CN112615159A - Airborne vertical polarization and dual-polarization phased array - Google Patents
Airborne vertical polarization and dual-polarization phased array Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
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- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
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Abstract
一种机载垂直极化相控阵，包括两列直线阵，每列直线阵由若干天线单元呈多行单列分布构成，每列直线阵具有单侧波束扫描的特性，两列直线阵中的天线单元沿列长方向一一对称放置，天线单元的最大辐射方向指向直线阵的外侧，每列直线阵覆盖四分之一球的空间，当天线波束进行侧向扫描时，只使用单列直线阵，另一列直线阵不参与工作，当天线波束进行端射时，两列直线阵同时工作；本发明还提供了一种机载双极化相控阵，所述机载垂直极化相控阵并列设置于两列水平极化天线阵之间，本发明在水平面可实现双极化波束从边射到端射的水平360度扫描，且波束覆盖半空间，在保持高增益和波束扫描全向性的同时，有效降低了相控阵的通道数量与安装空间。
An airborne vertically polarized phased array includes two columns of linear arrays, each column of linear arrays is composed of a plurality of antenna elements distributed in multiple rows and one column, each column of linear arrays has the characteristic of single-side beam scanning, and the The antenna units are placed symmetrically along the column length direction. The maximum radiation direction of the antenna units points to the outside of the linear array. Each linear array covers the space of a quarter of a sphere. When the antenna beam is scanned sideways, only a single linear array is used. , the other row of linear arrays does not participate in the work, and when the antenna beam is end-fired, the two rows of linear arrays work at the same time; the present invention also provides an airborne dual-polarization phased array, the airborne vertical polarization phased array Arranged in parallel between two horizontally polarized antenna arrays, the present invention can realize horizontal 360-degree scanning of dual-polarized beams from side-fire to end-fire on the horizontal plane, and the beam covers half space, maintaining high gain and beam scanning omnidirectionally. At the same time, it effectively reduces the number of channels and installation space of the phased array.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of antennas, and particularly relates to an airborne vertical polarization and dual-polarization phased array covering half space and horizontally scanning 360 degrees.
Background
The advance of modern urbanization has led to the proliferation of the demand of wireless communication and the increasingly complex communication environment. In order to improve the coverage degree and quality of signals, the communication system puts higher requirements on the coverage range and gain of the antenna. With the development of wireless communication technology, the variety of high gain antennas with horizontal 360 degree scanning is increasing. Meanwhile, the application occasions of the 360-degree scanning high-gain antenna are more and more abundant, and the antenna is widely applied to wireless communication in occasions such as a base station, a vehicle-mounted station, a machine-mounted station and the like.
Common 360 degree scanning high gain antennas can be divided into mechanical scanning antennas and electrical scanning antennas. Compared with a mechanical scanning antenna, the electric scanning antenna has higher response speed and is more suitable for an airborne platform moving at high speed. The existing 360-degree electric scanning antenna arrays generally adopt edge-emitting arrays, wherein one type of the array adopts lens antennas such as Luneburg antennas and Rotman antennas, and the lens antennas form multiple beams through a geometrical optics principle and realize 360-degree beam scanning through a beam switching mode. Another type of antenna uses circularly distributed antenna elements (such as patch antennas) to form a phased array, and performs 360-degree beam scanning by means of phase control. Both of these antennas belong to the side-emitting aperture antenna, and the gain thereof is proportional to the aperture area. In order to increase the gain of the antenna and increase the communication distance, the aperture of the antenna must be increased. If the existing 360-degree scanning high-gain antenna is applied to the field of aviation, the windward area and the wind resistance of the antenna are inevitably increased along with the increase of the antenna gain, so that the aerodynamic appearance of an aircraft is affected, and the endurance time is reduced.
Unlike the edge-emitting array, the beam of the end-emitting array is directed in the axial direction of the array, and the gain is determined by the aperture area and the length of the array. Therefore, if the antenna is applied to aviation occasions, the antenna gain can be improved by increasing the length of the array along the axial direction of the airplane on the premise of keeping the size of the windward section of the antenna unchanged. Thereby realizing a low wind resistance high gain antenna.
In addition to the array mode, the pattern of the antenna elements also plays a decisive role in the array scanning performance. Dipole antennas are one of the most common antenna elements. The antenna array located in the ventral region needs to cover the lower hemisphere space. The vertically placed dipole antenna is a radiation zero point right below, so that the complete lower hemisphere space cannot be covered by the dipole antenna array. In addition, due to the directional pattern characteristic of the horizontal omni-directional dipole, a single-column dipole array can generate double beams when scanning in the edge-firing direction, and cannot work normally.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide an airborne dual-polarized phased array antenna unit with a low channel number and a phased array adopting the unit, wherein the antenna array can realize horizontal 360-degree scanning of dual-polarized beams from edge to end emission in a horizontal plane, and the beams cover half space. The channel number and the installation space of the phased array are effectively reduced while high gain and beam scanning omni-directionality are kept.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
an airborne vertical polarization phased array comprises two linear arrays, wherein each linear array is formed by distributing a plurality of antenna units in a plurality of rows and a single column, each linear array has the characteristic of single-side beam scanning, the maximum radiation direction of the antenna units points to the outer side of the linear array, and each linear array covers the space of a quarter sphere. When the antenna beam is scanned laterally, only the single-column linear array is used, the other linear array does not participate in the work, and when the antenna beam is end-fired, the two linear arrays work simultaneously.
The antenna unit has the characteristic of directional radiation in the horizontal plane, the lobe width covers 180 degrees, and the elevation surface has certain beam width, so that the beam coverage of a quarter of sphere space is ensured.
In the same linear array, the distance range between adjacent antenna units is 0.25 lambda0～0.49λ0The edge-to-edge spacing range of two linear arrays is 0.1 lambda0～5λ0，λ0Is the wavelength in free space of the central operating frequency of the antenna element.
In the present invention, all antenna elements of two linear arrays are generally the same, or all antenna elements of the same linear array are generally the same, and when necessary, different antenna elements may be used, that is, antenna elements of the same linear array are partially the same, that is, elements in the vertical polarized antenna array may be of different types, for example, the following antenna element I and its modification, and antenna element II and its modification are mixed.
According to the type of the unit, the feeding points of the antenna units in each linear array are both on the inner side or the outer side, namely the antenna units in the two linear arrays are placed in a back-to-back mode; or the feeding points of one part of the antenna elements are on the inner side and the feeding points of the other part of the antenna elements are on the outer side.
The antenna units of the two lines of linear arrays can be symmetrical or staggered in the end-fire direction.
The antenna unit can adopt one of the following two structures:
the antenna unit I comprises a metal floor I3, wherein an upright metal wire I1 and a metal wire II 4 are arranged above the metal floor I3, the metal wire I1 is positioned on the inner side of a linear array, the metal wire II 4 is positioned on the outer side of the linear array, a feed source I2 is arranged between the metal wire I1 and the metal floor I3, the metal wire II 4 is not connected with the metal floor I3, the bottom of the metal wire I1 and the bottom of the metal wire II 4 are connected through a metal wire III 5, a metal wire IV 6 is arranged above the metal wire I1 and the metal wire II 4, the metal wire IV 6 is not connected with the metal wire I1 and the metal wire II 4, and the length ranges of the metal wire I1, the metal wire II 4, the metal wire III 5 and the metal wire IV 6 are all 0.1 lambda0～0.5λ0；
The antenna unit II comprises a metal floor board I3, wherein an upright metal wire five 7 and a metal wire six 9 are arranged above the metal floor board I3, the metal wire five 7 is positioned on the outer side of the linear array, the metal wire six 9 is positioned on the inner side of the linear array, a feed source II 8 is arranged between the metal wire five 7 and the metal floor board I3, the bottom end of the metal wire six 9 is connected with the metal floor board I3, the length of the metal wire six 9 is greater than that of the metal wire five 7, a metal wire seven 10 is arranged above the metal wire five 7, the metal wire seven 10 is not connected with the metal wire five 7 and the metal wire six 9, and the length ranges of the metal wire five 7, the metal wire six 9 and the metal wire seven 10 are all 0.1 lambda0～0.5λ0。
The airborne vertically polarized phased array may also take the form of any new antenna element, provided that the antenna element covers a quarter-sphere of space.
In the antenna unit I, the lengths of a first metal wire 1 and a second metal wire 4 are equal or unequal, the first metal wire 1 and the second metal wire 4 are both in a vertical state or in an inclined state with an acute included angle with the vertical line, the metal wire I1 and the metal wire II 4 are straight lines or shapes with width or thickness, the metal wire III 5 and the metal wire IV 6 are both in a horizontal state or in an inclined state with an acute included angle with the horizontal line, the metal wire III 5 and the metal wire IV 6 are straight lines, curved lines or shapes with width or thickness, the metal wire IV 6 is positioned above, on the side or on the side of the metal wire I1 and the metal wire II 4, the average distance between the metal wire four 6 and the metal wire one 1 and the metal wire two 4 is h, and the h determines the energy coupled to the metal wire four 6, so that the gain right above the antenna (+ z direction) can be changed according to the requirement;
in the antenna unit II, the metal wire seven 10 is located above or laterally above the metal wire five 7 and above, laterally or laterally above the metal wire six 9, the metal wire five 7 and the metal wire six 9 are both in a vertical state or in an inclined state with an acute included angle with the vertical line, the metal wire five 7 and the metal wire six 9 are in a straight line or in a shape with width or thickness, the metal wire seven 10 is in a horizontal state or in an inclined state with an acute included angle with the horizontal line, and the metal wire seven 10 is in a straight line, a curved line or in a shape with width or thickness.
The invention also provides an airborne dual-polarized phased array, which comprises two rows of horizontal polarized antenna arrays and an airborne vertical polarized phased array arranged in parallel with the horizontal polarized antenna arrays, wherein the airborne vertical polarized phased array is positioned between the two rows of horizontal polarized antenna arrays.
The two columns of horizontal polarization antenna arrays are respectively arranged on two sides of the upper surface of the PCB14, the airborne vertical polarization phased array is installed on the upper surface of the PCB14, and the upper surface of the PCB14 plays a role of a metal floor I3 on the airborne vertical polarization phased array.
The horizontal polarization antenna array is composed of a plurality of horizontally placed dipole antennas 11, two arms of each dipole antenna 11 are inclined towards a first metal floor 3, and the distance range between the centers of the adjacent dipole antennas 11 is 0.25 lambda0～0.49λ0。
A second metal floor 13 is arranged below the PCB14, a metal cavity 12 is arranged between the PCB14 and the second metal floor 13, and the height range of the metal cavity 12 is 0.25 lambda0～0.5λ0And a width less than the width of the PCB 14.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. when the single-row linear array scans in the edge-emitting direction, if the antenna unit has the horizontal omnidirectional radiation characteristic, the main lobe of the wave beam is split, so that the linear array cannot work normally. The antenna unit has the characteristic of directional radiation in the horizontal plane, and the lobe width of the unit covers 180 degrees, so that the single-column linear array has the characteristic of single-beam scanning. In addition, the antenna unit also needs to have a certain beam width in the elevation plane, so as to ensure the beam coverage of the quarter-sphere space. Two lines of linear arrays are adopted to respectively cover the space of two quarter balls.
2. The airborne vertical polarization phased array can horizontally and vertically polarize and scan for 360 degrees, and covers a half space, so that the antenna has a long and narrow shape, and the wind resistance is reduced.
3. The airborne dual-polarized phased array can horizontally scan 360 degrees in a dual-polarized mode, covers half space, can be realized by one PCB, does not need any radio frequency coaxial line, greatly reduces the production cost and improves the reliability of products.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a side view of an antenna unit I (embodiment 1).
Fig. 2 is a side view of a typical variant of the antenna unit I.
Fig. 3 is a side view of a typical second variant of the antenna unit I.
Fig. 4 is a side view of a third exemplary variant of the antenna unit I.
Fig. 5 is a side view of the antenna unit II (embodiment 2).
Fig. 6 is a side view of an exemplary variant of the antenna unit II.
Fig. 7 is a side view of a second exemplary modification of the antenna unit II.
Fig. 8 shows a block array system using the antenna element I (example 3).
Fig. 9 shows a block array system using antenna element II (example 3).
Fig. 10 is a top view of a dual-polarization array pattern (example 4).
Fig. 11 is a side view of a dual-polarization array pattern (example 4).
Fig. 12 is a top view of an exemplary variation of the array format.
Fig. 13 is a top view of a second exemplary array format variation.
Fig. 14 is a top view of a third exemplary variation of the array approach.
Fig. 15 is an installation diagram of embodiment 1.
Fig. 16 is a pattern diagram of the antenna element I at 4.89GHz in the horizontal plane (XOY plane) and the pitch plane (XOZ plane), where (a) is the horizontal plane and (b) is the pitch plane.
Fig. 17 is a directional diagram of the antenna unit I at 4.89GHz in the horizontal plane and the pitching plane as the distance between the horizontally placed wire four 6 and the top of the vertically placed wire one 1 changes, where (a) is the horizontal plane and (b) is the pitching plane.
Fig. 18 is a pattern diagram of the antenna unit II at 4.89GHz in the horizontal plane (XOY plane) and the pitch plane (XOZ plane), where (a) is the horizontal plane and (b) is the pitch plane.
Fig. 19 shows main polarized beam patterns of the vertical polarization array formed by the antenna element I scanned in the horizontal plane (XOY plane) at 4.89GHz, where (a) is a beam in the broadside direction and (b) is a beam in the endfire direction.
Fig. 20 shows the main polarization pattern of the XOZ plane when the vertically polarized array of antenna elements I radiates at 0 ° in the horizontal plane at 4.89 GHz.
Fig. 21 shows main polarized beam patterns of the vertical polarization array formed by the antenna unit II scanned in the horizontal plane (XOY plane) at 4.89GHz, where (a) is a beam in the broadside direction and (b) is a beam in the endfire direction.
Fig. 22 shows the main polarization pattern of the XOZ plane when the vertically polarized array of antenna elements II radiates at 0 ° in the horizontal plane at 4.89 GHz.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings and examples.
When the single-row linear phased array scans in the edge-emitting direction, if the unit has the horizontal omnidirectional radiation characteristic, the main lobe of the wave beam can be split, and the array cannot work normally. Therefore, two arrays of linear arrays can be adopted, and the two linear arrays respectively cover the space of two quarter balls. The antenna element needs to have a directional radiation characteristic in the horizontal plane. The lobe width of the unit covers 180 degrees, so that the single-column linear array has the characteristic of single-beam scanning. In addition, the antenna unit also needs to have a certain beam width in the elevation plane, so as to ensure the beam coverage of the quarter-sphere space.
According to the above-mentioned idea, the present invention firstly proposes two kinds of antenna units (antenna unit I and antenna unit II) having 180-degree lobe width in the horizontal plane and having a certain gain right above.
The antenna unit I includes:
the antenna comprises a first metal wire 1, a first feed source 2, a first metal floor 3, a second metal wire 4, a third metal wire 5 and a fourth metal wire 6, which are shown in figure 1.
The feed source I2 is positioned between the metal wire I1 and the metal floor I3. The third metal wire 5 connects the bottom of the first metal wire 1 and the bottom of the second metal wire 4. The first metal wire 1 and the second metal wire 4 may be straight or inclined at a certain angle, may be straight or have a certain width, or may be changed into other shapes, as shown in fig. 2, 3 and 4. The three metal lines 5 and the four metal lines 6 may be horizontal or inclined at a certain angle, and may be bent or changed into other shapes. The metal wire four 6 is positioned above or on the side upper edge of the metal wire one 1 and the metal wire two 4 and is uniformly distributed and connected with the metal wire one 1 and the metal wire two 4, and the average distance is h.
The length of the first metal wire 1 and the second metal wire 4 is in the range of 0.1 lambda0～0.5λ0，λ0Is the wavelength of the central working frequency in free space, the lengths of the first metal wire 1 and the second metal wire 4 can be equal or equalMay not be equal. The length of the metal line three 5 and the metal line four 6 is also in the range of 0.1 lambda0～0.5λ0。
The antenna unit II includes:
five metal wires 7, two feed sources 8, one metal floor 3, six metal wires 9 and seven metal wires 10, as shown in fig. 5.
And the second feed source 8 is positioned between the vertical metal wire five 7 and the first metal floor 3. The bottom end of the metal wire six 9 is connected with the metal floor I3. The seven metal wire 10 is located above the five metal wire 7 and the six metal wire 9, and is not connected with the five metal wire 7 and the six metal wire 9.
The length ranges of the metal wire five 7, the metal wire six 9 and the metal wire seven 10 are all 0.1 lambda0～0.5λ0However, wire six 9 is slightly longer than wire five 7.
Wire five 7 and wire six 9 may be angled or otherwise shaped as shown in fig. 6 and 7. The wire seven 10 may be bent or inclined or changed into other shapes, and may also be located at the side of the vertical wire five 7 and the vertical wire six 9.
In an airborne communication phased array antenna design, it is desirable that the antenna have a long and narrow profile to reduce wind resistance. The invention provides a phased array mode which has horizontal 360-degree vertical polarization scanning and covers half space. The method comprises the following steps:
two linear arrays and a first metal floor 3 are arranged in parallel. The antenna element needs to have directional radiation characteristics in the horizontal plane, with the lobe width of the element covering 180 degrees. In addition, the antenna unit also needs to have a certain beam width in the elevation plane, so as to ensure the beam coverage of the quarter-sphere space. The single-row linear array formed by the antenna units has the characteristic of single-side beam scanning. The antenna units in the two lines of linear arrays are placed in a back-to-back mode, and the maximum radiation direction of the antenna units points to the outer side of the linear arrays. When the antenna beam is scanned laterally, only a single linear array is used, and the linear array on the back (i.e. the other linear array) does not participate in the operation. When the antenna beam is end-fired, the two linear arrays work simultaneously.
As shown in fig. 8, if the antenna unit I is used for array formation, the first metal wire 1 connected to the first feed source 2 is located on the inner side of the array, and the second metal wire 4 is located on the outer side of the array.
The two linear arrays are equal in length. The spacing d1 between adjacent cell centers along the column length is in the range of 0.25 λ0～0.49λ0. The edge-to-edge distance d2 of the two linear arrays is in the range of 0.1 lambda0～5λ0。
As shown in fig. 9, if the antenna unit II is used for array formation, the upright metal wire five 7 connected to the second feed source 8 is located on the outer side of the array, and the upright metal wire six 9 connected to the first metal floor 3 is located on the inner side of the array. The pitch range of the antenna elements in the array is the same as when the array is formed by the antenna elements I. That is, the distance d3 between the centers of adjacent cells ranges from 0.25 λ0～0.49λ0. The edge-to-edge spacing d4 of the two linear arrays is in the range of 0.1 lambda0～5λ0。
In a MIMO communication system, the transmission capacity of the system is increased by introducing antennas of two polarizations simultaneously. The simplest method of implementing a dual polarized antenna in an onboard antenna is to use two sets of antennas that are separately placed and vertically and horizontally polarized, but this doubles the size of the antenna. It is also possible to use a layered placement of vertically and horizontally polarized antennas, which also increases the antenna size, while introducing a large number of radio frequency coaxial lines for signal connection. The present invention proposes a new design scheme in which horizontally and vertically polarized active amplifiers, phase shifter circuits are arranged in the middle part of one PCB (printed circuit board), i.e. the area inside the dashed line shown in fig. 10. Two columns of horizontal polarization antenna arrays are respectively arranged on two sides of the same PCB, and the horizontal polarization antennas are realized by the PCB technology. Two rows of vertically polarized antenna arrays are mounted above the PCB. The upper surface of the PCB acts as a metal floor for the vertically polarized antenna array. According to the array structure, the whole antenna array can be realized by one PCB, and any radio frequency coaxial line is not needed, so that the production cost is greatly reduced, and the product reliability is improved.
According to the above idea, the present invention provides a horizontal 360-degree dual-polarized scanning array covering half space, comprising:
the antenna comprises a PCB (printed circuit board) 14, a left column and a right column of dipole antenna arrays 11 horizontally arranged on the PCB, a metal cavity 12, a second metal floor 13 and two columns of vertically polarized antenna arrays arranged on the upper side of the PCB.
Above the PCB14 is the antenna array in fig. 5 (taking the antenna unit I as an example), and two rows of horizontally disposed dipole antennas 11 are arranged on two sides of the PCB14 to form a linear array, as shown in fig. 10. The metal cavity 12 is located between the PCB14 and the second metal floor 13, as shown in fig. 11.
The two arms of the horizontally placed dipole antenna 11 are inclined at an angle towards the metal floor-3. The distance between the centers of the adjacent dipole antennas 11 is 0.25 lambda0～0.49λ0. The two columns of linear arrays of dipole antennas 11 are generally of equal length. The metal cavity 12 is used for supporting the PCB board on one hand, ensuring the distance from the horizontally polarized antenna to the second metal floor 13, providing a shielding cavity for an active circuit on the PCB on the other hand, and simultaneously being used for placing other auxiliary circuits and modules such as a power supply and the like. The height range is 0.25 lambda0～0.5λ0. The width of the metal cavity is smaller than that of the PCB, and the horizontally polarized antenna on the PCB needs to be avoided so as not to interfere with the operation of the horizontally polarized antenna.
In the horizontally polarized antenna array and the vertically polarized antenna array, the positions of two linear arrays may be shifted in the end-fire direction, as shown in fig. 12. Furthermore, the elements in the vertically polarized antenna array may be a mixture of the antenna element I and its variants and the antenna element II and its variants, and the feeding position may also be located inside or outside the array, depending on the type of element, as shown in fig. 13 and 14.
The following are several specific embodiments of the present invention.
Example 1
This embodiment provides an antenna with a horizontal half power lobe width covering 180 degrees and a certain gain right above, and the operating frequency is 4.89GHz, as shown in fig. 1. The length of the first metal wire 1 and the width of the second metal wire 4 are both 14mm, and the width of the first metal wire and the width of the second metal wire are both 4 mm. The length of the metal wire III 5 is 12mm, the width of the metal wire III is 4mm, and the distance between the metal wire III and the metal floor I3 is 1 mm. The length of the metal wire four 6 is 26mm, the width is 1mm, and the distance h between the metal wire four 6 and the tops of the metal wire one 1 and the metal wire two 4 is 2 mm. In a practical production installation, the antenna unit I may be supported by a plastic frame 15, as shown in fig. 15.
The metal wire I1, the feed source I2 and the metal floor I3 form a monopole antenna. The width of the metal wire three 5 is adjusted, so that the resonance amplitude and the phase of the metal wire two 4 can be changed, the metal wire three 5 can play a role of a director, and the directional pattern has directionality in the horizontal plane. As shown in fig. 16 (a), the half power lobe width of the antenna in the horizontal plane is about 180 degrees and the front-to-back ratio is about 12 dB. The metal line four 6 provides a certain gain for the right above, as shown in fig. 16 (b). The distance h between metal line four 6 and metal line one 1 determines the amount of energy coupled to metal line four 6, so that the gain directly above the antenna (+ z direction) can be changed as desired, as shown in (a) and (b) of fig. 17.
Example 2
This embodiment provides an antenna with a horizontal half power lobe width covering 180 degrees and a certain gain right above, and with an operating frequency of 4.89GHz, as shown in fig. 5. The length of the metal wire five 7 is 14mm, the length of the metal wire six 9 is 20mm, and the distance between the metal wire six 7 and the metal wire five 7 is 12 mm. Seven 10 of metal lines are located above five 7 of metal lines, and length is 26mm, and is 2mm with five 7 of metal lines top distance, and the left side is 2mm with six 9 of metal lines distance.
The metal wire five 7, the feed source two 8 and the metal floor one 3 form a monopole antenna. The height of the metal wire six 9 is adjusted, so that the metal wire six can function as a reflector, and the directional diagram has directionality in the horizontal plane. As shown in fig. 18 (a), the half power lobe width of the antenna in the horizontal plane is about 180 degrees and the front-to-back ratio is about 7 dB. The metal line seven 10 provides a certain gain for the right above (+ z direction) as shown in (b) of fig. 18.
Example 3
The present embodiment provides a 2 x 8 phased array antenna with horizontal 360 degree vertical polarization scan and coverage of half space, operating at 4.89 GHz. The antenna elements of the array are all antenna elements I, and the array mode is shown in fig. 8. In the linear array direction, the distance d1 between the centers of adjacent units is 24mm, and the distance d2 between the edges of two linear arrays is 40 mm.
When the antenna array scans in the broadside direction, only one linear array in the array feeds power. The feeding amplitudes of the antenna elements in the linear array are the same, and when the phase difference between adjacent elements is 0 °, ± 70 ° and ± 125 ° respectively, the corresponding beams point to the horizontal plane in the directions of 0 °, ± 30 ° and ± 60 ° respectively, as shown in (a) of fig. 19. When the array scans beams in a horizontal plane, the variation range of the main polarization component gain is 9 dBi-10.6 dBi. When feeding another linear array, the array can be scanned in the broadside-to-broadside direction of the beam in fig. 19 (a) due to the symmetry of the array.
When the antenna array radiates in the end-fire direction, the two linear arrays feed power simultaneously, the feeding amplitudes of all the units are the same, and the phase difference of adjacent units in the linear arrays is 140 degrees. At this time, the beam of the array was directed 90 ° and the gain was 11.4dBi, as shown in fig. 19 (b). According to the symmetry of the array, when the phase difference of adjacent units in the linear array is-140 degrees, the beam of the array points to the 270 degree direction, and the gain is the same as when the beam points to the 90 degree direction.
Combining the edge-fire directional beam and the end-fire directional beam, it can be shown that the array can realize beam scanning in 360 degrees in the horizontal plane. When the beam of the array is pointed at 0 ° or 180 ° in the horizontal plane, the gain directly above the array is 8dBi, as shown in fig. 20. In practical applications, if communication with an object directly above is required, the beam is switched to a beam pointing at 0 ° or 180 ° in the horizontal plane.
Example 4
The present embodiment provides a 2 x 8 phased array antenna with horizontal 360 degree vertical polarization scan and coverage of half space, operating at 4.89 GHz. The antenna units of the array are all antenna units II, and the array mode is shown in fig. 9. In the linear array direction, the distance d3 between the centers of the adjacent units is 24mm, and the distance d4 between the vertical metal wires six 9 in the two linear arrays is 40 mm.
When the antenna array scans in the broadside direction, only one linear array in the array feeds power. The feeding amplitudes of the antenna elements in the linear array are the same, and when the phase difference between adjacent elements is 0 °, ± 70 ° and ± 125 ° respectively, the corresponding beams point to the horizontal plane in the directions of 0 °, ± 30 ° and ± 60 ° respectively, as shown in (a) of fig. 21. When the array scans beams in a horizontal plane, the variation range of the main polarization component gain is 9 dBi-10.6 dBi. When feeding another linear array, the array can be scanned in the broadside-to-broadside direction of the beam in fig. 21 (a) due to the symmetry of the array.
When the antenna array radiates in the end-fire direction, the two linear arrays feed power simultaneously, the feeding amplitudes of all the units are the same, and the phase difference of adjacent units in the linear arrays is 140 degrees. At this time, the beam of the array was directed 90 ° and the gain was 10.4dBi, as shown in fig. 21 (b). According to the symmetry of the array, when the phase difference of adjacent units in the linear array is-140 degrees, the beam of the array points to the 270 degree direction, and the gain is the same as when the beam points to the 90 degree direction.
Combining the edge-fire directional beam and the end-fire directional beam, it can be shown that the array can realize beam scanning in 360 degrees in the horizontal plane. When the beam of the array is pointed at 0 ° or 180 ° in the horizontal plane, the gain directly above the array is 8dBi, as shown in fig. 22.
Example 5
The present embodiments provide a dual polarized phased array covering half-space, 360 degree scanning in the horizontal plane. The array was operated at 4.89GHz and the array format was as shown in figures 10 and 11. The antenna unit scanned by horizontal plane vertical polarization is antenna unit I, and each row has 16 units along the linear array direction. The distance d1 between the centers of the adjacent units is 24mm, and the distance d2 between the edges of the two linear arrays is 40 mm. The size of the metal floor board I3 is 120mm 410mm, two linear arrays formed by the dipoles 11 horizontally arranged on the PCB14 are respectively arranged on two sides of the long edge of the metal floor board, and each array is provided with 16 units. The length of the radiation arm of the horizontally placed dipole 11 is 9.5mm, the width of the radiation arm is 2mm, and the bending angle of the radiation arm to the first metal floor 3 is 45 degrees. The distance between adjacent dipoles 11 along the linear array is 24 mm. And the metal cavity below the first metal floor 3 is used for shielding the feed network of the phased array and ensuring the distance between the horizontal dipole and the second metal floor 13, and the size of the metal cavity is 120mm x 410mm x 25 mm.
Claims (12)
1. An airborne vertical polarization phased array comprises two linear arrays, wherein each linear array is formed by distributing a plurality of antenna units in a plurality of rows and a single column, and the airborne vertical polarization phased array is characterized in that each linear array has the characteristic of single-side beam scanning, the maximum radiation direction of the antenna units points to the outer side of the linear array, each linear array covers the space of a quarter sphere, when the antenna beams are laterally scanned, only the single linear array is used, the other linear array does not participate in the work, and when the antenna beams are end-fired, the two linear arrays work simultaneously.
2. The airborne vertically polarized phased array of claim 1, wherein the antenna elements have a directional radiation characteristic in the horizontal plane, with a lobe width covering 180 degrees and a beam width in elevation, thereby ensuring half-space beam coverage.
3. The airborne vertically polarized phased array of claim 1, wherein adjacent antenna elements are spaced apart in the same linear array in the range of 0.25 λ0～0.49λ0The edge-to-edge spacing range of two linear arrays is 0.1 lambda0～5λ0，λ0Is the wavelength in free space of the central operating frequency of the antenna element.
4. The airborne vertically polarized phased array of claim 1, wherein all antenna elements of the two linear arrays are identical, or all antenna elements of the same linear array are identical, or antenna elements of the same linear array are partially identical.
5. The airborne vertically polarized phased array of claim 1, wherein the feed points of the antenna elements in each linear array are all on the inside or all on the outside, or the feed points of some antenna elements are on the inside and the feed points of other antenna elements are on the outside.
6. The airborne vertically polarized phased array of claim 1, wherein the antenna elements of the two arrays of linear arrays are symmetrical or misaligned in the endfire direction.
7. The airborne vertically polarized phased array of claim 1, wherein the antenna elements employ one of:
the antenna unit I comprises a metal floor I (3), wherein a vertical metal wire I (1) and a vertical metal wire II (4) are arranged above the metal floor I (3), the metal wire I (1) is positioned on the inner side of a linear array, the metal wire II (4) is positioned on the outer side of the linear array, a feed source I (2) is arranged between the metal wire I (1) and the metal floor I (3), the metal wire II (4) is not connected with the metal floor I (3), the bottom of the metal wire I (1) is connected with the bottom of the metal wire II (4) through a metal wire III (5), a metal wire IV (6) is arranged above the metal wire I (1) and the metal wire II (4), the metal wire IV (6) is not connected with the metal wire I (1) and the metal wire II (4), wherein the length ranges of the first metal wire (1), the second metal wire (4), the third metal wire (5) and the fourth metal wire (6) are all 0.1 lambda.0～0.5λ0；
The antenna unit II comprises a metal floor I (3), wherein a vertical metal wire five (7) and a vertical metal wire six (9) are arranged above the metal floor I (3), the metal wire five (7) is positioned on the outer side of a linear array, the metal wire six (9) is positioned on the inner side of the linear array, a feed source II (8) is arranged between the metal wire five (7) and the metal floor I (3), the bottom end of the metal wire six (9) is connected with the metal floor I (3), the length of the metal wire six (9) is larger than that of the metal wire five (7), a metal wire seven (10) is arranged above the metal wire five (7), the metal wire seven (10) is not connected with the metal wire five (7) and the metal wire six (9), and the length ranges of the metal wire five (7), the metal wire six (9) and the metal wire seven (10) are all 0.1 lambda0～0.5λ0。
8. The airborne vertically polarized phased array of claim 7, wherein in the antenna unit I, the lengths of the first metal wire (1) and the second metal wire (4) are equal or different, the first metal wire (1) and the second metal wire (4) are both in a vertical state or in an inclined state having an acute angle with the vertical line, the first metal wire (1) and the second metal wire (4) are linear or in a shape having a width or a thickness, the third metal wire (5) and the fourth metal wire (6) are both in a horizontal state or in an inclined state having an acute angle with the horizontal line, the third metal wire (5) and the fourth metal wire (6) are linear, curved or in a shape having a width or a thickness, the fourth metal wire (6) is located above, lateral or laterally above the first metal wire (1) and the second metal wire (4), the average distance between the fourth metal wire (6) and the first metal wire (1) and the second metal wire (4) is h, h determines the amount of energy to which the wire four (6) is coupled, so that the gain directly above the antenna can be changed as required;
in the antenna unit II, the metal wire seven (10) is located above the metal wire five (7) or above the side of the metal wire five (7) and above the metal wire six (9), the metal wire five (7) and the metal wire six (9) are both in a vertical state or in an inclined state with an acute angle to the vertical line, the metal wire five (7) and the metal wire six (9) are in a straight line or in a shape with width or thickness, the metal wire seven (10) is in a horizontal state or in an inclined state with an acute angle to the horizontal line, and the metal wire seven (10) is in a straight line, a curved line or in a shape with width or thickness.
9. An airborne dual-polarized phased array comprising two arrays of horizontally polarized antennas, characterized in that it further comprises the airborne vertical-polarized phased array of any one of claims 1 to 8 arranged in parallel with the horizontally polarized antennas, wherein the airborne vertical-polarized phased array is located between the two arrays of horizontally polarized antennas.
10. The airborne dual-polarized phased array according to claim 9, wherein said two columns of horizontally polarized antenna arrays are respectively disposed on both sides of an upper surface of a PCB (14), said airborne vertically polarized phased array is mounted on the upper surface of the PCB (14), and the upper surface of the PCB (14) performs a metal floor-one (3) function on said airborne vertically polarized phased array.
11. The on-board dual-polarized phased array according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the horizontally polarized antenna array is formed by a plurality of horizontally disposed dipole antennas (11), the two arms of the dipole antennas (11) are inclined towards the first metal floor (3), and the distance between the centers of the adjacent dipole antennas (11) is 0.25 λ0～0.49λ0。
12. The phased array of claim 10, wherein a second metal floor (13) is disposed below the PCB (14), a metal cavity (12) is disposed between the second metal floor (13) and the PCB (14), and the height of the metal cavity (12) is in the range of 0.25 λ0～0.5λ0The width is smaller than the width of the PCB (14).
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