CN112624807B - Cadmium-reducing agent for rice, seed soaking liquid, preparation method and seed soaking method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of rice production, and particularly relates to a cadmium reduction agent for rice, a seed soaking liquid, a preparation method and a seed soaking method. The medicament comprises metal salt, wherein the metal salt is at least one of ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, manganese nitrate, manganese sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc nitrate and zinc sulfate. When the agent is used for soaking rice seeds, the absorption capacity of the rice to cadmium can be reduced, and the germination potential of the rice seeds can be improved. The metal salt is used as competitive adsorption particles of heavy metal cadmium, can enter rice seeds in advance during seed soaking, improves the concentration of competitive metal ions in rice seed cells, reduces the absorption of the rice to cadmium in soil through competing with cadmium ions for a transport channel in a rice root system membrane transport protein, can stimulate the expression of stress-resistant genes in the rice seeds, accelerates the germination of the rice seeds, improves the germination vigor and shortens the germination accelerating time of the rice.

Description

A rice cadmium-reducing agent, seed soaking solution, preparation method and seed soaking method

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of rice production, and in particular relates to a rice cadmium-reducing agent, a seed soaking liquid, a preparation method and a seed soaking method.

Background technique

In recent years, with the development of industry and the extensive use of agricultural inputs, the world is facing more and more serious soil environmental safety issues, and heavy metal pollution has received the most attention. Constrained by the tight level of arable land in our country, simple and rude measures to abandon wasteland for soil polluted by heavy metals will obviously bring huge hidden dangers to food security. In order to reduce the absorption of heavy metals by crops and ensure food safety without affecting soil productivity, commonly used technical means include reducing the activity of heavy metals in soil and reducing the absorption capacity of heavy metals by crops.

Efficient and cheap reduction of heavy metal uptake by crops is a current research hotspot. Soil heavy metal passivation materials produced with various materials as raw materials emerge in endlessly, but they often fall into the contradictions of high cost, large manpower investment, and repeated application, and also have a certain impact on soil structure and environmental carrying capacity. It has gradually become a new research direction for the safe use of cadmium-contaminated farmland to reduce the absorption capacity of heavy metals by crops through certain measures, and to reduce the absorption of heavy metal cadmium by crops such as rice without destroying the soil structure and original productivity.

Chinese patent CN110066202A discloses a foliar spraying agent for reducing cadmium content in rice, which is composed of sodium selenite and fertilizer viscose agent, and the rice is sprayed three times to achieve the effect of reducing cadmium content in rice. Chinese patent document CN105613577A discloses a kind of foliar spraying agent, comprises multiple components such as silicon micropowder, methoxysilane, thiocyanate, cosolvent and surfactant, and this spraying agent carries out multi-purpose to paddy rice leaf surface. Spray once to achieve the effect of reducing cadmium. Chinese patent document CN107759349A discloses a multi-nutrient compound foliar fertilizer for preventing and controlling the accumulation of cadmium in rice and its preparation method and application. The foliar fertilizer includes amino acids, etc., and is sprayed to reduce the absorption of cadmium by rice. Chinese patent document CN105724428A discloses a foliar barrier agent that precisely regulates the expression of genes related to cadmium absorption and transport in rice, and reduces the cadmium content in rice by spraying. However, the method of foliar spraying cannot significantly reduce the cost of safe rice planting. Multiple spraying at different stages of rice growth will also bring high labor costs, and some methods have complex and expensive raw materials, which limits their popularization and application. . Therefore, it is very important to develop a simple, low-cost, safe and efficient method to reduce the ability of rice to absorb cadmium.

Chinese patent document CN110934152A discloses a kind of soaking agent that reduces cadmium and arsenic content in rice grain, and this soaking agent is the solution that contains sodium selenite and sodium metasilicate, uses this soaking solution to soak rice seed before sowing, but sub Sodium selenate is a highly toxic substance, and the oral LD50 of rats is 7mg/kg, which has a large safety risk, which limits its application scenarios and cannot be promoted and used in farmers, and the effect of this method on reducing the cadmium content of rice grains Not high, still needs to be further improved.

Contents of the invention

Therefore, the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to overcome the defects in the prior art that the rice seed soaking solution is highly toxic, unable to be popularized and used, and the cadmium-reducing effect of the soaking solution needs to be further improved, thereby providing a rice cadmium-reducing agent, Paddy rice seed soaking liquid with cadmium reduction, preparation method thereof, and seed soaking method.

For this reason, the present invention provides the following technical solutions.

The invention provides a cadmium-reducing agent for rice, which includes a metal salt;

The metal salt is at least one of ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, manganese chloride, manganese nitrate, manganese sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc nitrate and zinc sulfate.

The medicament comprises ferrous sulfate and manganese chloride with a mass ratio of (6-8):(2-4); or,

The medicament comprises ferrous chloride and zinc nitrate with a mass ratio of (2-3):(1-2); or,

The medicament comprises manganese nitrate and zinc sulfate with a mass ratio of (3-4):(2-4).

The medicament is a powder.

The invention also provides a cadmium-reducing rice seed soaking solution, which includes a solvent and the above-mentioned medicament.

The seed soaking solution includes medicament and solvent in a mass ratio of 1:(10-50).

The seed soaking solution includes a medicament and a solvent in a mass ratio of 1:(10-30).

The solvent is water.

The present invention also provides a method for preparing the above seed soaking liquid, which includes uniformly mixing the medicament with a solvent and dissolving to obtain the seed soaking liquid.

In addition, the present invention provides a seed soaking method, using the above seed soaking liquid or the seed soaking liquid prepared by the above preparation method, the seed soaking method includes the following steps,

Soak the rice in the seed soaking solution for 20-30 hours, remove it, and stack it together until the rice germinates.

Further, in the process of soaking the seeds, the temperature of the soaking seeds is 25-30°C.

The medicament and seed soaking solution provided by the present invention can be applied to but not limited to Zhongjiazao 17, Huanghuani, Taiyou 398, Yuenong Simiao, Wufeng Youhuazhan, Zhongzao 33, Xiangzaoxian 45, Quanyou 33, etc. It is a morning and evening rice product, which can reduce cadmium for most rice varieties.

The technical solution of the present invention has the following advantages:

1. The rice cadmium-reducing agent provided by the invention comprises metal salts, and the metal salts are ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, manganese chloride, manganese nitrate, manganese sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc nitrate and zinc sulfate at least one of the When the agent is used for soaking rice seeds, it can reduce the ability of rice to absorb cadmium and improve the germination potential of rice seeds. Metal salts, as competitive adsorption particles of heavy metal cadmium, can enter rice seeds in advance during seed soaking, increase the concentration of competitive metal ions in rice seed cells, and compete with cadmium ions for the transport channels in rice root membrane transport proteins, thereby Reduce the absorption of cadmium in the soil by rice, and at the same time, the metal salt can stimulate the expression of stress resistance genes in rice seeds, accelerate the germination of rice seeds, increase the germination potential, and shorten the germination time of rice.

When the medicament provided by the invention is used to soak rice seeds, it can shorten the germination time of rice seeds, reduce the cost of germination, and improve agricultural production efficiency without increasing additional labor costs; the metal salt in the medicament provided by the invention is non-toxic or low It is a toxic compound that will not cause harm to personnel, and the metal salt is cheap and easy to obtain. It is a metal component contained in the soil itself and will not bring new pollution to the soil. It is suitable for popularization and application among farmers. The medicament provided by the invention has good cadmium-reducing effects on multiple rice varieties and has good adaptability. In addition, the rice cadmium reducing agent provided by the invention is convenient to transport.

2. In the rice cadmium-reducing agent provided by the invention, when the metal salt comprises a mixture of ferrous sulfate and manganese chloride, or a mixture of ferrous chloride and zinc nitrate, or a mixture of manganese nitrate and zinc sulfate, or ferrous sulfate, The medicament is made into a seed soaking liquid, and after soaking the rice seeds, the obtained brown rice has less cadmium content, and the effect of reducing cadmium is particularly remarkable.

3. The cadmium-reducing rice seed soaking solution provided by the invention, the seed soaking solution includes the medicament and the solvent provided by the invention, and the rice seed soaking solution can reduce the absorption capacity of rice to cadmium and improve the germination potential of rice seeds. Metal salts, as competitive adsorption particles of heavy metal cadmium, can enter rice seeds in advance during seed soaking, increase the concentration of competitive metal ions in rice seed cells, and compete with cadmium ions for the transport channels in rice root membrane transport proteins, thereby Reduce the absorption of cadmium in the soil by rice, and at the same time, the metal salt can stimulate the expression of stress resistance genes in rice seeds, accelerate the germination of rice seeds, increase the germination potential, and shorten the germination time of rice.

The invention adopts the seed soaking solution with a specific concentration, and greatly reduces the cadmium content in the rice seeds by reducing the absorption of the heavy metal cadmium by the rice root system, and the cadmium reduction effect can reach up to 75%. In addition, the seed soaking solution provided by the invention can achieve the goal of safe production of rice in mildly cadmium-polluted farmland after soaking rice seeds. Compared with other seed soaking agents, it takes at least 2 days for rice seeds to reach suitable sowing conditions.

4. The seed soaking method of the soaking liquid provided by the invention comprises soaking rice in the soaking liquid, pulling out after soaking for 20-30h, stacking together, and waiting for the rice to germinate. If the soaking time is too long, the respiration of the rice seeds will be inhibited, which will seriously affect the germination. If the soaking time is too short, the rice seeds will not absorb enough water, which will affect the germination rate. In addition, the seed soaking method is simple and easy to operate, does not increase additional labor costs, and at the same time shortens the germination time of rice seeds after soaking, and improves agricultural production efficiency. After many tests, compared with other soaking solutions, rice The time for seeds to reach suitable sowing conditions (root length more than 1 cm) was shortened by at least 2 days.

Description of drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the accompanying drawings that need to be used in the description of the specific embodiments or prior art. Obviously, the accompanying drawings in the following description The drawings show some implementations of the present invention, and those skilled in the art can also obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative work.

Fig. 1 is the germination situation of the rice seed in Test Example 4 of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is the seedling raising situation of rice in Test Example 4 of the present invention.

detailed description

The following examples are provided in order to further understand the present invention better, are not limited to the best implementation mode, and do not limit the content and protection scope of the present invention, anyone under the inspiration of the present invention or use the present invention Any product identical or similar to the present invention obtained by combining features of other prior art falls within the protection scope of the present invention.

If no specific experimental steps or conditions are indicated in the examples, it can be carried out according to the operation or conditions of the conventional experimental steps described in the literature in this field. The reagents or instruments used, whose manufacturers are not indicated, are all commercially available conventional reagent products.

Example 1

This embodiment provides a rice cadmium-reducing agent and a seed soaking solution containing the agent, wherein the agent includes 5 g of ferrous sulfate and 3 g of manganese chloride; the seed soaking liquid includes 5 g of ferrous sulfate, 3 g of manganese chloride and 200 g of water.

Example 2

This embodiment provides a rice cadmium-reducing medicament and a seed soaking solution containing the medicament, wherein the medicament includes 5g of ferrous sulfate and 3g of manganese chloride; the soaking solution includes 5g of ferrous sulfate, 3g of manganese chloride and 88g of water.

Example 3

This embodiment provides a rice cadmium-reducing agent and a seed soaking solution containing the agent, wherein the agent includes 5g of ferric chloride and 3g of manganese sulfate; the seed soaking solution includes 5g of ferric chloride, 3g of manganese sulfate and 320g of water.

Example 4

This embodiment provides a cadmium-reducing agent for rice and a seed soaking liquid containing the agent, wherein the agent includes 5 g of ferrous sulfate; the seed soaking liquid includes 5 g of ferrous sulfate and 150 g of water.

Example 5

This embodiment provides a rice cadmium-reducing agent and a seed soaking solution containing the agent, wherein the agent includes 4 g of ferrous chloride and 2 g of zinc nitrate; the seed soaking liquid includes 4 g of ferrous chloride, 2 g of zinc nitrate and 90 g of water.

Example 6

This embodiment provides a rice cadmium-reducing agent and a seed soaking solution containing the agent, wherein the agent includes 1 g of manganese nitrate and 1 g of zinc sulfate; the seed soaking liquid includes 1 g of manganese nitrate, 1 g of zinc sulfate and 100 g of water.

Comparative example 1

This comparative example provides a medicament and a seed soaking solution containing the medicament, wherein the medicament includes 5g of ferrous sulfate and 3g of manganese chloride; the soaking solution includes 5g of ferrous sulfate, 3g of manganese chloride and 40g of water.

Comparative example 2

This comparative example provides a medicament and a seed soaking solution containing the medicament, wherein the medicament includes 8g of calcium chloride; the seed soaking solution includes 8g of calcium chloride and 200g of water.

Comparative example 3

This comparative example provides a medicament and a seed soaking solution containing the medicament, wherein the medicament includes 8g of sodium silicate; the seed soaking solution includes 8g of sodium silicate and 200g of water.

Comparative example 4

This comparative example provides a medicament and a seed soaking solution containing the medicament, wherein the medicament includes 8g of potassium sulfate; the seed soaking solution includes 8g of potassium sulfate and 200g of water.

Comparative example 5

This comparative example uses clear water as the soaking liquid.

Test example 1

This test example provides the seed soaking method of the soaking liquid of embodiment 1-6 and comparative example 1-5, comprises the following steps,

Soak the rice seeds in the seed soaking solution of Examples 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-5 for 24 hours, the soaking temperature is 29 ± 1°C, then remove them to the open ground for natural germination, and keep the ambient temperature at 20±1°C, turn it appropriately according to the actual environment to avoid burning and rotten buds, and record the germination rate and average root length of the rice seeds on the 3rd and 5th days of the germination process; among them, the rice varieties of test examples 1-4 As early as 17 for Zhongjia.

After the root length of the rice seeds exceeded 1 cm, the rice seeds were sown into the seedling fields, and the seedlings were raised normally. After reaching the suitable planting conditions, the seedlings were transplanted into the cadmium-contaminated fields. All experimental treatments adopted the same agronomic management measures and water management conditions. Paddy samples were collected after the rice was mature, and the brown rice part was removed from the shell, crushed, and the cadmium content in brown rice was determined by using three acid digestion-graphite furnace atomic absorption method, referring to the method of "GB5009.15-2014 National Food Safety Standard for the Determination of Cadmium in Food" , and evaluate the effect of reducing cadmium. See Table 1 for the record results of rice germination rate and root length, and Table 2 for the test results of cadmium content in brown rice. Examples 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-5 are respectively marked as A-K.

Seed soaking and germination statistics of rice seeds in Table 1 Test Example 1

serial number A B C D. E. f G h I J K 3d average root length (mm) 9 14 10 9 10 9 3 5 6 7 7 5d average root length (mm) 14 19 17 15 18 15 5 9 11 10 11 3d germination rate (%) 51 56 39 42 53 40 11 42 35 40 45 5d germination rate (%) 72 78 61 64 73 62 19 59 51 49 57

The cadmium content test result in the brown rice that table 2 test example 1 obtains

Note: "-" means no cadmium reduction effect, same as "-" in Table 4 and Table 6.

It can be seen from Table 1 that after the rice seeds were soaked in the seed soaking solution of Examples 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-5 for 24 hours, the seeds all reached the suitable sowing conditions after 3 days of germination, and the germination rate was between 39% and 56%. After 5 days of accelerated germination, the length of the radicle of the rice seeds soaked in Example 1-6 far exceeded the suitable sowing conditions, and the rice seeds soaked in the seed soaking solution of Comparative Example 2-5 just reached the suitable sowing conditions. The seed soaking liquid that embodiment 1-6 obtains helps to improve the germination rate of rice seed and the growth of root system.

As can be seen from Table 2, the cadmium content in the brown rice obtained after soaking the rice seeds in the seed soaking solution obtained in Examples 1-6 is lower, and compared with water as the seed soaking solution, the cadmium reduction rate of the seed soaking solution obtained in Examples 1-6 is 45.7% %-74.6%; In addition, the cadmium reduction rates of the seed soaking solutions obtained in Comparative Examples 1-5 are all below 40%, and the cadmium content exceeds the food safety standard (<0.2mg/kg).

Test example 2

This test example provides the seed soaking method of the soaking liquid of embodiment 1-6 and comparative example 1-5, comprises the following steps:

Soak the rice seeds in the seed soaking solution of Examples 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-5 for 48 hours, the soaking temperature is 29 ± 1°C, then remove them to the open ground for natural germination, and keep the ambient temperature at 20±1°C, according to the actual environment, carry out appropriate turning to avoid burning and rotten buds, and record the germination rate and average root length of the rice seeds on the 3rd and 5th days of the germination process, respectively.

After the root length of the rice seeds exceeded 1 cm, the rice seeds were sown into the seedling fields, and the seedlings were raised normally. After reaching the suitable planting conditions, the seedlings were transplanted into the cadmium-contaminated fields. All experimental treatments adopted the same agronomic management measures and water management conditions. Paddy samples were collected after the rice was mature, and the brown rice part was removed from the shell, crushed, and the cadmium content in brown rice was determined by using three acid digestion-graphite furnace atomic absorption method, referring to the method of "GB5009.15-2014 National Food Safety Standard for the Determination of Cadmium in Food" , and evaluate the effect of reducing cadmium. See Table 3 for the record results of rice germination rate and root length, and Table 4 for the test results of cadmium content in brown rice.

Seed soaking and germination statistics of rice seeds in Table 3 Test Example 2

serial number A B C D. E. f G h I J K 3d average root length (mm) 7 3 6 4 3 7 3 6 6 6 7 5d average root length (mm) 12 7 10 8 7 12 7 10 10 9 11 3d germination rate (%) 12 7 31 15 20 30 11 31 31 33 41 5d germination rate (%) 15 20 twenty one 45 twenty four 48 19 47 47 45 55

The cadmium content test result in the brown rice that table 4 test example 2 obtains

It can be seen from Table 3 that after the soaking time is changed to 48h, the germination rate of rice will be seriously affected, and the higher the concentration of the soaking solution, the more significant the average root length and germination rate decrease. In this test example, embodiments 1-6 and test example 1 Compared with the average root length, the germination rate was seriously decreased. The soaking time is too long, which inhibits the respiration of rice seeds, and the high concentration of soaking agent can inhibit the germination of rice seeds.

In Table 4, after the rice seeds were soaked in the seed soaking solution of Examples 1-6, the cadmium reduction rate of brown rice was 41%-67.3%, and the cadmium content of most of the rice seeds did not meet the national food standards. Cadmium content is high. Seed soaking time could not improve the effect of cadmium reduction.

Test example 3

This test example provides the seed soaking method of the soaking liquid of embodiment 1-6 and comparative example 1-5, comprises the following steps:

Soak the rice seeds in the seed soaking solution of Examples 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-5 for 12 hours, the soaking temperature is 29 ± 1°C, then remove them to the open ground for natural germination, and keep the ambient temperature in the germination process. 20±1°C, according to the actual environment, carry out appropriate turning to avoid burning and rotten buds, and record the germination rate and average root length of the rice seeds on the 3rd and 5th days of the germination process, respectively.

After the root length of the rice seeds exceeded 1 cm, the rice seeds were sown into the seedling fields, and the seedlings were raised normally. After reaching the suitable planting conditions, the seedlings were transplanted into the cadmium-contaminated fields. All experimental treatments adopted the same agronomic management measures and water management conditions. Paddy samples were collected after the rice was mature, and the brown rice part was removed from the shell, crushed, and the cadmium content in brown rice was determined by using three acid digestion-graphite furnace atomic absorption method, referring to the method of "GB5009.15-2014 National Food Safety Standard for the Determination of Cadmium in Food" , and evaluate the effect of reducing cadmium. See Table 5 for the record results of rice germination rate and root length, and Table 6 for the test results of cadmium content in brown rice.

Seed soaking germination statistics of rice seeds in Table 5 Test Example 3

serial number A B C D. E. f G h I J K 3d average root length (mm) 5 8 6 6 6 5 2 3 3 3 3 5d average root length (mm) 10 11 10 12 11 10 7 9 10 9 10 3d germination rate (%) 39 40 37 38 42 38 12 33 29 32 35 5d germination rate (%) 55 61 47 49 62 48 15 53 42 41 45

The test result of cadmium content in brown rice obtained by Table 6 Test Example 3

It can be seen from Table 5 that the germination rate and average root length of the rice seeds were significantly lower than that of Test Example 1 when the soaking time was 12 hours. After 5 days of accelerating germination, Examples 1-6 reached suitable sowing conditions, and the germination rate was 47%-62%. Comparing comprehensively with Test Example 1, the average root length and germination rate of Test Example 3 were lower than that of Test Example 1, indicating that the soaking time was 12 hours, and the seed soaking was not sufficient, which affected the germination of rice seeds.

It can be seen from Table 6 that after the rice seeds are soaked in the seed soaking solution of Examples 1-6, the cadmium reduction rate is between 40.9% and 67.3%, and the cadmium reduction effect is slightly lower than that of Test Example 1, and most of the brown rice cadmium content does not meet the national food standards , the cadmium content of Comparative Examples 1-5 is very high, and shortening the soaking time will lead to a decrease in the cadmium-reducing effect to a certain extent.

In summary, medicament and seed soaking solution provided by the invention help to improve the germination rate and germination potential of rice seeds, and reduce the cadmium content in brown rice; and the optimal soaking time of this seed soaking solution is 20-30h, and the average drop The cadmium rate is around 50%-75%.

Test example 4

This test example investigated the influence of the mass ratio of medicament and solvent on the germination of rice seeds. The medicament included 5g ferrous sulfate and 3g manganese chloride. According to the mass ratio of medicament and solvent, it was 1:50, 1:45, 1:40, 1 :35, 1:30, 1:25, 1:20, and 1:10 ratios to prepare seed soaking solutions respectively, and soak rice seeds in the above-mentioned different ratios of soaking solutions for 24 hours, and the temperature of soaking seeds is 29±1°C. Then fish out to the open space for natural germination. During the germination process, keep the ambient temperature above 20±1°C. Properly flip according to the actual environment to avoid burning and rotten buds. Record the germination rate and Average root length, rice seed germination situation is shown in Figure 1, as can be seen, along with the increase of medicament concentration in the seed soaking liquid, rice seed germination speed obviously accelerates, and wherein medicament and solvent mass ratio are the seed of 1:(10-40) already. The suitable sowing condition (root system length > 1cm) was reached, and clear water was used as a control group, and the rice seeds soaked in clear water could not meet the sowing requirements.

Then the germinated seeds are uniformly transferred to the light incubator, cultivated under constant temperature light for 7 days, the situation of raising seedlings is shown in Fig. The germination of seeds accelerates the process of rice seedling raising.

Apparently, the above-mentioned embodiments are only examples for clear description, rather than limiting the implementation. For those of ordinary skill in the art, other changes or changes in different forms can be made on the basis of the above description. It is not necessary and impossible to exhaustively list all the implementation manners here. However, the obvious changes or changes derived therefrom are still within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. The cadmium-reducing rice seed soaking liquid is characterized by consisting of a medicament and a solvent;

the medicament is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass (6-8): (2-4) ferrous sulfate and manganese chloride; or the like, or, alternatively,

the medicament is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass (2-3): (1-2) ferrous chloride and zinc nitrate;

the mass ratio of the medicament to the solvent is 1: (10-50);

the solvent is water.

2. The rice cadmium reduction seed soaking liquid according to claim 1, wherein the medicament is a powder.

3. The seed soaking liquid according to claim 1, wherein the seed soaking liquid comprises the following components in a mass ratio of 1: (10-30) a pharmaceutical agent and a solvent.

4. A method of preparing an infusion solution according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising mixing a pharmaceutical agent with a solvent and dissolving the mixture to obtain said infusion solution.

5. A seed soaking method using the seed soaking liquid according to any one of claims 1 to 3 or the seed soaking liquid prepared by the preparation method according to claim 4, comprising the steps of,

soaking rice in the seed soaking liquid for 20-30h, taking out, stacking together, and allowing the rice to germinate.

6. The seed soaking method according to claim 5, wherein the temperature of the seed soaking is 25-30 ℃ during seed soaking.

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