CN112525672A - Shale reservoir brittleness testing device and method based on crack propagation energy evolution - Google Patents
Shale reservoir brittleness testing device and method based on crack propagation energy evolution Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a shale reservoir brittleness testing device and method based on crack propagation energy evolution, wherein the shale reservoir brittleness testing device based on crack propagation energy evolution comprises a confining pressure loading system, a data testing system, a shale sample and a crack propagation observation window, wherein a visual confining pressure loading chamber of the confining pressure loading system is provided with the shale sample; the transparent organic glass plate and the metal cushion block are fixed on the upper surface and the lower surface of the shale sample to form a crack expansion observation window; the data testing system comprises a displacement extensometer, a strain gauge, a hydraulic sensor and a microprocessor, wherein an initial crack is cut inwards from one side of a shale sample, a fluid injection hole is formed in the end part of the initial crack, mounting grooves are formed in two sides of the end part of the initial crack, the shale sample is arranged on the data testing system, the displacement extensometer is clamped in the mounting grooves, and the hydraulic sensor is mounted at the position of the fluid injection hole. The method can quantitatively evaluate the brittleness of the shale through the energy evolution rule reflected by the crack propagation process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a reservoir rock brittleness evaluation technology in the fields of rock mechanical engineering, petroleum engineering, reservoir transformation and the like, in particular to a shale reservoir brittleness testing device and method based on crack propagation energy evolution.
Background
Shale reservoirs typically require extensive hydraulic fracturing modification to develop efficient energy production. The large-scale hydraulic fracturing reconstruction technology is expensive in cost, and before fracturing reconstruction is carried out, brittleness evaluation of reservoir rock needs to be carried out on a target interval so as to select a high-quality shale interval meeting the fracturing requirement and having fracturing yield-increasing potential. Because the shale oil and gas exploitation technology in China is formed late, the reservoir brittleness evaluation method is a material brittleness evaluation method in the fields of mines and buildings. Rock in the mine field is mainly subjected to three-dimensional compressive stress generated by mountain extrusion or tectonic movement, the rock is expressed as compression shear damage under compressive load, but in the hydraulic fracturing process of a shale reservoir, the reservoir is penetrated mainly by hydraulic fractures, the hydraulic fractures are essentially tensile damage formed under the condition of tensile load, and the two have essential differences. Therefore, it is necessary to invent a brittleness testing and evaluating method suitable for shale reservoir tensile fracture.
At present, shale reservoir brittleness testing means are originated from other fields, and mainly comprise 4 types: the first is a brittle mineral evaluation method, namely the brittleness of the rock is determined by adopting the content percentage of brittle minerals such as quartz and the like, the method is derived from material mechanics, but the rock is a product formed by long diagenesis, and the brittleness of the rock is influenced by the ground stress and the confining pressure; the second type is a rock strength parameter brittleness evaluation method, the most commonly used is the ratio of the compressive strength and the tensile strength of the rock, the method is from the building field and is commonly used for evaluating the brittleness level of concrete, but the shale is a typical heterogeneous and anisotropic material, and the compressive strength and the tensile strength of a shale sample cannot be simultaneously measured; the third category is a brittleness evaluation method of rock deformation parameters, which measures brittleness by calculating deformation amount before material failure, however, shale brittleness evaluation is the capability of crack propagation and multi-crack formation, and the true brittleness level of the shale reservoir is difficult to effectively reflect only by considering the deformation method.
The existing brittleness test and evaluation methods reflect the full breaking capacity of rock under a compression condition, and cannot reflect the capacity of shale reservoir fracturing fracture expansion and travel multi-fracture. Therefore, the brittleness testing and evaluating method suitable for shale reservoir hydraulic fracturing fracture expansion is researched, and the method has important application value for favorable layer position evaluation in the shale development process.
Disclosure of Invention
The shale reservoir brittleness testing device based on the crack propagation energy evolution is used for solving the problem of quantitative analysis of the crack propagation capacity in shale; the invention further aims to provide a testing method of the shale reservoir brittleness testing device based on crack propagation energy evolution.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: the shale reservoir brittleness testing device based on crack propagation energy evolution comprises a confining pressure loading system, a data testing system, a shale sample and a crack propagation observation window, wherein a visual confining pressure loading chamber of the confining pressure loading system is provided with the shale sample, four sides of a loading frame body are respectively provided with an flat jack, and the flat jacks are connected to an oil pressure pump through pipelines; two groups of transparent organic glass plates and metal cushion blocks are fixed on the upper and lower surfaces of the shale sample by long bolts to form a crack expansion observation window, and four flat jacks are respectively positioned on four side surfaces of the shale sample; the data test system comprises a displacement extensometer, a strain gauge, a hydraulic sensor and a microprocessor, wherein an initial crack is cut out inwards from one side of a shale sample, the end part of the initial crack is provided with a fluid injection hole, the fluid injection hole is connected with an injection pipeline, the injection pipeline extends out from the upper port of a loading frame body, mounting grooves are formed in two sides of the end part of the initial crack, the shale sample is arranged on the data test system, the displacement extensometer is clamped in the mounting grooves, the hydraulic sensor is mounted at the position of the fluid injection hole, the strain gauge is pasted at the root part of the initial crack, the hydraulic sensor and the displacement extensometer are connected with the microprocessor, and the data line of the strain gauge.
In the above scheme, the metal cushion blocks are metal frames, four corners of each metal frame are provided with bolt holes, and the four long-thread bolts fix the metal cushion blocks at the center from the outer side of the transparent organic glass plate.
The test method of the shale reservoir brittleness test device based on the crack propagation energy evolution comprises the following steps:
firstly, preparing a shale sample: when preparing a shale sample, cutting reservoir rock into the shale sample with a certain size by using numerical control linear cutting, wherein the shale sample is a cuboid sample, and cutting an initial crack, a fluid injection hole and an installation groove at a preset position;
secondly, a shale sample is placed in a visual confining pressure loading chamber, after the shale sample is subjected to confining pressure loading, high-pressure fluid is injected from an initial crack by using a high-speed constant-pressure pump to expand the initial crack in the shale sample, a stress-displacement curve of the test process is recorded by a hydraulic sensor, a displacement extensometer and a strain gauge, and crack expansion energy is calculated;
and thirdly, the brittleness evaluation of the shale sample adopts an energy method, the accumulated elastic energy, the dissipation energy and the fracture energy of crack propagation are calculated through a stress-displacement curve, and the ratio of the sum of the dissipation energy and the fracture energy to the elastic energy is used as an evaluation index of the brittleness of the shale.
A shale reservoir brittleness testing and evaluating method based on crack propagation energy evolution comprises the following steps:
firstly, preparing a shale sample:
(1) processing the natural shale taken out underground into a shale sample with a standard size, wherein the shale sample is a cuboid shale sample;
(2) respectively cutting an initial crack, a fluid injection hole and a mounting groove on the shale sample by using numerical control linear cutting;
(3) installing a shale sample into a visual confining pressure loading chamber, and installing extensometers and strain gauges at the root and the end of an initial crack;
(4) mounting transparent organic glass plates on the upper and lower surfaces of the shale sample, and further fixing the transparent organic glass plates by using metal cushion blocks;
secondly, shale brittleness test:
(1) carrying out confining pressure loading by using 4 flat jacks;
(2) injecting high-pressure fluid into the fluid injection hole through an injection pipeline by using a constant-speed constant-pressure pump, starting the expansion of the initial crack under the drive of the high-pressure fluid, and testing and recording the injection pressure and the expansion displacement of the crack expansion;
(3) the fluid pressure and the fracture opening displacement are drawn into a curve, the energy change of fracture expansion is shown below the curve, the ratio of the sum of elastic energy, dissipation energy and fracture energy to the elastic energy is used as a brittleness measurement index, and the brittleness index is closer to 1, which shows that the brittleness degree of the shale sample 1 is higher.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the invention provides a shale reservoir brittleness testing device based on crack propagation energy evolution, which can quantitatively evaluate the shale brittleness through an energy evolution rule reflected by a crack propagation process, and is more comprehensive and comprehensive compared with the existing brittleness testing method for strength, brittle minerals and strain;
2. the brittleness result of the test reflects the brittleness level of the shale in the tensile fracture process, is closer to the essence of shale fracturing fracture propagation compared with the brittleness evaluation method under the existing compression condition, is a brittleness test method which is completely started by a fracture propagation mechanism and is suitable for evaluating the fracturing effect of a shale reservoir;
3. according to the invention, the upper and lower surfaces of the shale sample are fixed by the transparent organic glass plate, and the dynamic data of crack propagation can be analyzed by matching with a high-speed ray machine, so that more parameter supports are provided for brittleness evaluation;
4. according to the method, the extensometer is adopted to measure the opening displacement of the fracture expansion, and the energy evolution process during the fracture expansion can be calculated in real time by combining the pressure data of the injection hole, so that the method has guiding significance for the subsequent shale fracturing optimization design.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional view of a brittleness testing apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the brittleness testing apparatus of the present invention without a visualization window;
FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the brittleness testing apparatus with a visual window according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a view of the shale sample installation of the present invention;
FIG. 5 shows a fracture propagation energy brittleness evaluation method according to the present invention.
In the figure, 1, a shale sample 2, a confining pressure loading system 3, a crack propagation observation window 4, a data testing system 5, a loading frame 6, a flat jack 7, a transparent organic glass plate 8, a metal cushion block 9, a long bolt 10, a fluid injection hole 11, a displacement extensometer 12, a strain gauge 13, a hydraulic sensor 14, an initial crack 15, an injection pipeline 16, elastic energy 17, dissipation energy 18 and fracture energy are included.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings:
with reference to fig. 1-4, the shale reservoir brittleness testing device based on crack propagation energy evolution comprises a confining pressure loading system, a data testing system, a shale sample and a crack propagation observation window, wherein the confining pressure loading system 2 is formed by connecting a loading frame 5 and 4 flat jacks 6, and the flat jacks 6 are connected to an oil pressure pump through pipelines to provide confining pressure in the horizontal direction for the shale sample 1; the shale sample 1 is arranged in a visual confining pressure loading chamber of the confining pressure loading system 2, the flat jacks 6 are respectively arranged on four sides of a loading frame body 5, and the flat jacks 6 are connected to an oil pressure pump through pipelines; two groups of transparent organic glass plates 7 and metal cushion blocks 8 are fixed on the upper and lower surfaces of a shale sample 1 by long bolts 9 to form a crack expansion observation window 3, 4 flat jacks 6 are fixed on the periphery of the shale sample 1, confining pressure is applied through a hydraulic pump, and a constant-speed constant-pressure pump injects high-pressure fluid into a fluid injection hole 10 through an injection pipeline 15.
The data testing system comprises a displacement extensometer 11, a strain gauge 12, a hydraulic sensor 13, a microprocessor and a shell, wherein the shell is a metal shell, the microprocessor is arranged in the shell, the displacement extensometer 11 is arranged on one side of the shell, half of the hydraulic sensor 13 is positioned in a semicircular groove, and the semicircular groove is arranged on the displacement extensometer 11 and is arranged on the shell on the same side. An initial crack 14 is cut inwards from one side of a shale sample 1, a fluid injection hole 10 is arranged at the end part of the initial crack 14, the fluid injection hole 10 is connected with an injection pipeline 15, the injection pipeline 15 extends out from the upper port of a loading frame body 5, mounting grooves are arranged on two sides of the end part of the initial crack 14, the shale sample 1 is arranged on a data testing system 4, a displacement extensometer 11 is clamped in the mounting grooves, the other half of a hydraulic sensor 13 is arranged at the fluid injection hole 10, a strain gage 12 is pasted at the root part of the initial crack 14 (the strain gage 12 is pasted at the tip part of the initial crack 14), the hydraulic sensor 13 and the displacement extensometer 11 are respectively connected with a microprocessor through a collecting piece, and the data wire of the strain gage. In the test, high-pressure fluid is injected by a constant-speed constant-pressure pump to expand an initial crack 14, a displacement extensometer 11 and a strain gauge 12 form a displacement sensor, and the displacement extensometer 11 and the strain gauge 12 are used for measuring the expansion displacement in the crack expansion process.
The visual confining pressure loading chamber is used for carrying out confining pressure loading on 4 surfaces in the horizontal direction through 4 flat jacks 6, the upper surface and the lower surface of the visual confining pressure loading chamber are sealed through organic glass, and the organic glass is bonded with the shale sample 1 through resin glue. The metal cushion block 8 is a metal frame, four corners of the metal frame are provided with bolt holes, and the four long bolts 9 fix the metal cushion block 8 at the center from the outer side of the transparent organic glass plate 7.
The shale reservoir brittleness testing method based on crack propagation energy evolution comprises two parts, namely shale sample preparation and brittleness testing, and specifically comprises the following steps, and reference is made to a figure 5:
1. shale sample preparation
(1) The natural shale taken out underground is usually a cylinder with the diameter of 100mm, the natural shale is cut into a cuboid shale sample 1 with the length of 80mm, the width of 60mm and the height of 20mm through numerical control linear cutting, and the unevenness of the surface of a rock block is ensured to be 0.02 mm;
(2) marking the position of an initial crack 14 on one side of a shale sample 1, cutting out the initial crack 14 with a diameter of 8mm and a semicircular fluid injection hole 10 and a length of 20mm by adopting numerical control linear cutting, wherein the thickness of the initial crack is 0.8mm, and then cutting out an installation groove of a displacement extensometer 11;
(3) the processed shale sample 1 is installed on the data testing system 4, the extensometer 11 is clamped in the installation groove of the shale sample, the strain gauge 12 is adhered to the tip of the initial crack 14 of the shale sample 1, and the connecting line of the strain gauge 12 is connected with the data line of the data testing system 4.
2. Shale brittleness test
(1) The shale sample 1 is installed into the fracture propagation observation window 3: uniformly coating epoxy resin glue on the upper and lower surfaces of a shale sample 1 which is connected with a data testing system 4, adhering 2 transparent organic glass plates 7 on the upper and lower surfaces of the shale sample 1 according to preset positions, installing metal cushion blocks 8, and clamping and fixing by 4 groups of long bolts 9;
(2) after standing for 24 hours, completely bonding the shale sample 1 and the crack extension observation window 3, putting the shale sample 1 and the crack extension observation window 3 into a confining pressure loading system 2 together, fixing 4 flat jacks 6, starting a hydraulic pump connected with the flat jacks 6, loading a certain confining pressure according to an experimental scheme, applying a preset confining pressure to the shale sample 1, and providing hydraulic pressure of the flat jacks 6 through the hydraulic pump to apply a load;
(3) after confining pressure loading, wrapping pressure for 30min, starting a test, starting a constant-speed constant-pressure pump and a data testing system 4, injecting high-pressure fluid into a fluid injection hole 10 by the constant-speed constant-pressure pump through an injection pipeline 15 at a certain flow rate, recording fluid pressure data by a hydraulic sensor 13, and recording the opening displacement of crack expansion by an extensometer 11 and a strain gauge 12; when the fluid pressure is increased to a certain value, the initial crack 14 starts to expand, and the expansion displacement of the crack expansion is recorded by the displacement extensometer 11 and the strain gauge 12;
(4) through observation of the transparent organic glass plate 7, after the crack completely penetrates through the shale test sample 1, the test is stopped, the fluid pressure and the crack opening displacement are drawn into a curve, the energy change of crack propagation is shown below the curve and comprises elastic energy 16, dissipation energy 17 and fracture energy 18, the elastic energy 16, the dissipation energy 17 and the fracture energy 18 are obtained, and according to the crack propagation characteristics of the brittle material, the ideal brittle material has no energy dissipation and fracture energy when the crack propagates, so that the ratio of the sum of the three energies of the elastic energy 16, the dissipation energy 17 and the fracture energy 18 to the elastic energy 16 is used as a brittleness measurement index. The closer the brittleness index is to 1, the higher the brittleness degree of the shale sample 1.
Claims (4)
1. The utility model provides a shale reservoir brittleness testing arrangement based on crack propagation energy evolution which characterized in that: the shale reservoir brittleness testing device based on crack propagation energy evolution comprises a confining pressure loading system (2), a data testing system (4), a shale sample (1) and a crack propagation observation window (3), wherein a visual confining pressure loading chamber of the confining pressure loading system (2) is provided with the shale sample (1), four sides of a loading frame body (5) are respectively provided with a flat jack (6), and the flat jacks (6) are connected to an oil pressure pump through pipelines; two groups of transparent organic glass plates (7) and metal cushion blocks (8) are fixed on the upper and lower surfaces of the shale sample (1) by long bolts (9) to form a crack expansion observation window (3), and four flat jacks (6) are respectively positioned on four side surfaces of the shale sample (1); the data testing system (4) comprises a displacement extensometer (11), a strain gauge (12) and a hydraulic sensor (13), the device comprises a microprocessor, wherein an initial crack (14) is cut inwards from one side of a shale sample (1), a fluid injection hole (10) is formed in the end of the initial crack (14), the fluid injection hole (10) is connected with an injection pipeline (15), the injection pipeline (15) extends out of the port of a loading frame body (5), mounting grooves are formed in two sides of the end of the initial crack (14), the shale sample (1) is arranged on a data testing system (4), a displacement extensometer (11) is clamped in the mounting grooves, a hydraulic sensor (13) is arranged at the fluid injection hole (10), a strain gage (12) is adhered to the root of the initial crack (14), the hydraulic sensor (13) and the displacement extensometer (11) are connected with the microprocessor, and the data line of the strain gage (12) is connected with the data line of the microprocessor.
2. The shale reservoir brittleness testing device based on crack propagation energy evolution of claim 1, wherein: the shale test sample fixing device is characterized in that the metal cushion blocks (8) are metal frames, four corners of each metal frame are provided with bolt holes, and the four long bolts (9) fix the metal cushion blocks (8) at the center from the outer side of the transparent organic glass plate (7).
3. The testing method of the shale reservoir brittleness testing device based on the crack propagation energy evolution of claim 2 is characterized in that:
firstly, preparing a shale sample: when preparing a shale sample, cutting reservoir rock into the shale sample with a certain size by using numerical control linear cutting, wherein the shale sample is a cuboid sample, and cutting an initial crack (14), a fluid injection hole (10) and an installation groove at a preset position;
secondly, a shale sample is placed in a visual confining pressure loading chamber, after the shale sample is subjected to confining pressure loading, high-pressure fluid is injected from an initial crack (14) by using a high-speed constant-pressure pump, the initial crack (14) is expanded in the shale sample (1), a stress-displacement curve of the test process is recorded by a hydraulic sensor (13), a displacement extensometer (11) and a strain gage (12), and crack expansion energy is calculated;
thirdly, the shale sample brittleness evaluation adopts an energy method, the accumulated elastic energy (16), the dissipated energy (17) and the fracture energy (18) of crack propagation are calculated through a stress-displacement curve, and the ratio of the sum of the dissipated energy (17) and the fracture energy (18) to the elastic energy (16) is used as the evaluation index of the shale brittleness.
4. The shale reservoir brittleness testing and evaluating method based on crack propagation energy evolution of claim 2 is characterized in that:
firstly, preparing a shale sample:
(1) processing the natural shale taken out underground into a shale sample with a standard size, wherein the shale sample is a cuboid shale sample;
(2) respectively cutting an initial crack (14), a fluid injection hole (10) and a mounting groove on the shale sample by using numerical control linear cutting;
(3) installing a shale sample into a visual confining pressure loading chamber, and installing an extensometer and a strain gage (12) at the root and the end of an initial crack (14);
(4) transparent organic glass plates (7) are arranged on the upper surface and the lower surface of the shale sample and are further fixed by metal cushion blocks (8);
secondly, shale brittleness test:
(1) carrying out confining pressure loading by using 4 flat jacks (6);
(2) high-pressure fluid is injected into the fluid injection hole (10) through an injection pipeline (15) by using a constant-speed constant-pressure pump, an initial crack (14) starts to expand under the driving of the high-pressure fluid, and the injection pressure and the expansion displacement of the crack expansion are tested and recorded by a hydraulic sensor (13), a displacement extensometer (11) and a strain gage (12);
(3) the fluid pressure and the fracture opening displacement are drawn into a curve, the energy change of fracture expansion is shown below the curve, the ratio of the sum of elastic energy (16), dissipated energy (17) and fracture energy (18) to the elastic energy (16) is used as a brittleness measurement index, and the brittleness index is closer to 1, which shows that the brittleness degree of the shale sample 1 is higher.
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| CN115600425A (en) * | 2022-11-07 | 2023-01-13 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所（Cn） | Shale compressibility evaluation device and method based on vermiculite thermal expansion cracking |
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