CN111370853B - Wide-angle scanning array based on generalized directional diagram product principle - Google Patents
Wide-angle scanning array based on generalized directional diagram product principle Download PDFInfo
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- CN111370853B CN111370853B CN202010099533.5A CN202010099533A CN111370853B CN 111370853 B CN111370853 B CN 111370853B CN 202010099533 A CN202010099533 A CN 202010099533A CN 111370853 B CN111370853 B CN 111370853B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
- H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/10—Resonant slot antennas
- H01Q13/106—Microstrip slot antennas
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
- H01Q21/064—Two dimensional planar arrays using horn or slot aerials
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Abstract
The invention provides an antenna unit and a large-angle scanning array based on the generalized directional diagram product principle thereof, wherein the antenna unit comprises: the device comprises a first open slot 1, a second open slot 2, a first feed microstrip line 3, a second feed microstrip line 4, a medium 5, a metal patch 6, a medium sheet 7 and a floor 8; the scanning array is formed by a plurality of antenna units which are arranged in a straight line. The invention utilizes the feed ports with different phases to feed the opening gap, the directional diagram of the antenna unit can change along with the phase difference of the input ports, and meanwhile, the high-impedance surface with a periodic structure is adopted, so that the antenna section can be effectively reduced and the antenna gain can be effectively improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of microwaves and antennas, in particular to an antenna unit and a large-angle scanning array based on the generalized directional diagram product principle. And more particularly to antenna elements having patterns that vary with input port phase differences and large angle scanning arrays thereof based on the generalized pattern product principle.
Background
With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, miniaturization and low cost of antennas are strongly attractive in many fields. The slot antenna has attracted much attention because of its ease of impedance matching, low profile, light weight, and high radiation efficiency.
The phased array technology has a great position in military radar systems of various countries, except for special application scenes, a planar phased array is a common array type in the military radar systems, and due to the limited beam width of antenna units and the large coupling between the antenna units in the vicinity of an end-fire direction, the scanning angle of an antenna array is limited. The traditional plane array antenna has a beam scanning range of-45 to +45 degrees in a pitching plane. The range outside the effective working space of the phased array is the visual blind area of the radar, and the radar cannot effectively detect, intercept and strike enemy targets in the blind area, which seriously threatens the security of a military platform. The application of the planar large-angle scanning array has obvious significance for expanding the effective working area of the radar system, can reduce the number of arrays required by the effective working of the whole space, and has great influence on improving the performance of the radar system, reducing the system cost, expanding the application field of the radar and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide an antenna unit and a large-angle scanning array based on the generalized directional diagram product principle.
According to the antenna unit and the large-angle scanning array based on the generalized directional diagram product principle, the antenna unit comprises:
the device comprises a first opening gap, a second opening gap, a first feed microstrip line, a second feed microstrip line, a medium, a metal patch, a medium sheet and a floor;
the scanning array is formed by linearly arranging a plurality of antenna units to form a linear array.
Preferably, the antenna unit is a low-profile antenna unit with a directional pattern varying with the phase difference of the input ports.
Preferably, the length of the antenna unit is smaller than half wavelength, and the first opening slot and the second opening slot are located above the medium and distributed on two sides of the antenna unit;
the first feed microstrip line and the second feed microstrip line are respectively positioned below the first opening gap and the second opening gap and are vertical to the gaps.
Preferably, the first open slot and the second open slot are fed by the first feeding microstrip line and the second feeding microstrip line respectively, and the feeding phases can be set arbitrarily.
Preferably, the metal patch, the dielectric sheet and the floor constitute a high-impedance surface unit;
the high-impedance surface units are planar periodic two-dimensional structures and are periodically arranged in a grid form in the x direction and the y direction.
Preferably, the scanning array is a linear array formed by arranging n antenna units in a straight line, and the center distance between adjacent antenna units is less than one wavelength.
Preferably, the n antenna units are arranged in a straight line to form a linear array, and the main beam points to theta 0 The directional pattern of (1) is the unit beam pointing theta 0 Element factor and beam pointing theta of the directional diagram 0 The generalized pattern product principle.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention has a lower profile.
2. The main bodies of the invention are PCB printing boards, the structure is simple and the processing is easy
3. The present invention can achieve large angle scanning (+/-66 deg.).
4. The antenna unit directional diagram can change along with the phase difference of the input port, and when the scanning angle is +/-42 degrees, the maximum beam direction of the element factor and the array factor can be the same angle.
5. The invention utilizes the feed ports with different phases to feed the opening gap, the directional diagram of the antenna unit can change along with the phase difference of the input ports, and meanwhile, the high-impedance surface with a periodic structure is adopted, so that the antenna section can be effectively reduced and the antenna gain can be effectively improved, and the antenna units are connected and arranged according to 1 multiplied by 4 to form an array, so that large-angle scanning can be realized.
Drawings
Other features, objects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent upon reading of the detailed description of non-limiting embodiments with reference to the following drawings:
fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a low-profile antenna unit according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic front view of an antenna unit according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic top view of an antenna unit according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic top view of microstrip line feed according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the phased array principle of the antenna of the present invention
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the product principle of the directional diagram of the present invention
FIG. 7 is a top view of a high impedance surface of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic front view of a high impedance surface of the present invention;
fig. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of an antenna array according to the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a return loss diagram of an antenna unit of the present invention;
fig. 11 is a schematic view of the direction of the plane E of the antenna unit according to the present invention when two ports have different feeding phases;
fig. 12 is a return loss diagram of the antenna array of the present invention;
fig. 13 is a schematic view of a scanning direction of the antenna array according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples. The following examples will assist those skilled in the art in further understanding the invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way. It should be noted that variations and modifications can be made by persons skilled in the art without departing from the concept of the invention. All falling within the scope of the present invention.
According to the antenna unit and the large-angle scanning array based on the generalized directional diagram product principle, the antenna unit comprises:
the device comprises a first opening gap 1, a second opening gap 2, a first feed microstrip line 3, a second feed microstrip line 4, a medium 5, a metal patch 6, a medium sheet 7 and a floor 8;
the scanning array is formed by a plurality of antenna units which are arranged in a straight line.
Specifically, the antenna unit is a low-profile antenna unit with a directional pattern varying with the phase difference of the input port.
Specifically, the size length of the antenna unit is smaller than a half wavelength, and the first opening slot 1 and the second opening slot 2 are located above the medium 5 and distributed on two sides of the antenna unit;
the first feed microstrip line 3 and the second feed microstrip line 4 are respectively located below the first open slot 1 and the second open slot 2, and are perpendicular to the slots.
Specifically, the first open slot 1 and the second open slot 2 are fed by a first feeding microstrip line 3 and a second feeding microstrip line 4, respectively, and feeding phases can be set arbitrarily.
Specifically, the metal patch 6, the dielectric sheet 7 and the floor 8 constitute a high-impedance surface unit;
the high-impedance surface units are planar periodic two-dimensional structures and are periodically arranged in a grid form in the x direction and the y direction.
Specifically, the scanning array is a linear array formed by arranging n antenna units in a straight line, and the center distance between adjacent antenna units is less than one wavelength.
Specifically, the n antenna units are arranged in a straight line to form a linear array, and the main beam points to theta 0 The directional pattern of (1) is the unit beam pointing theta 0 Element factor and beam pointing theta of the directional diagram 0 The generalized pattern product principle, is the product of the array factors of (a).
The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to preferred examples.
Preferred embodiment 1:
aiming at the problem of small scanning angle and low gain of the traditional array, the invention provides an antenna unit with a directional diagram changing along with the phase difference of an input port and a large-angle scanning array based on the generalized directional diagram product principle. The antenna has a small overall structure and a low profile, and the array can realize large-angle scanning and has high gain.
The invention realizes the design of the antenna unit and the large-angle scanning array thereof by the following method:
the two opening gaps are fed by the feeding port with the phase capable of being set randomly, so that the directional diagram of the antenna unit changes along with the phase difference of the input port, and the introduction of the high-impedance surface can reduce the section of the antenna and improve the gain of the antenna.
In order to reduce the section of the antenna, the high-impedance surface is introduced to realize in-phase reflection of plane current and mirror current thereof.
In order to widen the operating bandwidth of the antenna, the invention uses an open slot antenna operating in the 1/4 wavelength mode.
The antenna unit adopts microstrip lines for feeding, and when equal-amplitude and same-phase signals are fed into the two microstrip lines, the maximum radiation direction of the antenna unit is theta =0 degree; when equal-amplitude inverted signals are fed to both ports simultaneously, the maximum radiation direction of the antenna element is at theta =42 °.
In the present invention, the directivity coefficient f (θ) = f of the antenna array 1 (β)*f 2 (φ)，f 1 (beta) is an element factor, beta is the phase difference between the two input ports of the antenna element, which determines the shape of the directional pattern of the antenna element, different beta corresponds to different maximum beam pointing directions theta of the directional pattern of the element 0 。
Is the factor of the matrix, and is,
it determines the maximum beam pointing theta of the array factor 0 In the present invention, on the one hand, the beta-sum can be adjusted
The maximum beams of the element factor and the array factor are pointed to the same direction theta 0 Thereby increasing the antenna array gain. On the other hand, the maximum beam pointing direction of the element factor is not limited to a specific pointing direction of the traditional antenna array unit, but can be adjusted randomly within a range, so that the maximum beam pointing direction theta of the array is enabled to be 0 A larger angle is reached.
The element factor and the maximum beam direction of the array factor of the antenna array can be scanned, the scanning angle of the element factor is +/-42 degrees, and the scanning angle of the array factor is +/-90 degrees.
The dielectric substrate used on the high-impedance surface adopts a dielectric with the relative dielectric constant of 4.3 and the thickness of 6 mm. The dielectric substrate of the open slot antenna adopts a dielectric with a relative dielectric constant of 4.3 and a thickness of 1 mm. The thickness of the metal copper foil is 0.035mm.
The antenna units are arranged and arrayed according to 1 multiplied by 4 in the invention.
Preferred embodiment 2:
the invention provides an antenna unit with a directional diagram changing along with the phase difference of an input port and a wide-angle scanning array based on the generalized directional diagram product principle, which are applied to the technical field of communication. The antenna unit consists of two opening gaps and a high-impedance surface with a periodic structure, the size of the antenna unit is smaller than half wavelength, and a directional diagram of the antenna unit changes along with the phase difference of the input port. The introduction of the high-impedance surface can reduce the overall section height of the antenna on one hand and can improve the gain of the antenna on the other hand. By optimizing the parameters of the antenna unit and the antenna array, the height of the antenna section is reduced as much as possible, and meanwhile, the impedance characteristic and the radiation characteristic of the antenna are kept unchanged basically, so that the antenna can be better suitable for various communication application fields.
Referring to fig. 1 to 4, an antenna unit with a directional diagram varying with input port phase difference is composed of a high-impedance surface at the bottom, a dielectric plate, two open slots above the high-impedance surface, and a microstrip line feeder. The antenna unit structure specifically is: the upper layer of metal copper foil is 0.035mm thick; the open slot antenna supporting medium has a dielectric constant of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.5mm; the upper layer of metal thin copper on the high-impedance surface is 0.035mm thick; the high-impedance surface dielectric plate has a dielectric constant of 4.3 and a thickness of 4.5mm; the thickness of the metal copper floor is 0.035mm.
Referring to fig. 4, the open slot is fed by the microstrip line, the phase of the feeding port can be set arbitrarily, and the directional diagram can change with the phase difference of the input port.
Referring to fig. 5 and 6, according to the product principle of the directional diagram, the directivity factor f (θ) = f of the antenna array in the present invention 1 (β)*f 2 (φ)，f 1 (beta) is an element factor, beta is the phase difference between the two input ports of the antenna element, which determines the shape of the directional pattern of the antenna element, different beta corresponds to different maximum beam pointing directions theta of the directional pattern of the element 0 。
Is the factor of the matrix, and is,
it determines the maximum beam pointing theta of the array factor 0 . By adjusting beta and
the maximum beam pointing theta of the array can be realized 0 A larger angle is reached.
Further, please refer to fig. 7 and 8, which show the specific structure of high impedance. The high-impedance surface consists of metal patches which are periodically arranged, a dielectric material and a metal grounding surface. The side length of the metal patch is 27mm, the side length of the metal grounding surface is 30mm, and the thickness of the medium is 4.5mm.
Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of the antenna elements arranged in a 1 × 4 array.
The invention adopts full-wave electromagnetic simulation software to carry out simulation, and the characteristic that the directional diagram of the antenna unit changes along with the phase difference of the input port and the scanning characteristic of the array are verified only through simulation. Feeding signals with the same amplitude and different phase differences into two ports of the antenna unit respectively, and changing a directional diagram of the antenna unit; the different units of the antenna array are fed with signals with equal amplitude and different phase differences respectively, and the antenna array factors can realize scanning in different angle directions.
Fig. 10 shows the return loss of the antenna element, it is clear that the antenna has a broadband operating characteristic, and in order to characterize the radiation characteristic of the antenna, the main plane xoz is chosen here. Fig. 11 shows the E-plane directional diagrams of the antenna unit when the two ports have different feeding phases, which shows that the antenna unit directional diagrams have the characteristic of varying with the phase difference of the input ports.
Fig. 12 shows S parameters of the 1 × 4 antenna array, and in consideration of the coupling effect between the antenna elements, the return loss and the port isolation of the antenna array are changed, but the overall consistency is good. Fig. 13 shows the scanning pattern of the antenna array, and it can be seen that the array can realize a wide angle scanning of ± 66 °.
Preferred example 3:
the invention provides an antenna unit with a directional diagram changing along with the phase difference of an input port and a wide-angle scanning array based on the generalized directional diagram product principle. The conventional antenna array can only scan by adjusting the phase difference among the antenna units to change the array factor, and the beam scanning range is limited. The invention provides a dual-port antenna unit with a directional diagram capable of changing along with the phase, when a phased array is formed by the antenna unit, both element factors and array factors of an antenna array can change along with the phase difference, and therefore, the array beam scanning angle is enlarged. When the dual-port antenna unit with the directional diagram capable of changing along with the phase is formed into a large array, the directional diagram of the array can still be obtained by using a directional diagram product principle, and only the element factor and the array factor change along with the phase difference, which is called as a generalized directional diagram product principle.
The antenna unit consists of a patch with two open slots and a high-impedance surface structure positioned below the patch, and the shape of a directional diagram of the antenna unit can be changed along with the phase by applying different feeding phases to the two feeding ports. The high-impedance surface with the periodic structure greatly reduces the overall profile of the antenna. The antenna array is composed of 4 antenna units arranged according to 1 × 4. The antenna unit and the array formed by the antenna unit are simulated, and the characteristics that the antenna unit provided by the invention has a low section and a directional diagram changes along with the phase difference of two ports are verified. The 1 x 4 array enables large angle scanning. The array combining method, the array beam synthesis method and the beam scanning method can also be used for other arrays consisting of units with directional diagram changes, including large-scale arrays, namely the generalized directional diagram product principle.
An antenna unit with a directional diagram changing along with the phase difference of an input port and a large-angle scanning array based on the generalized directional diagram product principle. The antenna unit comprises two open slots 1 and 2, feed microstrip lines 3 and 4, a medium 5, a metal patch 6, a medium sheet 7 and a floor 8. The antenna array is formed by a plurality of the units which are arranged in a straight line.
The size and length of the antenna unit are smaller than half wavelength, two opening gaps 1 and 2 are arranged above a medium 5 and distributed on two sides of the unit, and feed microstrip lines 3 and 4 are respectively arranged below the gaps 1 and 2 and are perpendicular to the gaps.
The low-profile antenna unit with the directional diagram changing along with the phase difference of the input port is characterized in that two opening gaps 1 and 2 are fed by microstrip lines 3 and 4 respectively, and the feeding phase can be set randomly.
The low-profile antenna unit with the directional diagram varying with the phase difference of the input ports is characterized in that the high-impedance surface unit 678 is a planar periodic two-dimensional structure, and comprises metal patches 6 and 7 made of dielectric materials and a metal ground 8 which are periodically arranged in a grid form in the x direction and the y direction.
The low-profile antenna array with the directional diagram changing along with the phase difference of the input ports is characterized in that the array is a linear array formed by arranging n units according to a straight line, and the central distance between the adjacent units is less than one wavelength.
For the n-element phased array, the directional diagram of the main beam pointing to theta 0 is the product of the element factor of the directional diagram of the unit beam pointing to theta 0 and the array factor of the beam pointing to theta 0, namely the generalized directional diagram product principle.
In the description of the present application, it is to be understood that the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience in describing the present application and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed in a specific orientation, and be operated, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present application.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that, in addition to implementing the systems, apparatus, and various modules thereof provided by the present invention in purely computer readable program code, the same procedures can be implemented entirely by logically programming method steps such that the systems, apparatus, and various modules thereof are provided in the form of logic gates, switches, application specific integrated circuits, programmable logic controllers, embedded microcontrollers and the like. Therefore, the system, the device and the modules thereof provided by the present invention can be considered as a hardware component, and the modules included in the system, the device and the modules thereof for implementing various programs can also be considered as structures in the hardware component; modules for performing various functions may also be considered to be both software programs for performing the methods and structures within hardware components.
The foregoing description of specific embodiments of the present invention has been presented. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and that various changes or modifications may be made by one skilled in the art within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention. The embodiments and features of the embodiments of the present application may be combined with each other arbitrarily without conflict.
Claims (3)
1. A large-angle scanning array based on the generalized directional diagram product principle is characterized in that the scanning array is formed by arranging n antenna units according to a straight line to form a linear array, and the center distance between the adjacent antenna units is smaller than one wavelength;
the antenna unit includes:
the antenna comprises a first open gap (1), a second open gap (2), a first feed microstrip line (3), a second feed microstrip line (4), a medium (5), a metal patch (6), a medium sheet (7) and a floor (8);
the antenna unit is a low-profile antenna unit with a directional diagram changing along with the phase difference of the input port;
the first open slot (1) and the second open slot (2) are fed by a first feed microstrip line (3) and a second feed microstrip line (4) respectively, and the feed phases can be set randomly;
the n antenna units are arranged in a straight line to form a linear array, and the main beam points to theta 0 The directional pattern of (1) is the unit beam pointing theta 0 Element factor and beam pointing theta of the directional diagram 0 The generalized pattern product principle, is the product of the array factors of (a).
2. The wide-angle scanning array based on the generalized pattern product principle of claim 1, wherein the antenna element size length is less than a half wavelength, and the first open slot (1) and the second open slot (2) are located above the medium (5) and distributed on two sides of the antenna element;
the first feed microstrip line (3) and the second feed microstrip line (4) are respectively positioned below the first open gap (1) and the second open gap (2) and are vertical to the gaps.
3. The wide angle scanning array based on the generalized pattern product principle of claim 1, wherein the metal patch (6), the dielectric sheet (7) and the floor (8) constitute a high impedance surface unit;
the high-impedance surface units are planar periodic two-dimensional structures and are periodically arranged in a grid form in the x direction and the y direction.
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