CN112609247B - Method for preparing silver tin oxide electric contact material by electrostatic spinning method - Google Patents

Method for preparing silver tin oxide electric contact material by electrostatic spinning method Download PDF

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CN112609247B
CN112609247B CN202011231385.4A CN202011231385A CN112609247B CN 112609247 B CN112609247 B CN 112609247B CN 202011231385 A CN202011231385 A CN 202011231385A CN 112609247 B CN112609247 B CN 112609247B
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tin oxide
contact material
temperature
silver tin
silver
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CN112609247A (en
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胡亮
高波
尹俊太
孙悦
刘壮
付海洋
李魁
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Northeastern University China
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01DMECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/0007Electro-spinning
    • D01D5/0015Electro-spinning characterised by the initial state of the material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21CMANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C37/00Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/52Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
    • C21D9/525Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length for wire, for rods
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C32/00Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/001Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides
    • C22C32/0015Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides with only single oxides as main non-metallic constituents
    • C22C32/0021Matrix based on noble metals, Cu or alloys thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C5/00Alloys based on noble metals
    • C22C5/06Alloys based on silver
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22FCHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/14Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of noble metals or alloys based thereon
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01DMECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/0007Electro-spinning
    • D01D5/0061Electro-spinning characterised by the electro-spinning apparatus
    • D01D5/0092Electro-spinning characterised by the electro-spinning apparatus characterised by the electrical field, e.g. combined with a magnetic fields, using biased or alternating fields

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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for preparing a silver tin oxide electrical contact material by an electrostatic spinning method. The invention can obtain the following technical effects: the silver tin oxide electric contact material prepared by the electrostatic spinning method can obtain a fibrous microstructure, is favorable for current transmission, and has SnO2The distribution of the particles in the Ag matrix is also very uniform, and the Ag and SnO2The interface of (2) is also well combined, and has good processing performance and electrical performance.

Description

Method for preparing silver tin oxide electric contact material by electrostatic spinning method
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of manufacturing of electrical materials, and particularly relates to a method for preparing a silver tin oxide electrical contact material by an electrostatic spinning method.
Background
The silver-based electric contact material has excellent electric conductivity and thermal conductivity, and because pure silver has poor fusion welding resistance, the phenomenon of adhesion is easy to occur in the use process of the electric contact material, and the service life of an electric appliance is influenced. It is often desirable to add a MeO reinforcement phase to the silver matrix to improve the electrical properties of the electrical contact material, such as fusion weld resistance, electrical lifetime, and resistance to arc burning. Silver tin oxide (AgSnO)2) Mainly comprises a silver matrix and a tin oxide reinforcing phase (SnO)2) Composition for further improving contact resistance, arc erosion resistance and fusion welding resistance of electric contact materialThe addition of trace amounts of metal oxides such as Bi is required2O3、CuO、In2O3、Sb2O3And the like.
At present, AgSnO2The preparation method of the electric contact material can be divided into an alloy internal oxidation method, an alloy powder pre-oxidation method, a chemical method, a mechanical powder mixing method and other processes. The mechanical powder mixing method is characterized in that silver powder, tin oxide and trace additives are uniformly mixed in a mechanical mixing mode, and then wire or sheet contacts are produced through the subsequent steps of isostatic pressing, sintering, extruding, drawing, annealing and the like. The method has simple process operation, and the prepared material after powder mixing has uniform and fine tissue, but the superfine powder is easy to agglomerate, thereby influencing the quality of the mixed powder. The internal oxidation method is that silver, tin and additive are prepared into silver-tin wire material by smelting method, then the silver-tin wire material is punched into a material section to be internally oxidized in high-pressure oxidizing atmosphere, so that the tin and additive elements are oxidized into oxide particles. The addition of indium metal promotes the oxidation of tin to tin oxide. The tissue oxide particles prepared by the method are fine and evenly distributed, and the method has the defects of complex process and high production cost. The alloy powder preoxidation method is to atomize the melted AgSn alloy solution into alloy powder, and then the electric contact material is prepared by the steps of powder preoxidation, isostatic pressing, sintering, extrusion, drawing, annealing and the like. However, the pre-oxidation time of the powder is longer, which leads to longer production period of the material. The chemical method comprises the following steps: the method is that tin oxide powder is dispersed in water solution in advance, then reducing agent is added, and silver ions which are complexed are added to deposit silver on the surface of oxide, so that silver-tin oxide composite powder is prepared, and then the material is prepared according to the process route of a mechanical powder mixing method.
The electrostatic spinning method is a new type of electric contact material preparation method, and utilizes the principle of electrostatic spinning, i.e. the polymer solution or melt is jet-spun in strong electric field. Under the action of the electric field, the liquid drop at the needle head changes from a spherical shape to a conical shape, and a fiber filament is obtained by extending from the tip of the conical shape. The method can be used for producing special fibers, is applied to the field of electric contact, and is matched with other processes to ensure that the arrangement of the fibers in the electric contact material has certain directionality. The electrical conductivity of the electrical contact material prepared by the fiber reinforcement technology is effectively enhanced, the silver content of the material can be reduced under the condition of the same requirement of the electrical conductivity, the cost is saved, the splashing of Ag is reduced when the contact material actually works, and the fusion welding resistance and the arc erosion resistance are also obviously improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a silver tin oxide electrical contact material prepared by an electrostatic spinning method.
In order to overcome the problems in the prior art, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for preparing a silver tin oxide electric contact material by an electrostatic spinning method comprises the following steps:
step 1, preparing Sn-containing4+、In3+A metal salt solution of Sn4+Ions and In3++The molar ratio of ions is 2.5-4: 1; adding complexing agent with pH value of 9 adjusted by ammonia water dropwise, and stirring thoroughly to obtain complexing agent and Sn4+Obtaining an intermediate solution with the molar ratio of ions being 2-4: 1;
step 2, dissolving PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) in absolute ethyl alcohol, wherein the volume ratio of PVP to absolute ethyl alcohol is 1-5: 1, obtaining a PVP/ethanol fiber forming agent, slowly adding the PVP/ethanol fiber forming agent into the intermediate solution obtained in the step 1, wherein the volume ratio of the intermediate solution to the PVP/ethanol fiber forming agent is 5-10: 1, adding the PVP/ethanol fiber forming agent while stirring, keeping the pH value of the mixed solution at 10.5, adding a prepared 0.5mol/L silver-ammonia solution, and obtaining a precursor spinning solution, wherein the volume ratio of the silver-ammonia solution to the PVP/ethanol fiber forming agent is 8-12: 1;
step 3, putting the precursor spinning solution prepared in the step 2 into an injector of an electrostatic spinning device, applying a voltage of 45-55 KV for spinning, collecting the obtained semi-finished fibers, drying in a drying box, and performing heat treatment to finally obtain silver tin oxide fibers;
and 4, preparing the silver tin oxide electrical contact material from the silver tin oxide fibers obtained in the step 3 through the traditional processes of punching, pressing, sintering, hot heading, extruding and drawing.
Further, said Sn is contained in step 14+、In3+The metal salt solution of (A) is Sn-containing4+、In3+A soluble nitrate, chlorate or sulfate salt of (a).
Further, in the step 1, the complexing agent is one of citric acid, ammonium citrate, maleic acid, oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, ethanolamine and diethanolamine.
Further, in the step 3, the drying temperature is 120-150 ℃, the drying time is 12 hours, the heat treatment temperature is 700-800 ℃, and the heat treatment time is 3-5 hours.
Further, the sintering temperature in the sintering treatment in the step 4 is 900-920 ℃, and the time is 11h +50 min-12 h +10 min.
Further, the technological parameters of the hot heading treatment in the step 4 are that the temperature of the extrusion pad is 430-450 ℃, the temperature of the hot heading cylinder is 385-405 ℃, the temperature of the cast ingot is 840-860 ℃, the pressure maintaining pressure is 190-210 MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 38-42 s.
Further, the technological parameters of the extrusion treatment in the step 4 are that the temperature of an extrusion pad is 430-450 ℃, the temperature of an extrusion cylinder is 385-405 ℃, the temperature of an ingot casting is 840-860 ℃, the heat preservation time of the ingot casting is 3h +50 min-4 h +10min, the extrusion pressure is 155-175 MPa, and the extrusion speed is 4-6 mm/s.
The invention can bring the following beneficial effects:
the silver tin oxide prepared by the electrostatic spinning method can obtain a fibrous microstructure, is favorable for current transmission, and has SnO2The distribution of the particles in the Ag matrix is also very uniform, and the Ag and SnO2The interface of (2) is also well combined, and has good processing performance and electrical performance.
Drawings
Fig. 1 shows the microstructure of silver tin oxide fiber prepared by the electrospinning method of example 1.
FIG. 2 is an SEM photograph of a silver tin oxide electrical contact material (cross section of the wire) prepared by the electrospinning method of example 1.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in detail by way of examples, but is not limited by the examples.
Example 1:
the invention relates to a silver tin oxide electric contact material prepared by an electrostatic spinning method, which is implemented by the following steps:
(1) firstly, accurately weighing Sn (NO) according to stoichiometric ratio3)4、In(NO3)3The molar ratio is 3:1, then the mixture is dissolved in deionized water by electromagnetic stirring to form a metal salt solution, a citric acid complexing agent with the pH value adjusted to 9 by ammonia water is slowly dripped into the metal salt solution, the mixture is stirred in water bath at the temperature of 80 ℃ for 2.5 hours, and the complexing agent and Sn are mixed4+The molar ratio of ions is 3:1, and an intermediate solution is obtained;
(2) dissolving polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in absolute ethyl alcohol, wherein the volume ratio of the PVP to the absolute ethyl alcohol is 3:1, obtaining a PVP/ethanol fiber forming agent, slowly adding the fiber forming agent into the intermediate solution, wherein the volume ratio of the intermediate solution to the PVP/ethanol fiber forming agent is 8:1, adding the intermediate solution and the PVP/ethanol fiber forming agent while stirring, keeping the pH value of the mixed solution at 10.5, adding 0.5mol/L silver ammonia solution, stirring for 9 hours at 75 ℃ in a water bath kettle, and obtaining precursor spinning solution;
(3) loading the precursor spinning solution prepared in the step (2) into an injector of an electrostatic spinning device, starting an injection pump to inject the spinning solution into a spinning nozzle through a rubber hose, starting a high-voltage positive electrode when the solution rises and fully spreads the whole spinning nozzle, slowly increasing the voltage to 50KV, generating a plurality of electrostatic spinning jet flows in a gap when the voltage exceeds a critical value, starting an electrostatic spinning process, receiving spinning fibers at a position 20cm away from the spinning nozzle by using a receiving device, drying the spinning fibers in an oven at 130 ℃ for 12h, and then carrying out heat treatment at 750 ℃ for 8h to finally obtain the silver tin oxide fibers; as shown in FIG. 1, the cross-sectional width of the silver tin oxide fibrous structure was about 1 μm.
(4) Pressing the punching section: punching the silver tin oxide fiber obtained in the step (3) into a material section with the diameter of 3mm by using a punch press, then putting the material section into a pressing ingot grinding tool, pressing ingots by using a re-pressing machine, wherein the size of the pressing ingot grinding tool is 87mm, the pressing ingot pressure is 30MPa, and finally pressing out a spindle with the diameter of 86 mm;
(5) high-temperature sintering treatment: sintering the spindle obtained in the step (4) at a high temperature of 910 ℃ for 12 hours;
(6) and (3) hot heading treatment: putting the sintered spindle into an extruder, and filling a hot heading barrel for hot heading treatment, wherein the technological parameters of the hot heading treatment are that the temperature of an extrusion pad is 440 ℃, the temperature of the hot heading barrel is 395 ℃, the temperature of an ingot casting is 850 ℃, the pressure maintaining pressure is 200MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 40 s;
(7) hot extrusion: extruding the hot-upset spindle into a wire material by using a positive extruder, wherein the preheating temperature of the spindle is 850 ℃, the heat preservation time is 4hmin, the technological parameters of the hot extrusion treatment are that the temperature of an extrusion cylinder is 395 ℃, the heat preservation time of the extrusion cylinder is 3h, the temperature of an extrusion pad and an extrusion nozzle is 440 ℃, the heat preservation time is 3h, the extrusion pressure is 165MPa, and the extrusion speed is 5 mm/s;
(8) hot drawing: drawing the extruded wire into a finished wire with a specified specification by a wire drawing machine, wherein the annealing temperature in the drawing process is 800 ℃, and the annealing time is 90 min. FIG. 2 shows SnO2The particles are uniformly distributed in the Ag matrix, and Ag and SnO2The interface bonding of (a) is good without obvious defects.
Example 2: the difference from example 1 is: the Sn is contained4+、In3+The metal salt solution of (2) is SnCl4And InCl3Ascorbic acid is used as the complexing agent.
Example 3: in contrast to examples 1 and 2: the Sn is contained4+、In3+The metal salt solution of (2) is Sn (SO)4)2And In2(SO4)3Ethanolamine is used as a complexing agent.
Comparative example 1: the silver tin oxide electric contact material is prepared by adopting a powder metallurgy process in the prior art, 200-mesh silver powder and 20-micron tin oxide and indium oxide powder are selected as raw materials, and the silver powder, the tin oxide powder and the indium oxide powder are prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: tin oxide powder: and (3) preparing the finished wire with the specified specification by the following procedures of powder mixing, cold isostatic pressing, sintering, re-pressing, hot extrusion, hot drawing and the like, wherein the ratio of indium oxide powder to indium oxide powder is 90:9: 1.
The physical properties and electrical properties of the electrical contact materials of examples 1 to 3 and comparative example 1 are listed in table 1 in detail, the materials of the examples are processed into a rivet composite contact with a diameter of 6mm by a cold heading process, the rivet composite contact is divided into a movable contact and a fixed contact, the electrical properties of the movable contact and the fixed contact are tested under the conditions of alternating current 220V, 25A, resistive load, on-off ratio of 1:1 and on-off frequency of 60 times/minute, and the electrical properties of the contact are tested under the conditions of direct current 24V, 20A, resistive load, on-off ratio of 1:1 and on-off frequency of 60 times/minute.
TABLE 1 summary of physical Properties and Electrical Life test results for silver tin oxide composite Electrical contact materials of examples 1-3 and comparative example 1
Figure BDA0002765334470000041
Physical property and electrical property test results show that compared with comparative example 1, the resistivity of examples 1 to 3 is significantly reduced, and the electrical life under direct current and alternating current conditions is significantly increased, which is mainly attributed to that the interface bonding of silver and tin oxide in the silver tin oxide electrical contact material prepared by the electrostatic spinning method is tight, no defect is caused, and the tin oxide particles are fine, so that current can sweep across the rivet surface without obstacle, and further, because the tin oxide can form a skeleton structure in the arc burning process, the further splashing of silver in the skeleton is prevented, so that the fusion welding resistance, the arc erosion resistance and the arc extinction of the material are improved, and the simulated electrical property test shows that the silver tin oxide electrical contact material prepared by the electrostatic spinning method significantly improves the electrical life of a contact, and the electrical lives of the 3 materials of examples 1 to 3 under the direct current and alternating current conditions are over 17 ten thousand, the electrical properties are significantly improved.
The invention can bring the following beneficial effects:
(1) the silver tin oxide electric contact material prepared by the electrostatic spinning process ensures that tin oxide particles are uniformly distributed in an Ag matrix, the resistivity of the material is obviously reduced compared with that of the traditional powder metallurgy method, and meanwhile, the material is endowed with good arc extinguishing performance, fusion welding resistance and arc erosion resistance.
(2) The invention can meet the requirement of using the material under the condition of high current of alternating current and direct current, and the electric service life exceeds more than 17 ten thousand times.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is within the scope of the present invention, and all modifications of equivalent structures and equivalent processes, which are made by the present disclosure, or which are directly or indirectly applicable to other related arts, are intended to be included in the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. A method for preparing a silver tin oxide electric contact material by an electrostatic spinning method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, preparing Sn-containing4+、In3+A metal salt solution of Sn4+Ions and In3++The molar ratio of ions is 2.5-4: 1; adding complexing agent with pH value of 9 adjusted by ammonia water dropwise, and stirring thoroughly to obtain complexing agent and Sn4+Obtaining an intermediate solution with the molar ratio of ions being 2-4: 1;
step 2, dissolving PVP in absolute ethyl alcohol, wherein the volume ratio of the PVP to the absolute ethyl alcohol is 1-5: 1, obtaining a PVP/ethanol fiber forming agent, slowly adding the PVP/ethanol fiber forming agent into the intermediate solution obtained in the step 1, wherein the volume ratio of the intermediate solution to the PVP/ethanol fiber forming agent is 5-10: 1, adding the PVP/ethanol fiber forming agent while stirring, keeping the pH value of the mixed solution at 10.5, adding a 0.5mol/L silver ammonia solution which is prepared in situ, and obtaining a precursor spinning solution, wherein the volume ratio of the silver ammonia solution to the PVP/ethanol fiber forming agent is 8-12: 1;
step 3, putting the precursor spinning solution prepared in the step 2 into an injector of an electrostatic spinning device, applying a voltage of 45-55 KV for spinning, collecting the obtained semi-finished fibers, drying in a drying box, and performing heat treatment to finally obtain silver tin oxide fibers;
step 4, preparing the silver tin oxide electrical contact material from the silver tin oxide fibers obtained in the step 3 through the traditional processes of punching, pressing, sintering, hot heading, extruding and drawing; the technological parameters of the hot heading treatment are that the temperature of an extrusion pad is 430-450 ℃, the temperature of a hot heading cylinder is 385-405 ℃, the temperature of an ingot casting is 840-860 ℃, the pressure maintaining pressure is 190-210 MPa, and the pressure maintaining time is 38-42 s.
2. The method for preparing a silver tin oxide electrical contact material according to claim 1, wherein the Sn is contained in the step 14+、In3+The metal salt solution of (A) is Sn-containing4+、In3+A soluble nitrate, chlorate or sulfate salt of (a).
3. The method for preparing the silver tin oxide electrical contact material by the electrospinning method according to claim 1, wherein the complexing agent in step 1 is one of citric acid, ammonium citrate, maleic acid, oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, ethanolamine and diethanolamine.
4. The method for preparing the silver tin oxide electrical contact material by the electrostatic spinning method according to claim 1, wherein the drying temperature in the step 3 is 120-150 ℃, the drying time is 12 hours, the heat treatment temperature is 700-800 ℃, and the heat treatment time is 3-5 hours.
5. The method for preparing the silver tin oxide electrical contact material by the electrostatic spinning method according to claim 1, wherein the sintering temperature in the sintering treatment in the step 4 is 900-920 ℃, and the time is 11h +50 min-12 h +10 min.
6. The method for preparing the silver tin oxide electrical contact material by the electrostatic spinning method according to claim 1, wherein the extrusion treatment in the step 4 has the process parameters of 430-450 ℃ of extrusion pad temperature, 385-405 ℃ of extrusion cylinder temperature, 840-860 ℃ of ingot casting temperature, 3h +50 min-4 h +10min of ingot casting heat preservation time, 155-175 MPa of extrusion pressure and 4-6 mm/s of extrusion speed.
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CN105908108A (en) * 2016-04-14 2016-08-31 西安工程大学 Preparation method of tin oxide fiber reinforced silver-based electric contact alloy
CN106636723A (en) * 2016-12-30 2017-05-10 衢州学院 Preparation method of Ag-based electric contact material with La1-xSrxInO3 microspheres as strengthening phase
CN106784804A (en) * 2016-12-30 2017-05-31 衢州学院 A kind of La0.5Li0.5TiO3Fibre-reinforced Ag base electrical contact materials preparation method
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CN101071687A (en) * 2007-06-05 2007-11-14 桂林电器科学研究所 Silver-nanotin oxide electric contact material and its preparing process
CN101202169A (en) * 2007-10-23 2008-06-18 福达合金材料股份有限公司 Method of preparing novel silver tin oxide silk electrical contact material
WO2012088735A1 (en) * 2010-12-30 2012-07-05 温州宏丰电工合金股份有限公司 Method for preparing fibrous silver-based oxide electrical contact material
CN105908108A (en) * 2016-04-14 2016-08-31 西安工程大学 Preparation method of tin oxide fiber reinforced silver-based electric contact alloy
CN106636723A (en) * 2016-12-30 2017-05-10 衢州学院 Preparation method of Ag-based electric contact material with La1-xSrxInO3 microspheres as strengthening phase
CN106784804A (en) * 2016-12-30 2017-05-31 衢州学院 A kind of La0.5Li0.5TiO3Fibre-reinforced Ag base electrical contact materials preparation method
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