CN112519340A - 一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN112519340A
CN112519340A CN202011269675.8A CN202011269675A CN112519340A CN 112519340 A CN112519340 A CN 112519340A CN 202011269675 A CN202011269675 A CN 202011269675A CN 112519340 A CN112519340 A CN 112519340A
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ramie
fibers
fiber
nano
bone
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CN112519340B (zh
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何玉琴
何慧
方姆奥尔
刘克非
吴庆定
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Central South University of Forestry and Technology
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料，属于新材料领域，其复合材料由金属化苎麻纤维毡和纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板复合而成，还公开了一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料的制备方法，包括苎麻纤维毡的制备、金属化苎麻纤维毡的制备、纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板的制备、复合材料的制备四个步骤，该方法实现了多孔材料和微穿孔板制备与复合方法的创新，实现了吸波材料的结构优化与吸波性能提升，制备得到的吸波复合材料具有良好的吸波隐身、隔音隔热、耐候耐蚀性能，是一类军民两用理想材料。

Description

一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于新材料领域，具体涉及一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
经几十年的建设与发展，我国诸多行业的基础设施与装备已日臻完善，但随之伴生的噪声、废气、废水、废渣与尘埃等对人类工作与生活环境、大气/水/土壤等资源的污染，已成为影响人们工作与生活及心身健康、制约人类社会与经济可持续发展、阻碍人民生活质量进一步提高的重要因素；噪声污染（如图1）己经成为影响民用与军工装备综合性能的重要因素。噪声不仅会直接损害装备的运行精度，降低其使用寿命；而且会引起操作人员身体不适、注意力不集中等不良反应，导致装备整体的工作效能下降。例如：噪声会引起装备的精密晶体振动器、传感器、陀螺仪、位置编码器等器件产生共振，使仪器的精度降低、寿命减短，严重时甚至会产生不可修复的损坏；持续的高强度噪声会使身处其中的工作人员出现听力下降、受损甚至耳聋，引起失眠、疲劳、头痛和神经衰弱，损害人的消化系统和心血管系统，并使人烦躁、激动、易怒。
噪声污染对老弱病残孕等弱势人群的影响十分严重，可能会导致新生儿的高频听力丧失、早产和出生缺陷，引起学龄儿童产生学习障碍、注意力障碍和心血管疾病，与老人心肌梗塞、心肌缺血的死亡率呈正相关，引发的血压升高、睡眠质量下降、心跳加速、血管痉挛等会加重病人的病情、延缓康复速度。因此，噪声污染防治成为各级政府的重要工作内容，环保部每年都会发布“中国环境噪声污染防治报告”，并制定了一系列环境噪声评价标准，为噪声污染防治提供指导意见。
文献资料与实践表明，通过加装吸声降噪材料，将工作区域及生活区域与噪声源隔断，是减少噪声影响与危害的重要途径。因此，研发吸声降噪材料不及具有有显著的社会经济效益，同时也具有军事价。
目前市面上可见多种吸声材料，常用吸声材料的性能对比如下表所示。其选型的依据主要包括以下几个方面:一是要获得较宽的吸声频谱，在指定的噪声频率范围内吸声系数达到一定要求；二是要具有足够的强度、刚度和硬度，能够承受一定的载荷；三是制造工艺易实现、成本低、环保特征明显；四是结构要简单，过于复杂的结构不仅难以制造，也会增加材料在运输、安装、使用、维护中的成本；五是要保证优良的综合性能，包括耐腐蚀、防火、防潮、无毒、美观等。综合而言，多孔材料和微穿孔板制造工艺成熟、材料结构简单、适用声频宽、吸声性能优良、综合性能优良，适用于工业化生产和应用。同时，二者的组合结构可以发挥各自优势，进一步拓宽吸声频谱和降噪性能。
Figure RE-RE-DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在的问题，本发明的目的在于提供一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料及其制备方法，该方法实现了多孔材料和微穿孔板制备与复合方法的创新，实现了吸波材料的结构优化与吸波性能提升，制备得到的吸波复合材料具有良好的吸波隐身、隔音隔热、耐候耐蚀性能，是一类军民两用理想材料。
为实现以上目的，本发明采取的技术方案是：
一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料，其复合材料由金属化苎麻纤维毡和纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板复合而成。
进一步地，所述复合材料由金属化苎麻纤维毡和纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板按体积比1:1复合而成。
进一步地，所述金属化苎麻纤维毡由苎麻韧皮纤维、苎麻木质纤维和超高分子量聚乙烯纤维组成。
进一步地，所述金属化苎麻纤维毡各原料按重量百分比计：苎麻韧皮纤维30%-40%、苎麻木质纤维20%-30%、超高分子量聚乙烯纤维30%-50%。
进一步地，所述纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板由苎麻骨碎条、苎麻骨粉末、纳米氧化铜、纳米氧化锌、环氧树脂粉组成。
进一步地，所述纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板各原料按重量百分比计：苎麻骨碎条50%-60%、苎麻骨粉末10%-15%、纳米氧化铜10%-15%、纳米氧化锌3%-5%、环氧树脂粉10%-15%。
一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料的制备方法，具体制备步骤如下：
步骤1、苎麻纤维毡的制备：包括苎麻韧皮纤维的制备、苎麻木质纤维的制备、纤维混合、混合纤维开松、混合纤维热风粘合五个工艺步骤：
a．苎麻韧皮纤维的制备：首先从苎麻植株上剥下苎麻皮，将苎麻皮表面的角质层去掉，然后放入5-10% NaOH溶液中浸泡3-5h，经漂洗、晒干制得苎麻韧皮纤维，备用；
b. 苎麻木质纤维的制备：首先将苎麻植株剥下苎麻皮后剩下的苎麻骨劈开、去髓，然后放入5-10% NaOH溶液中浸泡3-5h，经漂洗、晒干、辗压、疏解制得苎麻木质纤维，备用；
c.纤维混合：按上述重量百分比计，称取步骤a制得的苎麻韧皮纤维和步骤b制得的苎麻木质纤维以及市售超高分子量聚乙烯纤维，然后将其分割成50-100mm小段，再对其进行机械混合，得纤维混合料；
d．混合纤维开松：采用专用纤维开松设备对步骤c得到的纤维混合料进行开松处理，得到蓬松纤维混合料；
e.混合纤维热风粘合：对步骤d得到的蓬松纤维混合料进行热风粘合处理，得到苎麻纤维毡，其工艺条件为：温度120-140℃、压力0.2-0.5MPa、时间15-30min；
步骤2、金属化苎麻纤维毡的制备：对经由步骤1得到的苎麻纤维毡进行无电解电镀镍处理，其工艺条件为：硫酸镍20-30g/L、次磷酸钠（还原剂）130-150g/L、柠檬酸钠（络合剂）10-15g/L、氨水（pH调节剂）20-50mL/L，镀液温度为60-70℃，镀镍时间6-10min；
步骤3、纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板的制备：包括辗压碎化处理、粉碎制粉、混合粉的配制、铺装与温压成形、激光穿孔五个工艺步骤：
a.辗压碎化处理：首先将从苎麻植株上剥下苎麻皮后剩下的苎麻骨劈开、去髓，然后在5%-10% NaOH溶液中浸泡3-5h，经漂洗、晒干、辗压制得苎麻骨碎条，备用；
b.粉碎制粉：取经步骤a制得的苎麻骨碎条，经烘干、粉碎、筛分工艺制备得到粒度小于600µm、含水率为12%-15%的苎麻骨粉末，备用；
c.混合粉的配制：采用带强力搅拌器的混料机将步骤b得到的苎麻骨粉末和纳米氧化铜、纳米氧化锌、环氧树脂粉按上述重量百分比进行配制与混合，得均匀混合粉，备用。
d.铺装与温压成形：物料铺装的总层数为奇数3或5，奇数层为苎麻骨碎条，偶数层为混合粉，然后进行温压成形得到纳米增强苎麻骨板坯；
e激光穿孔：采用激光穿孔机对步骤d获得的纳米增强苎麻骨板坯进行打孔作业制成纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板，孔径为0.5-0.8mm、孔间距为3-5mm。
步骤4、复合材料的制备：采用环保强力胶黏剂将粘扣带粘合在纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板基板表面，然后再将金属化苎麻纤维毡粘在粘扣带上即得到复合材料。
进一步地，所述步骤3d中物料铺装奇数层重量为苎麻骨碎总重量的平均数，偶数层重量为混合粉总重量的平均数。
进一步地，所述步骤3d中温压成形工艺条件为：温度180-210℃、压力90-120MPa、时间30-60min。
本发明的有益效果是：（1）本发明方法实现了多孔材料和微穿孔板复合材料的制备工艺创新，实现了吸波材料的结构优化与吸波性能提升，制备得到的吸波复合材料具有良好的吸波隐身、隔音隔热、耐候耐蚀性能，是一类军民两用理想材料；
（2）本发明应用多种纤维（苎麻韧皮纤维、苎麻木质纤维、超高分子量聚乙烯纤维）强化与多重颗粒（苎麻骨粉末、纳米氧化铜、环氧树脂粉、纳米氧化锌）弥散强化以及通过添加超高分子量聚乙烯纤维、环氧树脂粉实现热塑融合等多重复合强化机制实现吸波板材的强韧化；
（3）本发明以苎麻韧皮纤维、苎麻木质纤维和超高分子量聚乙烯纤维三种轻质纤维通过木塑复合成骨架，再用苎麻骨粉末、纳米氧化铜、环氧树脂粉和纳米氧化锌复合粉末对骨架进行填充强化，进而实现复合材料的轻质与强韧目标；
（4）本发明添加的苎麻骨粉末以及苎麻韧皮纤维、苎麻木质纤维的部分成分因碳化引发纳米氧化铜、纳米氧化锌的原位还原使复合材料实现金属化，从而使得复合材料具备吸波隐身与电磁屏蔽特性；
（5）本发明制成的金属化苎麻纤维毡具有良好的中高频吸收特性，制成的纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板具有较强的中频吸收特性，而微穿孔板基板兼具胶合板和纤维板双重特性具有较强的低中频吸波特性，最终使得复合材料具备超强的宽频吸波与隐身特性；
（6）本发明制备的吸波板材质量轻、韧性好、吸波隐身能力强，且耐热、耐湿、具有金属特性，可用于室内外各种环境。
附图说明
图1为噪声污染声波图；
图2为我国直辖市和省会城市区域声环境质量昼间平均等效声级分布图（一）；
图3为我国直辖市和省会城市区域声环境质量昼间平均等效声级分布图（二）。
具体实施方式
为了更好地理解本发明，下面结合实施例对本发明的实施方案进行详细描述，但是本领域技术人员将会理解，下列实施例仅用于说明本发明，而不应视为限制本发明的范围。
表1所示为现如今城市区域环境噪声总体水平等级划分标准，图2-3为摘自2016-2018三个年度我国直辖市和省会城市区域噪声昼间平均等效声级 (未包含港澳特别行政区和台湾地区)。根据表1、图2-3数据不难看出，昼间环境噪声达到一级标准的城市仅拉萨1个，90%以上的城市处于2-3级水平。
表1 城市区域环境噪声总体水平等级划分
Figure RE-DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
表2为2016-2018年度全国320多个城市昼间区域声环境质量等级分布情况表。从表2不难看出，全国绝大部分城市昼间区域声环境质量等级都处于2-3级水平，其比例高达92%以上，令人堪忧。
表2 2016-2018年度全国城市昼间区域声环境质量等级分布
Figure RE-RE-DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
实施例1：
一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料的制备方法，其复合材料由金属化苎麻纤维毡和纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板按体积比1:1复合而成，具体制备步骤如下：
步骤1、苎麻纤维毡的制备：包括苎麻韧皮纤维的制备、苎麻木质纤维的制备、纤维混合、混合纤维开松、混合纤维热风粘合五个工艺步骤：
a．苎麻韧皮纤维的制备：首先从苎麻植株上剥下苎麻皮，将苎麻皮表面的角质层去掉，然后放入5% NaOH溶液中浸泡5h，经漂洗、晒干制得苎麻韧皮纤维，备用；
b. 苎麻木质纤维的制备：首先将苎麻植株剥下苎麻皮后剩下的苎麻骨劈开、去髓，然后放入5% NaOH溶液中浸泡5h，经漂洗、晒干、辗压、疏解制得苎麻木质纤维，备用；
c.纤维混合：按重量百分比计，称取步骤a制得的苎麻韧皮纤维40%和步骤b制得的苎麻木质纤维30%以及市售超高分子量聚乙烯纤维30%，然后将其分割成50-100mm小段，再对其进行机械混合，得纤维混合料；
d．混合纤维开松：采用专用纤维开松设备对步骤c得到的纤维混合料进行开松处理，得到蓬松纤维混合料；
e.混合纤维热风粘合：对步骤d得到的蓬松纤维混合料进行热风粘合处理，得到苎麻纤维毡，其工艺条件为：温度120℃、压力0.2MPa、时间15min；
步骤2、金属化苎麻纤维毡的制备：对经由步骤1得到的苎麻纤维毡进行无电解电镀镍处理，其工艺条件为：硫酸镍30g/L、次磷酸钠（还原剂）130g/L、柠檬酸钠（络合剂）10g/L、氨水（pH调节剂）20mL/L，镀液温度为70℃，镀镍时间6min；
步骤3、纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板的制备：包括辗压碎化处理、粉碎制粉、混合粉的配制、铺装与温压成形、激光穿孔五个工艺步骤：
a.辗压碎化处理：首先将从苎麻植株上剥下苎麻皮后剩下的苎麻骨劈开、去髓，然后在5% NaOH溶液中浸泡5h，经漂洗、晒干、辗压制得苎麻骨碎条，备用；
b.粉碎制粉：取经步骤a制得的苎麻骨碎条，经烘干、粉碎、筛分工艺制备得到粒度小于600µm、含水率为12%的苎麻骨粉末，备用；
c.混合粉的配制：采用带强力搅拌器的混料机将步骤b得到的苎麻骨粉末和纳米氧化铜、环氧树脂粉、纳米氧化锌按重量百分比进行配制与混合，得均匀混合粉，备用，所述纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板各原料按重量百分比计：苎麻骨碎条60%、苎麻骨粉末10%、纳米氧化铜15%、环氧树脂粉10%、纳米氧化锌5%；
d.铺装与温压成形：物料铺装的总层数为奇数3，奇数层为苎麻骨碎条，偶数层为混合粉，然后进行温压成形得到纳米增强苎麻骨板坯，温压成形工艺条件为：温度180℃、压力90MPa、时间60min，所述物料铺装奇数层重量为苎麻骨碎总重量的平均数，偶数层重量为混合粉总重量的平均数；
e激光穿孔：采用激光穿孔机对步骤d获得的纳米增强苎麻骨板坯进行打孔作业制成纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板，孔径为0.5mm、孔间距为3mm。
步骤4、复合材料的制备：采用环保强力胶黏剂将粘扣带粘合在纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板基板表面，然后再将金属化苎麻纤维毡粘在粘扣带上即得到复合材料。
实施例2：
一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料的制备方法，其复合材料由金属化苎麻纤维毡和纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板按体积比1:1复合而成，具体制备步骤如下：
步骤1、苎麻纤维毡的制备：包括苎麻韧皮纤维的制备、苎麻木质纤维的制备、纤维混合、混合纤维开松、混合纤维热风粘合五个工艺步骤：
a．苎麻韧皮纤维的制备：首先从苎麻植株上剥下苎麻皮，将苎麻皮表面的角质层去掉，然后放入10% NaOH溶液中浸泡3h，经漂洗、晒干制得苎麻韧皮纤维，备用；
b. 苎麻木质纤维的制备：首先将苎麻植株剥下苎麻皮后剩下的苎麻骨劈开、去髓，然后放入10% NaOH溶液中浸泡3h，经漂洗、晒干、辗压、疏解制得苎麻木质纤维，备用；
c.纤维混合：按重量百分比计，称取步骤a制得的苎麻韧皮纤维30%和步骤b制得的苎麻木质纤维20%以及市售超高分子量聚乙烯纤维50%，然后将其分割成50-100mm小段，再对其进行机械混合，得纤维混合料；
d．混合纤维开松：采用专用纤维开松设备对步骤c得到的纤维混合料进行开松处理，得到蓬松纤维混合料；
e.混合纤维热风粘合：对步骤d得到的蓬松纤维混合料进行热风粘合处理，得到苎麻纤维毡，其工艺条件为：温度140℃、压力0.5MPa、时间30min；
步骤2、金属化苎麻纤维毡的制备：对经由步骤1得到的苎麻纤维毡进行无电解电镀镍处理，其工艺条件为：硫酸镍20g/L、次磷酸钠（还原剂）150g/L、柠檬酸钠（络合剂）15g/L、氨水（pH调节剂）50mL/L，镀液温度为60℃，镀镍时间10min；
步骤3、纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板的制备：包括辗压碎化处理、粉碎制粉、混合粉的配制、铺装与温压成形、激光穿孔五个工艺步骤：
a.辗压碎化处理：首先将从苎麻植株上剥下苎麻皮后剩下的苎麻骨劈开、去髓，然后在10% NaOH溶液中浸泡3h，经漂洗、晒干、辗压制得苎麻骨碎条，备用；
b.粉碎制粉：取经步骤a制得的苎麻骨碎条，经烘干、粉碎、筛分工艺制备得到粒度小于600µm、含水率为15%的苎麻骨粉末，备用；
c.混合粉的配制：采用带强力搅拌器的混料机将步骤b得到的苎麻骨粉末和纳米氧化铜、环氧树脂粉、纳米氧化锌按重量百分比进行配制与混合，得均匀混合粉，备用，所述纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板各原料按重量百分比计：苎麻骨碎条55%、苎麻骨粉末15%、纳米氧化铜12%、环氧树脂粉15%、纳米氧化锌3%；
d.铺装与温压成形：物料铺装的总层数为奇数5，奇数层为苎麻骨碎条，偶数层为混合粉，然后进行温压成形得到纳米增强苎麻骨板坯，温压成形工艺条件为：温度210℃、压力120MPa、时间30min，所述物料铺装奇数层重量为苎麻骨碎总重量的平均数，偶数层重量为混合粉总重量的平均数；
e激光穿孔：采用激光穿孔机对步骤d获得的纳米增强苎麻骨板坯进行打孔作业制成纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板，孔径为0.8mm、孔间距为5mm。
步骤4、复合材料的制备：采用环保强力胶黏剂将粘扣带粘合在纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板基板表面，然后再将金属化苎麻纤维毡粘在粘扣带上即得到复合材料。
实施例3：
一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料的制备方法，其复合材料由金属化苎麻纤维毡和纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板按体积比1:1复合而成，具体制备步骤如下：
步骤1、苎麻纤维毡的制备：包括苎麻韧皮纤维的制备、苎麻木质纤维的制备、纤维混合、混合纤维开松、混合纤维热风粘合五个工艺步骤：
a．苎麻韧皮纤维的制备：首先从苎麻植株上剥下苎麻皮，将苎麻皮表面的角质层去掉，然后放入8% NaOH溶液中浸泡4h，经漂洗、晒干制得苎麻韧皮纤维，备用；
b. 苎麻木质纤维的制备：首先将苎麻植株剥下苎麻皮后剩下的苎麻骨劈开、去髓，然后放入8% NaOH溶液中浸泡4h，经漂洗、晒干、辗压、疏解制得苎麻木质纤维，备用；
c.纤维混合：按重量百分比计，称取步骤a制得的苎麻韧皮纤维35%和步骤b制得的苎麻木质纤维23%以及市售超高分子量聚乙烯纤维42%，然后将其分割成50-100mm小段，再对其进行机械混合，得纤维混合料；
d．混合纤维开松：采用专用纤维开松设备对步骤c得到的纤维混合料进行开松处理，得到蓬松纤维混合料；
e.混合纤维热风粘合：对步骤d得到的蓬松纤维混合料进行热风粘合处理，得到苎麻纤维毡，其工艺条件为：温度130℃、压力0.3MPa、时间25min；
步骤2、金属化苎麻纤维毡的制备：对经由步骤1得到的苎麻纤维毡进行无电解电镀镍处理，其工艺条件为：硫酸镍25g/L、次磷酸钠（还原剂）135g/L、柠檬酸钠（络合剂）12g/L、氨水（pH调节剂）30mL/L，镀液温度为65℃，镀镍时间8min；
步骤3、纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板的制备：包括辗压碎化处理、粉碎制粉、混合粉的配制、铺装与温压成形、激光穿孔五个工艺步骤：
a.辗压碎化处理：首先将从苎麻植株上剥下苎麻皮后剩下的苎麻骨劈开、去髓，然后在8% NaOH溶液中浸泡4h，经漂洗、晒干、辗压制得苎麻骨碎条，备用；
b.粉碎制粉：取经步骤a制得的苎麻骨碎条，经烘干、粉碎、筛分工艺制备得到粒度小于600µm、含水率为13%的苎麻骨粉末，备用；
c.混合粉的配制：采用带强力搅拌器的混料机将步骤b得到的苎麻骨粉末和纳米氧化铜、环氧树脂粉、纳米氧化锌按重量百分比进行配制与混合，得均匀混合粉，备用，所述纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板各原料按重量百分比计：苎麻骨碎条58%、苎麻骨粉末14%、纳米氧化铜10%、环氧树脂粉14%、纳米氧化锌4%；
d.铺装与温压成形：物料铺装的总层数为奇数3，奇数层为苎麻骨碎条，偶数层为混合粉，然后进行温压成形得到纳米增强苎麻骨板坯，温压成形工艺条件为：温度200℃、压力100MPa、时间45min，所述物料铺装奇数层重量为苎麻骨碎总重量的平均数，偶数层重量为混合粉总重量的平均数；
e激光穿孔：采用激光穿孔机对步骤d获得的纳米增强苎麻骨板坯进行打孔作业制成纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板，孔径为0.6mm、孔间距为4mm。
步骤4、复合材料的制备：采用环保强力胶黏剂将粘扣带粘合在纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板基板表面，然后再将金属化苎麻纤维毡粘在粘扣带上即得到复合材料。
将上述实施例制备的复合材料用于室内建材，检测其吸波效果及其他物理性能，检测结果如表3所示。
表3
Figure RE-DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
从上述表3中可以看出，本发明制备的吸波复合材料的吸波系数在84%以上，其电磁屏蔽性能也显著，说明制备的吸波板材质量轻、韧性好、吸波隐身能力强，且耐热、耐湿、具有金属特性，可用于室内外各种环境。
上述对实施例的描述是为了便于该技术领域的普通技术人员理解和使用本发明。熟悉本领域的技术人员可以容易地对这些实施例做出各种修改，并把在此说明的一般原理应用到其他实施例中，而不必经过创造性的劳动。因此，本发明不限于上述实施例。本领域技术人员根据本发明的原理，不脱离本发明的范畴所做出的改进和修改都应该在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (9)

1.一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料，其特征在于，其复合材料由金属化苎麻纤维毡和纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板复合而成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料，其特征在于，所述复合材料由金属化苎麻纤维毡和纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板按体积比1:1复合而成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料，其特征在于，所述金属化苎麻纤维毡由苎麻韧皮纤维、苎麻木质纤维和超高分子量聚乙烯纤维组成。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料，其特征在于，所述金属化苎麻纤维毡各原料按重量百分比计：苎麻韧皮纤维30％-40％、苎麻木质纤维20％-30％、超高分子量聚乙烯纤维30％-50％。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料，其特征在于，所述纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板由苎麻骨碎条、苎麻骨粉末、纳米氧化铜、纳米氧化锌、环氧树脂粉组成。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料，其特征在于，所述纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板各原料按重量百分比计：苎麻骨碎条50％-60％、苎麻骨粉末10％-15％、纳米氧化铜10％-15％、纳米氧化锌3％-5％、环氧树脂粉10％-15％。
7.如权利要求1-6任一所述的一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，具体制备步骤如下：
步骤1、苎麻纤维毡的制备：包括苎麻韧皮纤维的制备、苎麻木质纤维的制备、纤维混合、混合纤维开松、混合纤维热风粘合五个工艺步骤：
a.苎麻韧皮纤维的制备：首先从苎麻植株上剥下苎麻皮，将苎麻皮表面的角质层去掉，然后放入5-10％NaOH溶液中浸泡3-5h，经漂洗、晒干制得苎麻韧皮纤维，备用；
b.苎麻木质纤维的制备：首先将苎麻植株剥下苎麻皮后剩下的苎麻骨劈开、去髓，然后放入5-10％NaOH溶液中浸泡3-5h，经漂洗、晒干、辗压、疏解制得苎麻木质纤维，备用；
c.纤维混合：按上述重量百分比计，称取步骤a制得的苎麻韧皮纤维和步骤b制得的苎麻木质纤维以及市售超高分子量聚乙烯纤维，然后将其分割成50-100mm小段，再对其进行机械混合，得纤维混合料；
d.混合纤维开松：采用专用纤维开松设备对步骤c得到的纤维混合料进行开松处理，得到蓬松纤维混合料；
e.混合纤维热风粘合：对步骤d得到的蓬松纤维混合料进行热风粘合处理，得到苎麻纤维毡，其工艺条件为：温度120-140℃、压力0.2-0.5MPa、时间15-30min；
步骤2、金属化苎麻纤维毡的制备：对经由步骤1得到的苎麻纤维毡进行无电解电镀镍处理，其工艺条件为：硫酸镍20-30g/L、次磷酸钠130-150g/L、柠檬酸钠10-15g/L、氨水20-50mL/L，镀液温度为60-70℃，镀镍时间6-10min；
步骤3、纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板的制备：包括辗压碎化处理、粉碎制粉、混合粉的配制、铺装与温压成形、激光穿孔五个工艺步骤：
a.辗压碎化处理：首先将从苎麻植株上剥下苎麻皮后剩下的苎麻骨劈开、去髓，然后在5％-10％NaOH溶液中浸泡3-5h，经漂洗、晒干、辗压制得苎麻骨碎条，备用；
b.粉碎制粉：取经步骤a制得的苎麻骨碎条，经烘干、粉碎、筛分工艺制备得到粒度小于600μm、含水率为12％-15％的苎麻骨粉末，备用；
c.混合粉的配制：采用带强力搅拌器的混料机将步骤b得到的苎麻骨粉末和纳米氧化铜、纳米氧化锌、环氧树脂粉按上述重量百分比进行配制与混合，得均匀混合粉，备用。
d.铺装与温压成形：物料铺装的总层数为奇数3或5，奇数层为苎麻骨碎条，偶数层为混合粉，然后进行温压成形得到纳米增强苎麻骨板坯；
e.激光穿孔：采用激光穿孔机对步骤d获得的纳米增强苎麻骨板坯进行打孔作业制成纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板，孔径为0.5-0.8mm、孔间距为3-5mm。
步骤4、复合材料的制备：采用环保强力胶黏剂将粘扣带粘合在纳米增强苎麻骨微穿孔板基板表面，然后再将金属化苎麻纤维毡粘在粘扣带上即得到复合材料。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤3d中物料铺装奇数层重量为苎麻骨碎总重量的平均数，偶数层重量为混合粉总重量的平均数。
9.根据权利要求7所述的一种基于苎麻纤维与苎麻骨的吸波复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤3d中温压成形工艺条件为：温度180-210℃、压力90-120MPa、时间30-60min。
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