CN112615035B - Wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system - Google Patents
Wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 109
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 58
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 109
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 109
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 101
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 150000002926 oxygen Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000007539 photo-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 35
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002828 fuel tank Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000009919 sequestration Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- VEUACKUBDLVUAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].[Ca] Chemical compound [Na].[Ca] VEUACKUBDLVUAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- -1 oxygen ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000001833 catalytic reforming Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000010757 Reduction Activity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003034 coal gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003411 electrode reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007146 photocatalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
- H01M8/0618—Reforming processes, e.g. autothermal, partial oxidation or steam reforming
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
- H01M8/0625—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material in a modular combined reactor/fuel cell structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
- H01M8/0625—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material in a modular combined reactor/fuel cell structure
- H01M8/0631—Reactor construction specially adapted for combination reactor/fuel cell
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system, which comprises a medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack, a wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system and a photo-oxidation activation system; the medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack comprises a cathode, an anode and a solid electrolyte, the wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system is used for carrying out catalytic reforming on fuel through electrodeless ultraviolet light and a reforming catalyst to obtain micromolecular fuel gas, namely hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and conveying the micromolecular fuel gas into the anode, the photoinduced oxygen activating system is used for separating enriched air to obtain oxygen-enriched air, activating oxygen in the oxygen-enriched air through an electrodeless ultraviolet lamp, and inputting the activated oxygen-enriched air into the cathode, and the medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack is used for carrying out electrochemical reaction on the hydrogen, the carbon monoxide and the oxygen to convert chemical energy into electric energy. The invention has the advantages of high power generation efficiency, zero pollution emission, low cost of the battery system, long service life, wide fuel adaptability and high utilization rate.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of clean energy, in particular to a wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system.
Background
The fuel cell has the excellent performances of high efficiency, low pollution, no noise, no need of charging, no combustion process, no high-speed moving parts and the like, wherein the solid oxide fuel cell is the energy technology with the highest conversion efficiency in all the current fuel cells. The fuel of the solid oxide fuel cell is widely selected, and not only can be H 2, CO and the like used as fuel, but also can be directly used as fuel by natural gas, coal gas and other hydrocarbon (such as methanol, ethanol, even high carbon chain liquid fuel such as gasoline, diesel oil and the like). The solid oxide fuel cell uses ceramics which become ion conductors at high temperature as electrolyte, evaporation and precipitation of the electrolyte can not occur, the electrode reaction process is rapid, the electrode can bear the poison of sulfide and CO with higher concentration, the requirement on the catalytic performance of the electrode is lower, noble metal electrodes are not needed, the electrode has the advantages of high efficiency, large power density, simple structure, long service life and the like, through continuous research and exploration for nearly half a century, the technical development of the solid oxide fuel cell has better achievement, but the problems of overhigh cell cost and series of problems caused by overhigh working temperature still exist, and the solid oxide fuel cell still cannot be applied to large-scale industrialization up to date.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system aiming at the defects. The invention uses CO and H2 with higher reactivity in microwave electrodeless ultraviolet light condensation catalytic reforming production as anode fuel gas, uses active oxygen with high electrochemical reducibility generated by activating oxygen by microwave electrodeless ultraviolet light excitation as cathode oxidant, uses doped cerium oxide as solid electrolyte membrane, and has the advantages of high power generation efficiency, zero pollution, low cost, long service life, wide fuel adaptability and high utilization rate of a battery system; the power source is particularly suitable for being used as a power source of transportation means such as vehicles, ships, aircrafts and the like, and can also be used as a distributed power source.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system comprises a medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack, a wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system and a photo-oxidation activation system;
The medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack comprises a cathode, an anode and a solid electrolyte, wherein the cathode and the anode are arranged at two sides of the solid electrolyte, the wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system is used for catalytically reforming fuel by adopting microwave electrodeless ultraviolet light and a reforming catalyst to obtain micromolecular fuel gas, namely hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and conveying the micromolecular fuel gas into the anode, the photoinduced oxygen activating system is used for separating enriched air to obtain oxygen-enriched air, activating oxygen in the oxygen-enriched air through an electrodeless ultraviolet lamp, inputting the activated oxygen-enriched air into the cathode, the medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack is used for enabling the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide to perform electrochemical reaction with the oxygen, converting chemical energy into electric energy, obtaining electrons by the oxygen in the cathode to generate oxygen ions, enabling the oxygen ions to pass through the solid electrolyte to react with the hydrogen or the carbon monoxide in the anode, generating carbon dioxide and water at the anode, and releasing reaction heat.
Further, the wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system comprises a fuel supply system, a wave photocatalytic fuel reformer and an anode circulating fan, wherein the fuel supply system is connected with the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer, the output end of the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer is connected with the input end of an anode, the anode circulating fan is arranged between the output end of the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer and the input end of the anode, the fuel supply system is used for inputting fuel into the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer, the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer is used for carrying out catalytic reforming on the fuel by utilizing ultraviolet light and a reforming catalyst to obtain carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and the anode circulating fan is used for pumping the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen into the anode of the medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack.
Further, the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer comprises a microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp, a condensing lens, a reforming catalyst and a catalytic reactor, wherein the reforming catalyst is arranged in the catalytic reactor, the output end of the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp is connected with the catalytic reactor, the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp is used for generating ultraviolet light, the condensing lens is arranged at the output end of the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp, and the condensing lens is used for converging light emitted by the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp into light spots and irradiating the light on the surface of the reforming catalyst in the catalytic reactor;
The fuel supply system comprises a fuel tank and an oil feed pump, wherein the oil feed pump is arranged at the output end of the fuel tank, the output end of the fuel tank is connected with the input end of the catalytic reactor, the fuel tank is used for storing fuel, and the oil feed pump is used for pumping the fuel in the fuel tank into the catalytic reactor.
Further, the wavelength of the ultraviolet light is 180-300nm, and the temperature is 50-1200 ℃.
Further, the wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system further comprises a carbon sequestration recovery system, wherein the output end of the anode is connected with the input end of the carbon sequestration recovery system, the output end of the carbon sequestration recovery system is connected with the input end of the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer, and the carbon sequestration recovery system is used for receiving carbon dioxide, water and small-molecule fuel gas which is generated in the anode and is not fully reacted.
Further, the carbon-fixing recovery system comprises a feeding valve, a sodium-calcium tank, a feeding valve, an adsorption reactor, a discharging valve, a recovery tank and an evacuation valve, wherein the feeding valve is arranged at the input end of the adsorption reactor, the discharging valve is arranged at the output end of the adsorption reactor, the input end of the adsorption reactor is connected with the output end of the sodium-calcium tank, the output end of the adsorption reactor is connected with the input end of the recovery tank, the sodium-calcium tank is used for storing solid alkali, the feeding valve is used for inputting the solid alkali in the sodium-calcium tank into the adsorption reactor, the discharging valve is used for discharging the solid alkali after the adsorption reaction into the recovery tank, the feeding valve is arranged at the input end of the sodium-calcium tank, the evacuation valve is arranged at the output end of the recovery tank, the output end of the anode is connected with the middle part of the adsorption reactor, and the input end of the catalytic reactor is connected with the middle part of the adsorption reactor.
Further, a first temperature sensor and a first pressure sensor are sequentially arranged between the output end of the anode and the adsorption reactor.
Further, the photoinduced oxygen activation system comprises an oxygen supply system and a cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp, wherein the output end of the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp is connected with the input end of the cathode, the output end of the oxygen supply system is connected with the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp, the oxygen supply system is used for enriching air to obtain oxygen-enriched air and conveying the oxygen-enriched air to the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp, and the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp is used for activating the oxygen-enriched air through ultraviolet light.
Further, the oxygen supply system comprises an air pump, an air filter, an air supply valve, an oxygen-enriched membrane and a pressure-release nitrogen-discharge valve, wherein the output end of the air pump is connected with the input end of the air filter, the air pump is used for pumping air into the air filter, the air supply valve is arranged at the output end of the air filter, the output end of the air filter is connected with the input end of the oxygen-enriched membrane, the output end of the oxygen-enriched membrane is connected with the input end of the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp, the oxygen-enriched membrane is used for separating enriched air to obtain oxygen-enriched air and oxygen-depleted air, the pressure-release nitrogen-discharge valve is arranged on the oxygen-enriched membrane, and the pressure-release nitrogen-discharge valve is used for discharging the oxygen-depleted air.
Further, the output end of the cathode is provided with a cathode circulating fan, the output end of the cathode circulating fan is connected with the input end of the oxygen-enriched membrane, and the cathode circulating fan is used for pumping oxygen which is not completely reacted into the oxygen-enriched membrane;
And a second temperature sensor and a second pressure sensor are sequentially arranged between the output end of the cathode and the cathode circulating fan.
After the technical scheme is adopted, compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. The wave photocatalysis fuel reformer adopted by the invention performs microwave electrodeless ultraviolet light condensation catalysis fuel reforming, uses CO and H2 with higher reactivity as anode fuel gas, and has the advantages of quick starting and stopping speeds, high efficiency, low cost and wide fuel adaptability.
2. The invention adopts the carbon-fixing recovery system, the carbon-fixing recovery system receives the water vapor, the carbon dioxide and the incompletely reacted fuel gas and the reaction waste heat generated by the battery reaction, absorbs the carbon dioxide and the water vapor, and sends the fuel gas and the reaction waste heat to the echo photocatalytic reformer for cyclic utilization, thereby improving the fuel utilization efficiency, ensuring that the anode fuel gas closed cycle system does not need heat exchange, heat removal and exhaust, not only realizing zero pollution emission, but also improving the fuel utilization rate and reducing the cost of the battery system.
3. The cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet light is used for exciting and activating oxygen to generate active oxygen with high electrochemical reducibility as a cathode oxidant, so that the reaction temperature and electrode catalytic performance requirements required by the battery reaction can be reduced, the cost of a battery system can be reduced, and the theoretical voltage and the reaction rate of the battery can be improved.
The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings and examples.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a structure of a photo-oxygen activation system;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the electrochemical reaction process of the present invention.
In the drawings, the list of components represented by the various numbers is as follows:
1. A medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack; 11. a cathode; 12. an anode; 13. a solid electrolyte; 21. a fuel supply system; 211. a fuel tank; 212. an oil feed pump; 22. a wave photocatalytic fuel reformer; 221. a microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp; 222. a condenser; 223. a reforming catalyst; 224. a catalytic reactor; 23. an anode circulating fan; 24. a carbon sequestration recovery system; 241. a charging valve; 242. a sodium-calcium box; 243. a feed valve; 244. an adsorption reactor; 245. a discharge valve; 246. a recovery box; 247. an evacuation valve; 25. a first temperature sensor; 26. a first pressure sensor; 31. an oxygen supply system; 311. an air pump; 312. an air filter; 313. a gas supply valve; 314. an oxygen-enriched membrane; 315. a pressure-releasing nitrogen-discharging valve; 32. cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamps; 33. a cathode circulating fan; 34. a second temperature sensor; 35. and a second pressure sensor.
Detailed Description
The principles and features of the present invention are described below with reference to the drawings, the examples are illustrated for the purpose of illustrating the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, merely to facilitate description of the present invention and simplify description, and do not indicate or imply that the apparatus or elements referred to must have a specific orientation, be configured and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1, a wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system includes a medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack 1, a wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system, and a photo-oxidation activation system; the electrochemical reaction of the cell is shown in fig. 4;
The medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack 1 comprises a cathode 11, an anode 12 and a solid electrolyte 13, wherein the cathode 11 and the anode 12 are arranged at two sides of the solid electrolyte 13, the wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system is used for carrying out catalytic reforming on fuel by adopting microwave electrodeless ultraviolet light and a reforming catalyst 223 to obtain micromolecular fuel gas, namely hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and conveying the micromolecular fuel gas into the anode 12, the photoinduced oxygen activating system is used for separating enriched air to obtain oxygen-enriched air, activating oxygen in the oxygen-enriched air by an electrodeless ultraviolet lamp, inputting the activated oxygen-enriched air into the cathode 11, the medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack 1 is used for carrying out electrochemical reaction on the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide and the oxygen to convert chemical energy into electric energy, the oxygen in the cathode 11 is used for obtaining electrons to generate oxygen ions, the oxygen ions pass through the solid electrolyte 13 to react with the hydrogen or the carbon monoxide in the anode 12, and carbon dioxide and water are generated at the anode 12 to release reaction heat;
In this embodiment, the anode 12 is made of a metal-based composite material, such as Ni-based, the anode 12 is made of 40 pieces of porous nickel material with an area of 40cm by 50cm, the polar solid electrolyte 13 is made of a low-temperature solid electrolyte membrane of oxygen ion (O2-) conductor, such as doped cerium oxide, the cathode 11 is made of a perovskite structure oxide material, such as LSM, and the cathode is made of 40 pieces of porous LSM material with an area of 40cm by 50 cm;
the fuel can be gasoline, methane or alcohol.
As shown in fig. 2, as an embodiment, the wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system includes a fuel supply system 21, a wave photocatalytic fuel reformer 22 and an anode circulating fan 23, the fuel supply system 21 is connected to the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer 22, an output end of the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer 22 is connected to an input end of the anode 12, the anode circulating fan 23 is disposed between the output end of the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer 22 and the input end of the anode 12, the fuel supply system 21 is used for inputting fuel into the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer 22, the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer 22 is used for catalytically reforming the fuel by using ultraviolet light and a reforming catalyst 223 to obtain carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and the anode circulating fan 23 is used for pumping the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen into the anode 12 of the medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack 1.
As an embodiment, the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer 22 includes a microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 221, a condenser lens 222, a reforming catalyst 223 and a catalytic reactor 224, the reforming catalyst 223 is disposed in the catalytic reactor 224, an output end of the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 221 is connected with the catalytic reactor 224, the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 221 is used for generating ultraviolet light, the output end of the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 221 is provided with the condenser lens 222, and the condenser lens 222 is used for converging light emitted by the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 221 into light spots and irradiating the light on the surface of the reforming catalyst 223 in the catalytic reactor 224;
In the embodiment, two groups of microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamps 221 and a condenser 222 are arranged on the outer side of the catalytic reactor 224, the output end of the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamps 221 is connected with the side face of the catalytic reactor 224 through a flange, the condenser 222 is arranged at the flange connection position, the power of the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamps 221 is 2KW, the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamps are started and stopped fast, the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamps are started, ultraviolet light is gathered through the condenser, the formed light spots can reach 1000 ℃, the reforming catalyst 223 is made of Ni-based cerium oxide composite materials, the catalytic reactor 224 is a tubular reactor, the lining of the catalytic reactor 224 is made of refractory materials, and a heat preservation layer is arranged outside the catalytic reactor.
The fuel supply system 21 includes a fuel tank 211 and an oil feed pump 212, the oil feed pump 212 is disposed at an output end of the fuel tank 211, the output end of the fuel tank 211 is connected with an input end of the catalytic reactor 224, the fuel tank 211 is used for storing fuel, and the oil feed pump 212 is used for pumping the fuel in the fuel tank 211 into the catalytic reactor 224.
As one embodiment, the ultraviolet light has a wavelength of 180-300nm and a temperature of 50-1200 ℃.
As an embodiment, the wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system further includes a carbon sequestration recovery system 24, the output end of the anode 12 is connected to the input end of the carbon sequestration recovery system 24, the output end of the carbon sequestration recovery system 24 is connected to the input end of the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer 22, and the solid recovery system is used for receiving carbon dioxide, water and the small molecule fuel gas which is not completely reacted and is generated in the anode 12.
As an embodiment, the carbon sequestration recovery system 24 includes a feed valve 241, a soda tank 242, a feed valve 243, an adsorption reactor 244, a discharge valve 245, a recovery tank 246 and an evacuation valve 247, where the input end of the adsorption reactor 244 is provided with the feed valve 243, the output end is provided with the discharge valve 245, the input end of the adsorption reactor 244 is connected with the output end of the soda tank 242, the output end is connected with the input end of the recovery tank 246, the soda tank 242 is used for storing solid alkali, the solid alkali includes Na 2CO3、CaCO3、MgCO3, the feed valve 243 is used for feeding the solid alkali in the soda tank 242 into the adsorption reactor 244, the discharge valve 245 is used for discharging the solid alkali after the adsorption reaction into the recovery tank 246, the input end of the soda tank 242 is provided with the feed valve 241, the output end of the recovery tank 246 is provided with the evacuation valve 247, the output end of the anode 12 is connected with the middle of the adsorption reactor 244, the input end of the catalytic reactor 224 is connected with the middle of the adsorption reactor 244, and the adsorption reactor 244 is used for absorbing carbon dioxide and transporting the solid alkali into the adsorption reactor 244 through the small molecules of the solid alkali 12 and the small molecules 224.
As an embodiment, a first temperature sensor 25 and a first pressure sensor 26 are sequentially disposed between the output end of the anode 12 and the adsorption reactor 244, and the first temperature sensor 25 and the first pressure sensor 26 are used for detecting the temperature and the air pressure of the residual air discharged from the anode.
As shown in fig. 3, as an embodiment, the photo-oxygen activation system includes an oxygen supply system 31 and a cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 32, an output end of the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 32 is connected with an input end of the cathode 11, an output end of the oxygen supply system 31 is connected with the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 32, the oxygen supply system 31 is used for enriching air to obtain oxygen-enriched air, and delivering the oxygen-enriched air to the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 32, and the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 32 is used for activating the oxygen-enriched air by ultraviolet light;
In this embodiment, the power of the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 32 is 1KW, the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 32 is composed of a microwave source, a waveguide tube, a quartz illuminant, a spherical metal shell, an air inlet pipe and an air outlet pipe, both the air inlet pipe and the air outlet pipe are communicated with the spherical metal shell, a plurality of quartz illuminants are arranged in the spherical metal shell, the microwave source is arranged at the outer side of the spherical metal shell, the waveguide tube is arranged at the output end of the microwave source and is used for guiding ultraviolet light emitted by the microwave source into the spherical metal shell so as to excite the quartz illuminant to emit light, the wavelength of the ultraviolet light is 180-300nm, and the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 32 is used for generating microwaves and ultraviolet light so as to excite oxygen in activated oxygen-enriched air, so that the reduction reactivity of the oxygen is reduced, the requirements on the catalytic performance and the reaction temperature of the cathode are reduced, and the manufacturing cost of the electromagnetic stack is reduced.
As an implementation manner, the oxygen supply system 31 includes an air pump 311, an air filter 312, an air supply valve 313, an oxygen-enriched film 314 and a pressure-release nitrogen-discharge valve 315, an output end of the air pump 311 is connected with an input end of the air filter 312, the power of the air pump 311 is 0.3KW, the air pump 311 is used for pumping the air pump 311 into the air filter 312, the output end of the air filter 312 is provided with the air supply valve 313, an output end of the air filter 312 is connected with an input end of the oxygen-enriched film 314, an output end of the oxygen-enriched film 314 is connected with an input end of the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp 32, the oxygen-enriched film 314 is used for separating enriched air to obtain oxygen-enriched air and oxygen-depleted air, the pressure-release nitrogen-discharge valve 315 is arranged on the oxygen-enriched film 314, and the pressure-release nitrogen-discharge valve 315 is used for discharging the oxygen-depleted air.
As an embodiment, the output end of the cathode 11 is provided with a cathode circulation fan 33, the output end of the cathode circulation fan 33 is connected with the input end of the oxygen enrichment membrane 314, and the cathode circulation fan 33 is used for pumping the oxygen which is not completely reacted into the oxygen enrichment membrane 314;
A second temperature sensor 34 and a second pressure sensor 35 are sequentially arranged between the output end of the cathode 11 and the cathode circulating fan 33, and the second temperature sensor 34 and the second pressure sensor 35 are used for detecting the temperature and the air pressure of the residual air discharged by the cathode.
The working process of the invention comprises the following steps:
anode workflow: starting a microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp, an anode circulating fan, a cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp and a cathode circulating fan to preheat the system;
When the indication temperature of the first temperature sensor reaches 450 ℃, starting an oil feeding pump to pump fuel in a fuel tank into a catalytic reactor, starting a feeding valve to input solid alkali in a sodium-calcium tank into an adsorption reactor, enabling the fuel to generate catalytic reforming reaction in the catalytic reactor to generate micromolecular fuel gas carbon monoxide and hydrogen with higher reactivity, enabling an anode circulating fan to pump the micromolecular fuel gas into an anode, enabling the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen to generate electrochemical reaction with oxygen ions in the anode to generate water and carbon dioxide, and releasing reaction heat;
Cathode workflow: starting an air pump, a cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp and a cathode circulating fan, pumping air into an air filter by the air pump, preliminarily filtering impurities in the air by the air filter, opening an air supply valve to input the filtered air into an oxygen-enriched membrane, separating and enriching the oxygen-enriched membrane to obtain oxygen-enriched air with 40% of oxygen content and oxygen-deficient air, discharging the oxygen-deficient air out of a system through a pressure-releasing nitrogen-discharging valve, inputting the oxygen-enriched air into the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp, exciting and activating the oxygen by ultraviolet irradiation to obtain activated oxygen with high reduction activity, inputting the activated oxygen into a cathode, and obtaining electrons in the cathode by the activated oxygen to form oxygen ions (O 2 -), and carrying out electrochemical reaction on the oxygen ions, carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the anode to generate carbon dioxide and water and release reaction heat;
The small molecular fuel gas which is not completely reacted in the anode and the generated water and carbon dioxide are discharged into an adsorption reactor, and the residual heat of the reaction in the anode is taken away, the carbon dioxide reacts with solid alkali, the water is absorbed by the solid alkali, the small molecular fuel gas which is not completely reacted is discharged into a catalytic reactor for recycling, and the residual gas which is not completely reacted in the cathode is sent into an oxygen-enriched membrane for recycling through a cathode circulating fan, and the preheating in the cathode is taken away;
Detecting the temperature and the air pressure of residual air discharged by the anode and the cathode through a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor, and adjusting the power of a circulating fan through temperature and air pressure data to adjust the temperatures of the cathode and the anode in the medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack;
according to the fuel system, CO and H 2 with higher reactivity are used as anode fuel gas, active oxygen with high electrochemical reduction activity is used as cathode oxidant, so that the reaction activation energy of the battery is reduced, the requirements on the catalytic performance of the counter electrode and the reaction temperature of the battery can be greatly reduced, and the cost of the battery system is reduced; the carbon fixation recovery system is adopted to absorb and fix CO 2, so that pollution zero emission can be realized, a heat exchange system and a tail gas combustion system are not needed, waste heat can be directly recycled, and water generated by reaction of residual gas and a battery can be further utilized, so that the utilization rate of fuel is improved.
The foregoing is illustrative of the best mode of carrying out the invention, and is not presented in any detail as is known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The protection scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and any equivalent transformation based on the technical teaching of the invention is also within the protection scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system, which is characterized by comprising a medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack (1), a wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system and a photo-oxidation activation system;
The medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack (1) comprises a cathode (11), an anode (12) and a solid electrolyte (13), wherein the cathode (11) and the anode (12) are arranged on two sides of the solid electrolyte (13), the wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system is used for catalytically reforming fuel by adopting microwave electrodeless ultraviolet light and a reforming catalyst (223) to obtain micromolecular fuel gas, namely hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and conveying the micromolecular fuel gas into the anode (12), the photoinduced oxygen activating system is used for separating enriched air to obtain oxygen-enriched air, activating oxygen in the oxygen-enriched air through an electrodeless ultraviolet lamp, inputting the activated oxygen-enriched air into the cathode (11), the medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack (1) is used for enabling the hydrogen and the carbon monoxide to react with the oxygen electrochemically, converting chemical energy into electric energy, enabling the oxygen in the cathode (11) to obtain electrons to generate oxygen ions, enabling the oxygen ions to pass through the solid electrolyte (13) to react with the hydrogen or the carbon monoxide in the anode (12), and generating carbon dioxide and water in the anode (12) to release reaction heat;
The wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system comprises a fuel supply system (21), a wave photocatalytic fuel reformer (22), an anode circulating fan (23) and a carbon fixation recovery system (24), and the photo-induced oxygen activation system comprises an oxygen supply system (31) and a cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp (32); the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer (22) comprises a microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp (221), a collecting lens (222), a reforming catalyst (223) and a catalytic reactor (224), wherein the reforming catalyst (223) is arranged in the catalytic reactor (224), the output end of the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp (221) is connected with the catalytic reactor (224), the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp (221) is used for generating ultraviolet light, the output end of the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp (221) is provided with the collecting lens (222), and the collecting lens (222) is used for collecting light emitted by the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp (221) into light spots and irradiating the light spots on the surface of the reforming catalyst (223) in the catalytic reactor (224);
The fuel supply system (21) comprises a fuel tank (211) and an oil feed pump (212), wherein the oil feed pump (212) is arranged at the output end of the fuel tank (211), the output end of the fuel tank (211) is connected with the input end of the catalytic reactor (224), the fuel tank (211) is used for storing fuel, and the oil feed pump (212) is used for pumping the fuel in the fuel tank (211) into the catalytic reactor (224);
The carbon sequestration recovery system (24) comprises a feeding valve (241), a sodium-calcium tank (242), a feeding valve (243), an adsorption reactor (244), a discharge valve (245), a recovery tank (246) and an evacuation valve (247), wherein the feeding valve (243) is arranged at the input end of the adsorption reactor (244), the discharge valve (245) is arranged at the output end, the input end of the adsorption reactor (244) is connected with the output end of the sodium-calcium tank (242), the output end is connected with the input end of the recovery tank (246), the sodium-calcium tank (242) is used for storing solid alkali, the feeding valve (243) is used for inputting the solid alkali in the sodium-calcium tank (242) into the adsorption reactor (244), the discharge valve (245) is used for discharging the solid alkali after the adsorption reaction into the recovery tank (246), the feeding valve (241) is arranged at the input end of the sodium-calcium tank (242), the evacuation valve (247) is arranged at the output end of the recovery tank (246), the output end of the anode (12) is connected with the middle part of the adsorption reactor (244), and the catalytic reactor (244) is connected with the middle part of the adsorption reactor (244), and the catalytic reactor (224) is used for generating the small-level carbon dioxide (224) and the small-level molecular adsorption reactor (224) which is used for adsorbing and producing the small-level carbon dioxide;
The oxygen supply system (31) comprises an air pump (311), an air filter (312), an air supply valve (313), an oxygen-enriched membrane (314) and a pressure-release nitrogen-release valve (315), wherein the output end of the air pump (311) is connected with the input end of the air filter (312), the air pump (311) is used for pumping air into the air filter (312), the output end of the air filter (312) is provided with the air supply valve (313), the output end of the air filter (312) is connected with the input end of the oxygen-enriched membrane (314), the output end of the oxygen-enriched membrane (314) is connected with the input end of the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp (32), the oxygen-enriched membrane (314) is used for separating enriched air to obtain oxygen-enriched air and oxygen-depleted air, the pressure-release nitrogen-release valve (315) is arranged on the oxygen-enriched membrane (314), and the pressure-release nitrogen-release valve (315) is used for discharging oxygen-depleted air.
2. The wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system according to claim 1, characterized in that the wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system comprises a fuel supply system (21), a wave photocatalytic fuel reformer (22) and an anode circulation fan (23), the fuel supply system (21) is connected with the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer (22), an output end of the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer (22) is connected with an input end of an anode (12), an anode circulation fan (23) is arranged between the output end of the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer (22) and the input end of the anode (12), the fuel supply system (21) is used for inputting fuel into the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer (22), the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer (22) is used for catalytically reforming the fuel by utilizing ultraviolet light and a reforming catalyst (223) to obtain carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and the anode circulation fan (23) is used for pumping the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen into the anode (12) of the medium-low temperature solid fuel cell stack (1).
3. The wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system according to claim 2, characterized in that the wavelength of the ultraviolet light is 180-300nm and the temperature is 50-1200 ℃.
4. The wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system according to claim 2, characterized in that the wave photocatalytic fuel reforming system further comprises a carbon sequestration recovery system (24), the output of the anode (12) being connected to the input of the carbon sequestration recovery system (24), the output of the carbon sequestration recovery system (24) being connected to the input of the wave photocatalytic fuel reformer (22), the carbon sequestration recovery system (24) being adapted to receive carbon dioxide, water and non-fully reacted small molecule fuel gas generated in the anode (12).
5. The wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system according to claim 1, characterized in that a first temperature sensor (25) and a first pressure sensor (26) are arranged in sequence between the output end of the anode (12) and the adsorption reactor (244).
6. The wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system according to claim 1, characterized in that the photo-induced oxygen activation system comprises an oxygen supply system (31) and a cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp (32), wherein the output end of the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp (32) is connected with the input end of the cathode (11), the output end of the oxygen supply system (31) is connected with the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp (32), the oxygen supply system (31) is used for enriching air to obtain oxygen enriched air, and the oxygen enriched air is supplied to the cathode microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp (32), and the microwave electrodeless ultraviolet lamp (32) is used for activating the oxygen enriched air through ultraviolet light.
7. The wave photocatalytic solid oxide fuel cell system according to claim 6, characterized in that the output end of the cathode (11) is provided with a cathode circulation fan (33), the output end of the cathode circulation fan (33) is connected with the input end of the oxygen enrichment membrane (314), and the cathode circulation fan (33) is used for pumping the oxygen which is not fully reacted into the oxygen enrichment membrane (314);
a second temperature sensor (34) and a second pressure sensor (35) are sequentially arranged between the output end of the cathode (11) and the cathode circulating fan (33).
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