CN112603996B - 一种脂磷壁酸疫苗制剂及其应用 - Google Patents
一种脂磷壁酸疫苗制剂及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种脂磷壁酸疫苗制剂及其应用,涉及疫苗领域,具体是一种脂磷壁酸为载体和自佐剂的疫苗制剂及其应用。本发明提供的脂磷壁酸疫苗制剂是将肿瘤相关糖抗原或多肽抗原和脂磷壁酸以共价连接的方式进行组合得到,成分明确、免疫原性强,能够引起高滴度的IgG抗体。疫苗分子热稳定性好,易于保存。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于疫苗研制技术领域,具体涉及一种脂磷壁酸疫苗制剂及其应用,具体是一种脂磷壁酸为载体和自佐剂的疫苗制剂及其应用。
背景技术
在癌细胞表面过度表达的异常聚糖,即肿瘤相关糖抗原(TACAs),是开发抗癌疫苗的诱人靶点,糖抗原通常是不依赖于T细胞的抗原,其免疫原性较低,不能诱导抗体亲和力成熟和免疫记忆。为了克服这一障碍,传统的策略是将糖抗原与提供T细胞表位的载体蛋白结合,使TACA由抗原提呈细胞(APCs)摄取,并由MHCII复合物与载体表位一起呈递给辅助性T细胞。因此,诱导的Th细胞可引发较好的B细胞反应,并可显著提高糖抗原的免疫原性。例如,sTn抗原与锁孔血蓝蛋白(KLH)结合作为疫苗疗法,在临床试验中,Globo H与KLH或白喉毒素突变体(CRM197)偶联,并在临床试验中显示出有效性。
虽然基于TACA的糖蛋白疫苗已经取得了很大的成功,但常用的蛋白载体,如锁孔血蓝蛋白,牛血清白蛋白等,存在着一些缺点,比如蛋白本身引起的免疫反应会压制对所载抗原的免疫反应、热稳定性差、需要和佐剂一起使用、引起副作用等。因此,亟需开发新的具有更好效果的疫苗载体和新型结构的疫苗。
自佐剂疫苗是开发抗肿瘤和病原体糖类疫苗的新方向。在这种疫苗中,一种或多种分子抗原与一种化学结构明确的合成载体结合。它能够引起从低亲和力和短寿命免疫球蛋白M(IgM)抗体到高亲和力免疫球蛋白G(IgG)抗体的基本类别转换。
磷壁酸是一种新型的配体,根据在细胞表面上的固定方式,磷壁酸分为壁磷壁酸(Wall teichoic acid)和膜磷壁酸(Membrane teichoic acid)两种,膜磷壁酸又称脂磷壁酸(Lip teichoic acid,LTA)。
革兰氏阳性菌表面脂磷壁酸(LTA)是一种TLR2/6激动剂。LTA通常含有聚甘油或糖醇磷酸酯主链,并具有D-丙基氨基酸、糖基化等多种侧链修饰,主链末端的磷酸盐与细胞质膜中的糖脂(如二糖胺)相连,二糖胺是糖基二酰甘油的低聚糖部分。其中,LTA的末端糖脂部分主要负责与TLR2受体结合,从而引发相应的免疫反应。作为一种TLR特异性配体,LTA能够通过多种机制提高药物疗效:TLR刺激抗原呈递细胞(APC)导致表面肽/MHC复合物增加,产生共刺激分子和细胞因子分泌,产生T细胞活化和增殖所需的信号等。此外,与APC结合的LTA可与循环抗体相互作用,激活补体级联,诱导被动免疫杀伤现象。LTA侧链氨基可用于与抗原偶联,偶联后的抗原可通过多价、簇状呈递给DC细胞,是理想的疫苗载体。此外,脂磷壁酸的重复单元具有带正电荷的氨基和带负电的磷酸,这可能导致脂磷壁酸携带两性多糖(ZPS)的功能,即在缺乏蛋白质的情况下激活MHCII介导的T细胞反应。因此LTA可以用于疫苗载体并作为自佐剂。
目前尚未有将肿瘤相关抗原偶联到LTA分子上从而构建新型的疫苗分子的相关技术公开或文献报道。其可行性也尚无推断或论证,需要进一步的实验研究和验证。
发明内容
发明目的:本发明的目的是为了克服现有蛋白载体疫苗存在的问题,例如蛋白本身会引起免疫反应、肿瘤相关糖抗原的蛋白偶联物效果不佳、蛋白缀合物热稳定性差等,提供一种新型的以细菌的脂磷壁酸LTA为自佐剂的疫苗制剂,其免疫性能好,可以引发高滴度的抗体。
本发明利用LTA的免疫刺激性质,将具有潜力的肿瘤相关抗原通过共价键偶联到LTA分子上,从而构建新型的疫苗分子,刺激产生更高滴度、更高亲合力的免疫反应,达到治疗或预防肿瘤的目的。
技术方案:为实现上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案为:
本发明的第一个目的是提供一种脂磷壁酸疫苗制剂,所述疫苗制剂包括:
组分(a):半抗原,该半抗原优选自肿瘤相关的糖抗原和多肽抗原;
组分(b):连接单元;
组分(c):脂磷壁酸;
其中,所述组分(c)与所述组分(a)通过组分(b)连接单元共价连接形成组分a-b-c。
进一步的,在本发明实施例中,所述肿瘤相关抗原为:Tn、TF、sTn、GD2、GD3、GM2、GM3、Globo H、Lex、Ley和KH-1中的一种或多种;所述多肽抗原为MUC1,或修饰糖抗原的MUC1,以及MUC1衍生物中的一种或多种。
进一步的,在本发明实施例中,所述脂磷壁酸为分离自细菌的成分,优选自从金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)或枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)中分离得到的脂磷壁酸。
进一步的,在本发明实施例中,所述组分(b)连接单元选自如下结构:
其中,m1-m5、n1-n7、p1、p2和q1各自独立地为0-60中的任意一个整数,X1-X7、Y3、Y6、Y7、Y9、Y10各自独立地选自-CH2-、-NH-、-O-或-S-。
进一步的,在本发明实施例中,该疫苗制剂优选自如下化学结构:
其中,R2、R3各自独立地选自-H,-C(O)CH3或组分a-b;
R*、R#各自独立地选自-(CH2)m-CH3,m各自独立地为0-30中的任意一个整数;n为任意一个整数。
进一步的,在本发明实施例中,R*、R#相同,均为线性的-C15H31残基。
进一步的,在本发明实施例中,组分(a)、(b)和(c)以共价连接方式连接时,疫苗分子为以下结构:
其中n选自0~1000中的任意一个整数;
R选自sTn、sTn衍生物、MUC1及MUC1的衍生物其中一种,优选自如下结构:
其中Tn为或其衍生物,sTn为/>或其衍生物;HGVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPHA为氨基酸序列,如SEQ ID NO.1所示,此处的氨基酸序列还可以为如SEQ ID NO.1所示序列的重复序列、该序列的片段、重复序列中的片段(头尾相连后的序列中的某段);YSYFPSV为常用的Th表位,其氨基酸序列为:Tyr-Ser-Tyr-Phe-Pro-Ser-Val。
本发明的另一个目的是还提供了所述疫苗制剂在制备预防和治疗癌症如肿瘤相关的药物中的应用。
本发明的另一个目的是应用所述疫苗制剂制备得到的肿瘤相关药物。
有益效果:本发明提供的一种脂磷壁酸疫苗制剂及其应用,与现有技术相比,具有以下优势:
1)LTA具有TLR2/6受体免疫刺激能力,其侧链氨基可用于与抗原偶联,能够显著提高针对所偶联的抗原的免疫反应;
2)LTA作为自佐剂用于构建疫苗,可以避免使用会造成副作用的外源性佐剂,且成分单一,有利于产品质量控制和安全控制;
3)该疫苗分子热稳定性好,更易保存和运输。
本发明具有上述优点的原因,可能是通过TLR2/6受体的刺激通路,激活了抗原呈递细胞及其他免疫细胞,起到了疫苗载体的作用。值得注意的是,非人源的糖类、糖肽类抗原作为疫苗抗原时,能被免疫系统轻易识别,继而引起强烈的免疫反应;而人源的糖类抗原、糖肽类抗原,如肿瘤相关糖抗原,因其本身会产生免疫耐受,难以被免疫系统识别,故难以刺激免疫系统产生相应的抗体。因此,肿瘤相关的疫苗难以设计和实现,本发明中优先选用的抗原为肿瘤相关抗原,不易被免疫系统识别。本发明的LTA疫苗制剂可以克服上述免疫耐受的缺陷,能够有效刺激免疫系统,产生高滴度的抗体。
附图说明
图1为化合物1和2的合成。
图2为Th-MUC1(Tn)和MUC1在220nm波长的吸光度标准曲线。
图3为ELISA法检测人工合成疫苗诱导小鼠巨噬细胞264.7产生IFN-γ(A)和IL-6(B)。每个样本显示三个平行实验的抗体滴度平均值,误差条表示三个重复实验的标准误差。
图4为人工合成疫苗的免疫学评价:(A)各组抗体效价,肽5作为包衣抗原检测Th-MUC1(Tn)特异性抗体,肽6作为包衣抗原检测MUC1特异性抗体;(B)结合疫苗的抗体同型和亚型;(C)Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA结合物诱导的抗血清与MCF-7细胞结合的FACS分析;(D)MUC1-LTA结合物诱导的抗血清与MCF-7细胞结合的FACS分析;每个样本显示三个平行实验的抗体滴度平均值,误差条表示三个重复实验的标准误差;***:p<0.001。
图5为免疫小鼠血清诱导IFN-γ(a)和IL-6(b)的ELISA检测。每个样本显示三个平行实验的抗体滴度平均值,误差条表示三个重复实验的标准误差;*:p<0.05;**:p<0.01。
图6为抗血清介导的补体依赖细胞毒作用。
图7为LTA-sTn的合成方法。
图8为LTA和LTA-sTn的核磁谱图。
图9为sTn特异性抗体的滴度:(A)LTA-sTn和LTA、sTn的混合物所引起的sTn特异性抗体在第0、28、35天时候的总滴度;(B)第35天,LTA-sTn所激起的sTn特异性抗体亚型,IgG1、IgG2b、IgG3、IgM的抗体滴度。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作更进一步的说明。
实施例
根据下述实施例,可以更好的理解本发明。然而,本领域的技术人员容易理解,实施例所描述的具体的物料配比、工艺条件及其结果仅用于说明本发明,而不应当也不会限制权利要求书中所详细描述的本发明。
实施例1:疫苗制剂MUC1-LTA
1.1合成疫苗制剂
各组分如下:
组分(a):Th-MUC1(Tn)或MUC1;
组分(b):双功能戊二酸酯;
组分(c):LTA;
MUC1抗原通过双功能戊二酸酯法与LTA结合,这是我们先前项目中(Journal ofCarbohydrate Chemistry,2017,36,NOS.4-6,205-219)常用的一种成熟方法,不影响结合物的免疫特性。
图1为化合物1和2的合成反应过程。
将组分(a)(选择化合物5Th-MUC1(Tn)或化合物6MUC1)(2mg)溶解于二甲基甲酰胺DMF(0.5mL)中并添加戊二酸二琥珀酰亚胺酯(化合物5或6的15倍当量)。反应在室温下温和搅拌12h,然后在真空下蒸馏出大部分溶剂。用9体积的乙酸乙酯EtOAc沉淀,将活化的低聚糖从试剂中分离出来,用EtOAc洗涤沉淀10次,真空干燥得到化合物3或4。3或4经简单纯化后,与LTA在PBS缓冲液中混合生成共轭物即化合物1和化合物2,经离心过滤装置纯化去除游离粘蛋白。由于LTA易在酸性或碱性条件下水解,因此在生物结合过程的所有阶段都需要严格控制溶液pH值在7.4附近。
通过UV/Vis测定了这些结合物中肽段的负载量。肽段在220nm处具有最大吸收率,用于测定结合物中肽的负载量。根据Th-MUC1(Tn)和MUC1绘制的标准曲线(图2),计算出Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA和MUC1-LTA的肽载量分别为3.4%和10%,说明偶联反应是成功的,抗原载量水平符合预期。
首先,为了确定LTA偶联后作为激动剂的功能是否受到影响,我们分析了化合物1和化合物2产生的白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)的表达水平。IL-6是一种2型(Th2样)细胞因子,在先天性和适应性免疫中都发挥作用,介导B细胞和T细胞反应的多个方面,并促进抗体生成和体液免疫。IFN-γ是一种具有重要免疫调节特性的1型(Th1样)细胞因子,包括淋巴细胞的增殖和分化,NK细胞活性的提高和抗原提呈的增加。如图3A和3B所示,LTA组培养液中IFN-γ和IL-6的表达水平高于其他组。虽然Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA组没有LTA组高,但仍保持了80%的能力。这表明LTA在偶联后作为激动剂的功能没有受到太大的影响。
1.2免疫疗效评估
我们通过对小鼠进行免疫评估来评估两组LTA偶联结合物的疗效,分别为Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA(1)和MUC1-LTA(2)。用MUC1-LTA(2)免疫5只C57BL/6小鼠,另一组小鼠用Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA(1)免疫,分别于第0、14、21、28天免疫4次,第35天采集小鼠血清,制备抗血清,用于ELISA抗体效价分析。同时设置了对照组,用MUC1(化合物6)混合LTA(未共价连接)对小鼠进行免疫,免疫方式同实验组。
酶联免疫吸附试验采用标准方法,以化合物5和6为捕获抗原,检测肽半抗原特异性抗体。PBS稀释(1:1000)碱性磷酸酶(AP)连锁山羊抗小鼠IgG,IgM抗体分别用于检测总抗体、总IgG抗体和IgM抗体。抗体滴度被定义为血清稀释数,在405nm波长处光密度(OD)值达到0.20。每个ELISA试验重复3次,以获得平均效价。
酶联免疫吸附试验方案:每孔ELISA平板用100μl含有肽5或6(20μg/ml)铺板液(0.1M碳酸氢盐,pH 9.6)在4℃下处理过夜,然后在37℃下处理1h,然后用含有0.05%吐温-20(PBST)的磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)洗涤3次,并用封闭缓冲液(牛血清白蛋白PBS溶液,1%)在r.t.中放置1小时。在用PBST洗涤3次后,将混合或单独的小鼠抗血清(PBS中按1:300至1:656100的连续半对数稀释)添加到ELISA板(100μL/孔),然后在37℃下孵育2h。然后用PBST清洗三次。随后,分别用碱性磷酸酶(AP)连接的山羊抗鼠IgG或IgM抗体(100μL/孔)的1:2500稀释溶液再进行孵育1小时。最后,用PBST洗涤这些板,并用100μL对硝基苯磷酸盐(PNPP)溶液(1.67mg/mL)在室温下显影30分钟,然后在415nm波长下使用iMark微孔板阅读器进行比色读数。根据抗血清稀释值的对数标度绘制光密度(OD)值,得到最佳拟合线。用拟合方程计算,当OD为0.2时所对应的稀释度,即为抗体效价。
以化合物5和6为包被抗原分别检测Th-MUC1(Tn)特异性抗体和MUC1特异性抗体的ELISA结果表明,化合物1和2均可诱导抗原特异性IgG抗体。尤其是在第35天,接种Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA的小鼠产生的IgG抗体滴度明显提高,约23000,是MUC1-LTA组(IgG抗体滴度约2000)的11倍(图4A),而在对照组小鼠(用化合物6混合LTA作为免疫制剂)血清中未检测出MUC1特异性抗体。这一结果清楚地表明,在TLR2配体和辅助性T细胞表位的存在下,基于MUC1的三组分糖肽疫苗可以诱导高IgG抗体滴度。对产生的抗体的同型和亚型的进一步分析表明,IgG1是主要的亚型(图4B)。高水平的IgG1意味着Th2反应。
1.3抗MUC1抗体的活性评估
进一步研究了这些抗MUC1抗体的活性,以确定它们对肿瘤细胞结合的影响。将MUC1阳性的MCF-7人乳腺肿瘤细胞(MUC1阳性)与不同免疫组的抗血清共孵育,用荧光流式细胞分选法(FACS)监测细胞表面反应性,测定与抗体结合的细胞数量。与MUC1-LTA诱导的抗MUC1抗体相比,Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA结合物诱导的抗MUC1抗体与MCF-7呈较显著的阳性反应(图4C和4D)。
用ELISA法检测血清中白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和干扰素-γ(IFN-g)的表达水平,以进一步探讨人工合成疫苗的免疫激活作用。如图5A和5B所示,用Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA结合物免疫的小鼠表现出最高的表达水平,与那些未免疫血清相比,IFN-γ和IL-6增加了大约3倍。以上结果表明,Th2细胞的活化可促进B细胞的成熟和分化,并使抗体同源型转变为IgG。这与先前的同型ELISA结果一致。IFN-γ升高表明细胞毒性T细胞和巨噬细胞活化。综上所述,候选疫苗Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA(化合物1)和MUC1-LTA(化合物2)介导了T细胞依赖性免疫应答。
我们还检测了抗体介导的CDC的活性。为此,MCF-7细胞首先与Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA和MUC1-LTA免疫小鼠的血清以1/100的稀释度孵育1小时,然后用1:200稀释的兔血清在37度孵育4小时,然后用市售CCK8试剂盒测定细胞裂解。如图6所示,Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA免疫小鼠的血清比MUC1-LTA免疫小鼠的血清和抗MUC1-IgG抗体显示出更好的CDC疗效。
综上所述,自佐剂疫苗候选物Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA诱导了强烈的IgG抗体反应。此外,在接种Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA结合物的小鼠血清中发现了高水平的IL-6和IFN-γ。本发明证实,LTA是一种很有前途的载体和免疫激活剂,可以提高肽抗原的稳定性和免疫原性,为新型抗癌疫苗的研制提供了新的途径。
实施例2:疫苗制剂LTAsTn
2.1合成疫苗制剂
各组分如下:
组分(a+b):化合物7(合成方法参考先前项目,Org.Biomol.Chem.,2014,12,3238,DOI:10.1039/c4ob00390j)
组分(c):LTA;
按图7所示进行化学反应偶联,组分(a+b)(选择化合物7)与LTA在PBS缓冲液中混合生成共轭化合物8(LTA-sTn),经离心过滤装置纯化去除游离化合物7。所得化合物8经过核磁鉴定,证明成功与LTA进行共价键偶联(图8)。通过核磁H谱积分面积的计算,一个LTA分子上平均连有8个sTn残基,符合我们的预期,且适合用于体内体外免疫实验。
2.2免疫疗效评估
免疫小鼠进行评估LTA-sTn的免疫效果。用LTA-sTn免疫5只C57BL/6小鼠,分别于第0、14、21、28天免疫4次,第35天采集小鼠血清,制备抗血清,用于ELISA抗体效价分析。
酶联免疫吸附试验采用标准方法,以sTn-HSA偶联物为捕获抗原,检测sTn特异性抗体。PBS稀释(1:1000)碱性磷酸酶(AP)连锁山羊抗小鼠IgG,IgM抗体分别用于检测总抗体、总IgG抗体和IgM抗体。抗体滴度被定义为血清稀释数,在405nm波长处光密度(OD)值达到0.20。每个ELISA试验重复3次,以获得平均效价。
酶联免疫吸附试验方案:每孔ELISA平板用100μl含有2μg的sTn-HSA的铺板液(0.1M碳酸氢盐,pH 9.6)在4℃下处理过夜,然后在37℃下处理1h,然后用含有0.05%吐温-20(PBST)的磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)洗涤3次,并用封闭缓冲液(牛血清白蛋白PBS溶液,1%)在r.t.中放置1小时。在用PBST洗涤3次后,将混合或单独的小鼠抗血清(PBS中按1:300至1:656100的连续半对数稀释)添加到ELISA板(100μL/孔),然后在37℃下孵育2h。然后用PBST清洗三次。随后,分别用碱性磷酸酶(AP)连接的山羊抗鼠IgG或IgM抗体(100μL/孔)的1:2500稀释溶液再进行孵育1小时。最后,用PBST洗涤这些板,并用100μL对硝基苯磷酸盐(PNPP)溶液(1.67mg/mL)在室温下显影30分钟,然后在415nm波长下使用iMark微孔板阅读器进行比色读数。根据抗血清稀释值的对数标度绘制光密度(OD)值,得到最佳拟合线。用拟合方程计算,当OD为0.2时所对应的稀释度,即为抗体效价。
ELISA结果显示,化合物LTA-sTn所引起的抗体滴度(第35天总滴度为6155)显著高于未偶联的sTn混合LTA的组(第35天总滴度为32)(图9(A)),且LTA-sTn能够激起高滴度的IgG抗体(其中,IgG1抗体滴度为9438,IgG3抗体滴度为4631),说明LTA具有强烈的免疫刺激能力,且有一定的T细胞免疫反应的参与(图9(B))。
对LTA-sTn溶于PBS的溶液进行动态光散色和zeta电位的表征,发现,LTA-sTn在PBS的溶液中,直径约为143.5nm,zeta电位约为-28.6mV。说明LTA-sTn在PBS水溶液中,是以胶束或脂质体的形式存在。
以上实施例1、2中所使用的连接单元还可以选择自以下结构:
其中,m1-m6、n1-n7、p1、p2和q1各自独立地为0-60中的任意一个整数,X1-X7、Y3、Y6、Y7、Y9、Y10各自独立地选自-CH2-、-NH-、-O-或-S-。
以上结构因具有化学合成和生物学共性,因此适合于组分a和/c共价连接。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出:对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。
序列表
<110> 江南大学
<120> 一种脂磷壁酸疫苗制剂及其应用
<160> 1
<170> SIPOSequenceListing 1.0
<210> 1
<211> 21
<212> PRT
<213> PCR
<400> 1
His Gly Val Thr Ser Ala Pro Asp Thr Arg Pro Ala Pro Gly Ser Thr
1 5 10 15
Ala Pro Pro His Ala
20
Claims (3)
1.一种脂磷壁酸疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述疫苗制剂包括:
组分(a):半抗原,所述半抗原包括肿瘤相关的糖抗原和多肽抗原;
组分(b):连接单元;
组分(c):脂磷壁酸;
其中,所述组分(c)与所述组分(a)通过组分(b)连接单元共价连接形成组分a-b-c,
所述疫苗制剂为化合物1、化合物2、化合物8其中任意一种,其中,化合物1为Th-MUC1(Tn)-LTA,化合物2为MUC1-LTA,化合物8为LTA-sTn,LTA代表脂磷壁酸;Th即Th表位,其氨基酸序列为:Tyr-Ser-Tyr-Phe-Pro-Ser-Val;Tn为sTn为/>
MUC1(Tn)代表粘蛋白1(mucin1,MUC1)的多肽序列上含有Tn抗原的结构,Tn连接在多肽的丝氨酸残基侧链上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种脂磷壁酸疫苗制剂,其特征在于,所述组分(b)连接单元选自如下结构:
其中,m1、m2、m4、m5、m6、n1、n2、n4、n5、n6、n7、p2和q1各自独立地为0-60中的任意一个整数,X1-X5、X7、Y3、Y6、Y9、Y10各自独立地选自-CH2-、-NH-、-O-或-S-。
3.一种药物,包括权利要求1或2所述的脂磷壁酸疫苗制剂。
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