。牵引马达驱动器的性能通过VVC的升压能力得到增强，所述升压能力从低电池电压阶梯升高到DC总线电压并且确保期望的DC总线电压，而不管马达/发电机驱动器消耗或产生的功率。对于高功率/高电流VVC而言，多相桥并联以扩展VVC电流额定值。
图1示出了汽车电驱动系统10，其包括牵引电池12、马达/发电机逆变器14、DC链路电容器16以及连接在牵引电池12与DC链路电容器16之间的两相交错式VVC 18。两相交错式VVC 18包括输入电容器20、耦合电感器22和相桥24、26。耦合电感器22和输入电容器20一起工作以将电池电流纹波限制在所需范围内。对于高功率VVC而言，通常需要大型电感器和电容器来实现此目的。因此，设计的高功率VVC可能具有大体积、高重量、高成本和高损耗，这降低了电驱动系统的价值。此外，冷却和包装大型电感器和电容器可能具有挑战。
另外，牵引电池的内阻和杂散电感可能影响在现有VVC中的电池纹波电流。牵引电池可以在低温下具有大电阻(例如，在-40℃下为0.7Ω)，但在高温下具有相当低的电阻(例如，在70℃下为0.025Ω)。当耦合电感器和输入电容器被设计用于现有的VVC以在低温下满足电池纹波电流要求时，所设计的电感器和输入电容器可能无法在高温下满足电池纹波电流要求。当耦合电感器和输入电容器被设计用于现有的VVC以在高温下满足电池纹波电流要求时，所设计的电感器和输入电容器可能具有较大的尺寸。
因此，关于如何设计具有小电感器和小电容器的高功率交错式VVC的问题仍然存在。同时，无论电池内部阻抗如何，电池纹波电流都应保持在低水平下。
这里，提出了VVC来解决上述问题。当与现有解决方案相比时，这种VVC可以降低电感和电容。此外，即使电池内部阻抗可以在较宽的范围内改变，电池纹波电流也总是相当低，这表明对电池内部阻抗改变的稳健的性能。
图2和图3示出了汽车电驱动系统110，其包括牵引电池112、马达/发电机逆变器114、DC链路电容器116以及连接在牵引电池112与DC链路电容器116之间的两相交错式VVC118。两相交错式VVC 118包括输入电容器130、气隙变压器132和相桥134、136。气隙变压器132包括三个芯138、140、142，三个绕组144、146、148和四个端子150、152、154、156。
绕组144仅缠绕在芯138上。绕组146、148各自缠绕在芯138和芯142上。芯140设置在芯138、142之间，并且不使绕组144、146、148中的任一个缠绕在其上。
绕组144限定端子150、152。绕组146限定端子156。绕组148限定端子154。端子150与牵引电池112的正端子直接电连接。端子152与输入电容器130的正端子和绕组146、148的接点直接电连接。端子154与相桥134直接电连接。端子156与相桥136直接电连接。
芯138上的绕组144、146、148具有N：1：1的匝数比。芯142上的绕组146、148是耦合的。芯140提供共同磁路。电池纹波电流ΔiB与两个相桥的电流纹波Δi1和Δi2具有以下关系：
Figure BDA0002730511910000051
其中Δim是磁化电流纹波，其不流入牵引电池112。当设计大的磁化电感时，Δim是可忽略的，并且因此
Figure BDA0002730511910000052
当设计小的磁化电感时，ΔiB远小于(Δi1+Δi2)/N。
图4示出了汽车电驱动系统210，其包括牵引电池212、马达/发电机逆变器214、DC链路电容器216以及连接在牵引电池212与DC链路电容器216之间的两相交错式VVC 218。两相交错式VVC 218包括输入电容器230、气隙变压器232和相桥234、236。气隙变压器232包括三个芯238、240、242，三个绕组244、246、248和四个端子250、252、254、256。芯238、240共同限定芯支腿258、260。芯242限定芯支腿262。
绕组244仅缠绕在芯238上。绕组246、248各自仅缠绕在芯242上。芯238、242彼此直接相邻设置。芯240不使绕组244、246、248中的任一个缠绕在其上。
绕组244限定端子250、252。绕组246限定端子256。绕组248限定端子254。端子250与牵引电池212的正端子直接电连接。端子252与输入电容器230的正端子和绕组246、248的接点直接电连接。端子254与相桥234直接电连接。端子256与相桥236直接电连接。
芯支腿258、262被设计成具有比芯支腿260大得多的磁阻。当Rm1、Rm2和Rm3分别是芯支腿258、262、260的磁阻时，电池电流纹波ΔiB将是：
Figure BDA0002730511910000061
其中Δim是磁化电流纹波，其不流入牵引电池212；N1是绕组244的匝数；N2是绕组246、248的匝数。N1远小于N2以降低变压器的重量。当设计变压器232时，观察到以下关系：
Figure BDA0002730511910000062
以及
Figure BDA0002730511910000063
因此，电池电流纹波ΔiB被限制为(Δi1+Δi2)/N。
本文设想的布置即使在与变压器相关联的小电感和小输入电容器的情况下也保持电池纹波电流为低的。此外，电池纹波电流受电池内部阻抗的影响较小。因此，电池温度相关的内部阻抗的考虑因素可能不太相关。
这里使用模拟来比较所提出的VVC设计与现有的解决方案。进行以下假设。牵引电池电压为200V。电池内部阻抗具有三种情况：1)杂散电感Lb＝3μH，内阻Rb＝0.2Ω；2)杂散电感Lb＝3μH，内阻Rb＝0.025Ω；3)杂散电感Lb＝0μH，内阻Rb＝0.025Ω。占空比为0.75的两个VVC都驱动100kW负载。L等于50μH。Cin等于50μF。N等于6。
图4、图5和图6示出了情况1的模拟结果。电池纹波电流在27.5A峰-峰值的范围内。DC总线电压从200V电池电压升压到800V。电池平均电流为500A并且连接到相桥的每个绕组承载250A。这表明两个特征：1)用于实现低电池纹波电流所需的电感和电容相当小；2)电池纹波电流受电池内部阻抗的影响较小。还检查了情况2和情况3。对于情况2而言，电池纹波电流在27.5A峰-峰值的范围内。对于情况3而言，电池纹波电流在29.3A峰-峰值的范围内。
当模拟图1的布置时，使用相同的电池阻抗情况。再一次地，L等于50μH，并且Cin等于50μF。图8、图9和图10示出了情况1的模拟结果。电池纹波电流在92.7A峰-峰值的范围内。DC总线电压以39.2V峰-峰值从200V电池电压升压到800V。对于情况2而言，电池纹波电流在129A峰-峰值的范围内。对于情况3而言，电池纹波电流在183.7A峰-峰值的范围内。因此，电池纹波电流相当高并且显著地受到电池内部阻抗的影响。
在图1的布置中预期有大得多的电感器，以降低电池电流纹波和电压纹波。表1中示出了实际设计示例，以比较所提出的VVC与图1的现有VVC。为了实现相同幅度的电池纹波电流，图1的现有VVC需要更大的电感。此外，与图1的现有VVC相比，所提出的VVC具有显著更低的重量。
表1
图1的布置与图2和图4的布置的性能比较
Figure BDA0002730511910000081
所提出的VVC中的一些需要小型三绕组变压器、小型电容器和四个有源开关来实现两相交错式VVC。电池纹波电流相当低。然而，现有的VVC需要大型双绕组耦合电感器和大输入电容器来实现两相交错式VVC。所提出的VVC的电池纹波电流受电池内部阻抗的影响较少，但是现有VVC的电池纹波电流则显著地受到电池内部阻抗的影响。
尽管上文描述了示例性实施例，但这些实施例并不意图描述权利要求所涵盖的所有可能形式。在说明书中使用的词语是描述性词语而非限制性词语，并且应理解，在不脱离本公开的精神和范围的情况下，可以做出各种改变。如先前所述，各种实施例的特征可以组合以形成可能未明确描述或示出的本发明的另外的实施例。尽管各个实施例就一个或多个期望的特性而言可能已经被描述为提供优点或优于其他实施例或现有技术实现方式，但本领域技术人员应认识到，可折衷一个或多个特征或特性来实现期望的整体系统属性，这取决于具体应用和实现方式。这些属性可以包括但不限于成本、强度、耐久性、生命周期成本、可销售性、外观、包装、大小、可维护性、重量、可制造性、易组装性等。因此，就一个或多个特性而言被描述为不如其他实施例或现有技术实现方式理想的实施例也在本公开的范围内，并且对于特定应用可为理想的。

Claims (15)

1.一种汽车电驱动系统，其包括：
牵引电池；
电机逆变器；以及
双向可变电压转换器，所述双向可变电压转换器被配置为在所述牵引电池与所述电机逆变器之间传输功率，并且包括电容器、两个功率模块相桥以及具有三个绕组和仅仅四个端子的气隙变压器，其中所述绕组中的第一个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第一端子和第二端子，其中所述第一端子与所述牵引电池的正端子直接电连接，所述第二端子与所述电容器的正端子以及在所述第二绕组和第三绕组之间的接点直接电连接，其中所述绕组中的第二个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第三端子，所述第三端子与所述功率模块相桥中的一个直接电连接，以及所述绕组中的第三个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第四端子，所述第四端子与所述功率模块相桥中的另一个直接电连接。
2.如权利要求1所述的汽车电驱动系统，其中所述气隙变压器包括三个芯并且其中三个绕组中的每一个缠绕在所述芯中的同一个上。
3.如权利要求1所述的汽车电驱动系统，其中所述气隙变压器包括三个芯并且其中所述绕组中的所述第二个和第三个各自缠绕在所述芯中的相同的两个上。
4.如权利要求1所述的汽车电驱动系统，其中所述气隙变压器包括三个芯并且其中所述绕组中的所述第二个和第三个各自仅缠绕在所述芯中的一个上。
5.如权利要求1所述的汽车电驱动系统，其中所述气隙变压器包括三个芯并且其中所述芯中的一个不使所述三个绕组中的任一个缠绕在其上。
6.如权利要求4所述的汽车电驱动系统，其中所述芯中的所述一个设置在所述芯中的所述另外两个之间。
7.如权利要求1所述的汽车电驱动系统，其中所述气隙变压器包括三个芯并且其中所述绕组中的所述第一个仅缠绕在所述芯中的一个上。
8.一种汽车电驱动系统，其包括：
牵引电池；
电机逆变器；以及
双向可变电压转换器，所述双向可变电压转换器被配置为在所述牵引电池与电机逆变器之间传输功率，并且包括电容器、两个功率模块相桥以及具有三个芯和三个绕组的气隙变压器，其中所述绕组中的第一个仅缠绕在所述芯中的第一个上，其中所述绕组中的第二个和第三个各自缠绕在所述芯中的所述第一个上和所述芯中的第二个上，以及设置在所述芯中的所述第一个与第二个之间的所述芯中的第三个不使所述绕组中的任一个缠绕在其上。
9.如权利要求8所述的汽车电驱动系统，其中所述气隙变压器包括仅仅四个端子，其中所述绕组中的所述第一个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第一端子和第二端子，并且其中所述第一端子与所述牵引电池的正端子直接电连接。
10.如权利要求9所述的汽车电驱动系统，其中所述第二端子与所述电容器的正端子以及在所述第二绕组和第三绕组之间的接点直接电连接。
11.如权利要求8所述的汽车电驱动系统，其中所述气隙变压器包括仅仅四个端子，其中所述绕组中的所述第二个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第三端子，所述第三端子与所述功率模块相桥中的一个直接电连接，并且其中所述绕组中的所述第三个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第四端子，所述第四端子与所述功率模块相桥中的另一个直接电连接。
12.一种汽车电驱动系统，其包括：
牵引电池；
电机逆变器；以及
双向可变电压转换器，所述双向可变电压转换器被配置为在所述牵引电池与电机逆变器之间传输功率，并且包括电容器、两个功率模块相桥以及具有三个芯和三个绕组的气隙变压器，其中所述绕组中的第一个仅缠绕在所述芯中的第一个上，其中所述绕组中的第二个和第三个各自仅缠绕在所述芯的第二个上，其中所述芯中的所述第一个和第二个彼此直接相邻，并且其中所述芯中的第三个不使所述绕组中的任一个缠绕在其上。
13.如权利要求12所述的汽车电驱动系统，其中所述气隙变压器包括仅仅四个端子，其中所述绕组中的所述第一个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第一端子和第二端子，并且其中所述第一端子与所述牵引电池的正端子直接电连接。
14.如权利要求13所述的汽车电驱动系统，其中所述第二端子与所述电容器的正端子以及在所述第二绕组和第三绕组之间的接点直接电连接。
15.如权利要求12所述的汽车电驱动系统，其中所述气隙变压器包括仅仅四个端子，其中所述绕组中的所述第二个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第三端子，所述第三端子与所述功率模块相桥中的一个直接电连接，并且其中所述绕组中的所述第三个限定所述仅仅四个端子中的第四端子，所述第四端子与所述功率模块相桥中的另一个直接电连接。
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