CN112504890A - Experimental device for simulating frictional wear of coal mine scraper conveyor - Google Patents
Experimental device for simulating frictional wear of coal mine scraper conveyor Download PDFInfo
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- CN112504890A CN112504890A CN202011284686.3A CN202011284686A CN112504890A CN 112504890 A CN112504890 A CN 112504890A CN 202011284686 A CN202011284686 A CN 202011284686A CN 112504890 A CN112504890 A CN 112504890A
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- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008358 core component Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/56—Investigating resistance to wear or abrasion
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Abstract
一种模拟煤矿刮板输送机摩擦磨损的实验装置，涉及一种煤矿输送机实验装置，所述装置包括搅拌试验腔（1）和搅拌器（2）；试验腔体底板（18）通过螺栓与试验腔体（9）连接，底板封堵法兰（17）通过螺栓与试验腔体底板（18）连接，中部槽摩擦试样（16）通过螺栓与试验腔体底板（18）固定在一起；法兰旋转外筒（19）、马达连接座（23）与试验腔体法兰（10）三者焊接成一体；搅拌器轴（12）和搅拌器试样安装架（13）间用平键连接，用端头螺栓固定；搅拌器轴套（20）两端通过轴承（21）与法兰旋转外筒（19）连接，然后通过堵板（22）进行轴向限位；本发明实验装置可以对比研究不同中部槽材料和表面结构在“煤‑煤矸石‑水”系统的摩擦磨损情况。
An experimental device for simulating friction and wear of a scraper conveyor in a coal mine relates to an experimental device for a coal mine conveyor. The device comprises a stirring test chamber (1) and a stirrer (2); the bottom plate (18) of the test chamber is connected to the The test cavity (9) is connected, the bottom plate blocking flange (17) is connected with the test cavity bottom plate (18) by bolts, and the friction sample (16) in the middle groove is fixed with the test chamber bottom plate (18) by bolts; The flange rotating outer cylinder (19), the motor connection seat (23) and the test cavity flange (10) are welded into one body; a flat key is used between the stirrer shaft (12) and the stirrer sample mounting frame (13) connected with end bolts; both ends of the agitator bushing (20) are connected to the flange rotating outer cylinder (19) through bearings (21), and then axially limited by the blocking plate (22); the experimental device of the present invention The friction and wear of different middle channel materials and surface structures in the "coal-gangue-water" system can be compared and studied.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an experimental device, in particular to an experimental device for simulating frictional wear of a coal mine scraper conveyor.
Background
The scraper conveyor is key conveying equipment under a coal mine, in particular to a fully mechanized mining face. The materials conveyed by the scraper conveyor comprise coal containing water, coal gangue, stones and the like. The friction between the scraper and the middle groove belongs to the field of multi-body friction, and relates to the friction and wear behavior under the acid-base water condition.
At present, no special experimental equipment for simulating the frictional wear behavior of the scraper and the middle groove exists, especially under the complex friction condition of a coal-coal gangue-water system.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an experimental device for simulating friction and wear of a coal mine scraper conveyor, friction and wear behaviors between a scraper and a middle groove in the conveying process of the coal mine scraper conveyor are simulated by stirring friction, and the friction and wear behaviors of the scraper and the middle groove are simulated by a stirring method, so that friction and wear conditions of different middle groove materials and surface structures in a coal-coal gangue-water system can be contrastingly researched.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
an experimental device for simulating frictional wear of a coal mine scraper conveyor comprises a stirring test cavity and a stirrer; the test cavity bottom plate is connected with the test cavity through bolts, the bottom plate plugging flange is connected with the test cavity bottom plate through bolts, and the middle groove friction sample is fixed with the test cavity bottom plate through bolts; the flange rotating outer cylinder, the motor connecting seat and the test cavity flange are welded into a whole; the stirrer shaft and the stirrer sample mounting frame are connected by a flat key and fixed by an end bolt; two ends of the stirrer shaft sleeve are connected with the flange rotating outer cylinder through bearings, and then axial limiting is carried out through the blocking plate; the scraper friction sample is fixed in a groove of a stirrer sample mounting frame through a bolt; the low-speed large-torque hydraulic motor is matched with the stirrer shaft through a spline and is connected with the motor connecting seat through a bolt; the stirrer shaft is connected with the stirrer shaft sleeve through a flat key; the stirring test cavity is arranged on one side of the test equipment frame through a bolt; the hydraulic multi-way reversing valve and the hydraulic pump station are fixedly arranged on the other side of the test equipment frame through bolts; the stirrer is connected with the stirrer lifting device through a steel wire rope, the stirrer lifting device utilizes two upper cross beams of a test equipment frame as guide rails, the upper part of the stirrer lifting device is connected with the stirrer pushing device through the steel wire rope, and the left side of the stirrer lifting device is connected with a pushing balance weight through the steel wire rope; the stirrer lifting device translates along the two upper cross beams of the test equipment frame to lift the stirrer sample mounting rack of the stirrer above the upper surface of the stirring test cavity; the stirrer lifting device performs left-right translation motion along two upper cross beam guide rails of the test equipment frame and is fixed on the guide rails; the driving wheel rotates, the inner sliding frame makes translational motion rightwards to drive the driven wheel to rotate, the stirrer is lifted, and lifting motion is realized; the driving wheel rotates reversely, and the stirrer can reset; the stirrer pushing device is welded on the test equipment frame through a pushing device supporting seat; the fixed frame is welded with the supporting seat of the pushing device, and the steel wire rope fixed frame is connected with the steel wire rope; the driving wheel rotates, the piston slide rod moves rightwards in the piston cylinder, the steel wire rope connecting frame of the pushing device pulls the stirrer lifting device rightwards, the stirrer is translated to one side of the hydraulic pump station, the driving wheel rotates in the reverse direction, and the lifting device can reset.
The experimental device for simulating the friction and wear of the scraper conveyor in the coal mine is characterized in that the stirring test cavity comprises a test cavity body, a sealing O-shaped ring, a middle groove friction sample, a bottom plate plugging flange, a test cavity body bottom plate and a bottom plate plugging flange sealing O-shaped ring.
The experimental device for simulating friction and wear of the coal mine scraper conveyor comprises a test cavity flange, a low-speed large-torque hydraulic motor, a stirrer shaft, a stirrer sample mounting frame, a scraper friction sample, a flange rotating outer cylinder, a stirrer shaft sleeve, a bearing, a blocking plate and a motor connecting seat.
The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the coal mine scraper conveyor is characterized in that the blocking plate and the rotary outer barrel of the flange are fixed through bolts.
The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the coal mine scraper conveyor is characterized in that the inner cavity of the piston is a cavity.
The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the coal mine scraper conveyor is characterized in that a balance weight connecting frame, a steel wire rope connecting frame of a pushing device, an outer sliding frame and a steel wire rope fixing frame are welded into a whole.
The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the coal mine scraper conveyor is characterized in that the inner sliding frame and the fixed top plate are welded into a whole.
The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the coal mine scraper conveyor is characterized in that the steel wire rope fixing frame and the pushing device supporting seat are welded into a whole.
The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the coal mine scraper conveyor is characterized in that a steel wire rope connecting frame of a pushing device and a stirrer lifting device are welded into a whole.
The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the coal mine scraper conveyor is characterized in that the fixing frame and the piston cylinder body are fixed together through a pin.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a friction stir experiment apparatus;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a friction stir chamber and stirrer configuration;
FIG. 3 is a schematic disassembled view of the friction stir chamber and agitator structure;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the agitator configuration;
FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the stirring chamber;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a mixer sample mount;
FIG. 7 is a top view of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the agitator hoist configuration;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a stirrer pusher jack;
FIG. 10 is a flow chart of the stirrer operation.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the embodiments shown in the drawings.
The invention utilizes a stirring method to simulate the frictional wear behavior of the scraper and the middle tank. The sample mounting rack can simultaneously mount 6 rectangular friction samples (simulation scrapers) at most so as to compare and study the frictional wear performance of different scraper materials and surface structures. The bottom plate of the stirring cavity and the cavity are sealed by an O-shaped ring, a circular sample (a simulated middle groove) with the same diameter as the bottom plate can be arranged on the bottom plate, and the friction and wear conditions of different middle groove materials and surface structures in a coal-coal gangue-water system can be contrastingly researched. In addition, in order to facilitate the installation of the test sample and the cleaning of the cavity in the test process, the friction stir experiment equipment further comprises a stirrer lifting device and a pushing device.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, the present invention is constituted: the device comprises a stirring test cavity 1, a stirrer 2, a stirrer pushing device 3, a stirrer lifting device 4, a test equipment frame 5, a hydraulic multi-way reversing valve 6, a hydraulic pump station 7 and a pushing balance weight 8.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, the present invention comprises: the device comprises a test cavity 9, a test cavity flange 10, a low-speed large-torque hydraulic motor 11, a stirrer shaft 12, a stirrer sample mounting frame 13, a scraper friction sample 14, a sealing O-shaped ring 15, a middle groove friction sample 16, a bottom plate plugging flange 17 and a test cavity bottom plate 18.
As shown in fig. 4, the present invention is constituted: the flange rotating outer cylinder 19, the stirrer shaft sleeve 20, the bearing 21, the blocking plate 22 and the motor connecting seat 23.
As shown in fig. 5, the present invention is constituted: a sealing O-shaped ring 15, a middle groove friction sample 16, a test cavity bottom plate 18 and a bottom plate plugging flange sealing O-shaped ring 24.
As shown in fig. 6 and 7, the present invention comprises: the blade rubs against the sample 14.
As shown in fig. 8, the present invention is constituted: the balance weight connecting frame 25, the driven wheel 26, the steel wire rope connecting frame 27 of the pushing device, the outer sliding frame 28, the inner sliding frame 29, the fixed top plate 30, the driving wheel 31, the steel wire rope fixing frame 32 and the piston inner cavity 33.
As shown in fig. 9, the present invention is constituted: driven wheel 34, pushing device supporting seat 35, fixing frame 36, steel wire rope fixing frame 37, pin fixing 38, piston slide rod 39, steel wire rope 40, piston cylinder 41, driving wheel 42 and pushing device steel wire rope connecting frame 43.
The core components of the friction stir test device include a stir test chamber 1 and a stirrer 2. The stirring test cavity 1 comprises a test cavity body 9, a sealing O-shaped ring 15, a middle groove friction sample 16, a bottom plate plugging flange 17, a test cavity body bottom plate 18 and a bottom plate plugging flange sealing O-shaped ring 24. The test cavity bottom plate 18 is connected with the test cavity 9 through bolts, and the test cavity bottom plate and the test cavity 9 prevent water in the cavity from seeping outwards through the sealing O-shaped ring 15. The bottom plate plugging flange 17 is connected with a test cavity bottom plate 18 through bolts, and the bottom plate plugging flange and the test cavity bottom plate are used for preventing water in the cavity from seeping outwards through a sealing O-shaped ring 24. The middle groove friction sample 16 is bolted to the test chamber floor 18.
The stirrer 2 comprises a test cavity flange 10, a low-speed large-torque hydraulic motor 11, a stirrer shaft 12, a stirrer sample mounting frame 13, a scraper friction sample 14, a flange rotating outer cylinder 19, a stirrer shaft sleeve 20, a bearing 21, a blocking plate 22 and a motor connecting seat 23. Wherein the flange rotary outer cylinder 19, the motor connecting seat 23 and the test cavity flange 10 are welded into a whole. The stirrer shaft 12 and the stirrer sample mounting frame 13 are connected by a flat key and fixed by an end bolt. The two ends of the stirrer shaft sleeve 20 are connected with the flange rotating outer cylinder 19 through bearings 21 and then are axially limited through the blocking plates 22. The blocking plate 22 and the flange rotary outer cylinder 19 are fixed by bolts. The blade friction test piece 14 is bolted into a recess in the mixer test piece mounting bracket 13, and up to 6 pieces can be mounted simultaneously. The low speed high torque hydraulic motor 11 is splined to the agitator shaft 12 and is bolted to the motor attachment mount 23. The agitator shaft 12 is connected to the agitator shaft sleeve 20 by a flat key.
The stirring test chamber 1 is mounted on one side of the test apparatus frame 5 by bolts. And the hydraulic multi-way reversing valve 6 and the hydraulic pump station 7 are fixedly arranged on the other side of the test equipment frame 5 through bolts. The stirrer 2 is connected with the stirrer lifting device 4 through a steel wire rope, the stirrer lifting device 4 utilizes two upper cross beams of the test equipment frame 5 as guide rails, the upper part of the stirrer lifting device is connected with the stirrer pushing device 3 through the steel wire rope, and the left side of the stirrer lifting device is connected with the pushing balance weight 8 through the steel wire rope. Under the combined action of the stirrer pushing device 3 and the pushing balance weight 8, the stirrer lifting device 4 can translate along the two upper cross beams of the test equipment frame 5, and can lift the stirrer sample mounting frame 13 of the stirrer 2 to be above the upper surface of the stirring test cavity 1. At this moment, under the effect of agitator pusher jack 3, can finally shift agitator 2 to one side of hydraulic power unit, be convenient for change scraper blade friction sample 14, clearance stirring test chamber 1 and change middle part groove friction sample 16.
The stirrer lifting device 4 moves horizontally along the two upper cross beam guide rails of the test equipment frame 5 and is fixed on the guide rails. The balance weight connecting frame 25, the steel wire rope connecting frame 27 of the pushing device, the outer sliding frame 28 and the steel wire rope fixing frame 32 are welded into a whole. The driving wheel 31 rotates, the inner sliding frame 29 makes a translational motion rightward, the driven wheel 26 is driven to rotate, the stirrer 2 is lifted, and the lifting motion is realized. The driving wheel 31 rotates reversely, and the stirrer 2 can be reset. The piston bore 33 is a cavity. The inner sliding frame 29 and the fixed top plate 30 are welded together.
Stirrer pusher jack 3 is welded to test rig frame 5 via pusher jack support 35. The fixing frame 36 is welded with the pushing device supporting seat 35, and the steel wire rope fixing frame 37 is connected with the steel wire rope 40. The driving wheel 42 rotates, the piston slide rod moves rightwards in the piston cylinder body 41, the steel wire rope connecting frame 43 of the pushing device pulls the stirrer lifting device 4 rightwards, the stirrer 2 is translated to one side of the hydraulic pump station to move, the driving wheel 42 rotates reversely, and the lifting device 4 can reset. The steel wire rope fixing frame 37 and the pushing device supporting seat 35 are welded into a whole. The steel wire rope connecting frame 43 of the pushing device and the stirrer lifting device 4 are welded into a whole. The fixed frame 36 and the piston cylinder 41 are fixed together by pins.
During operation, the coal-coal gangue-water mixed material is added into the cavity, the low-speed high-torque hydraulic motor is started to drive the stirrer shaft and the stirrer sample mounting frame to rotate, the friction test is started to be carried out on the scraper friction test sample and the middle groove friction test sample, and the low-speed high-torque hydraulic motor is stopped after the test is finished.
The driving wheel on the stirrer lifting device is opened to rotate, the sliding rod in the inner cavity of the lifting device moves rightwards, the steel wire rope is pulled to move in a translation mode rightwards, the stirrer is lifted, the driving wheel stops rotating when the stirrer is in a proper position, and lifting movement is achieved. The driving wheel of the stirrer pushing device is opened to rotate, the piston slide rod of the pushing device moves rightwards, the steel wire rope is pulled to move horizontally rightwards, so that the stirrer lifting device moves horizontally rightwards along the two upper cross beam guide rails of the test equipment frame 5, when the stirrer lifting device moves horizontally to a specified position on one side of the hydraulic pump station, the driving wheel on the stirrer pushing device is stopped to rotate, and at the moment, the heavy object on the left side of the equipment frame enables the stirrer lifting device to be fixed on the guide rails. And taking down the scraper friction sample and the middle groove sample for subsequent treatment such as cleaning and the like, and measuring the friction and wear condition. Cleaning an inner cavity of the stirrer, opening a bottom plate plugging flange and a hole at the bottom of the stirrer, discharging the coal-coal gangue-water mixed material after the test, cleaning, closing the hole after the cleaning is finished, installing the bottom plate plugging flange, and finishing the test.
Claims (10)
1. An experimental device for simulating frictional wear of a coal mine scraper conveyor is characterized by comprising a stirring test cavity (1) and a stirrer (2); the test cavity bottom plate (18) is connected with the test cavity (9) through bolts, the bottom plate plugging flange (17) is connected with the test cavity bottom plate (18) through bolts, and the middle groove friction sample (16) is fixed with the test cavity bottom plate (18) through bolts; the flange rotating outer cylinder (19), the motor connecting seat (23) and the test cavity flange (10) are welded into a whole; the stirrer shaft (12) and the stirrer sample mounting frame (13) are connected by a flat key and fixed by an end bolt; two ends of a stirrer shaft sleeve (20) are connected with a flange rotating outer cylinder (19) through a bearing (21), and then axial limiting is carried out through a blocking plate (22); the scraper friction sample (14) is fixed in a groove of the stirrer sample mounting frame (13) through a bolt; the low-speed large-torque hydraulic motor (11) is matched with the stirrer shaft (12) through a spline and is connected with the motor connecting seat (23) through a bolt; the stirrer shaft (12) is connected with the stirrer shaft sleeve (20) through a flat key; the stirring test cavity (1) is arranged on one side of the test equipment frame (5) through a bolt; the hydraulic multi-way reversing valve (6) and the hydraulic pump station (7) are fixedly arranged on the other side of the test equipment frame (5) through bolts; the stirrer (2) is connected with the stirrer lifting device (4) through a steel wire rope, the stirrer lifting device (4) utilizes two upper cross beams of the test equipment frame (5) as guide rails, the upper part of the stirrer lifting device is connected with the stirrer pushing device (3) through the steel wire rope, and the left side of the stirrer lifting device is connected with a pushing balance weight (8) through the steel wire rope; the stirrer lifting device (4) translates along the two upper cross beams of the test equipment frame (5) to lift the stirrer sample mounting rack (13) of the stirrer (2) above the upper surface of the stirring test cavity (1); the stirrer lifting device (4) performs left-right translation motion along two upper cross beam guide rails of the test equipment frame (5) and is fixed on the guide rails; the driving wheel (31) rotates, the inner sliding frame (29) makes translational motion rightwards to drive the driven wheel (26) to rotate, and the stirrer (2) is lifted to realize lifting motion; the driving wheel (31) rotates reversely, and the stirrer (2) resets; the stirrer pushing device (3) is welded on the test equipment frame (5) through a pushing device supporting seat (35); the fixed frame (36) is welded with the pushing device supporting seat (35), and the steel wire rope fixed frame (37) is connected with a steel wire rope (40); the driving wheel (42) rotates, the piston slide rod moves rightwards in the piston cylinder body (41), the steel wire rope connecting frame (43) of the pushing device pulls the stirrer lifting device (4) rightwards, the stirrer (2) is translated to one side of the hydraulic pump station to move, the driving wheel (42) rotates in the reverse direction, and the lifting device (4) resets.
2. The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the scraper conveyor for the coal mine according to claim 1, wherein the stirring test chamber (1) comprises a test chamber body (9), a sealing O-ring (15), a middle groove friction sample (16), a bottom plate plugging flange (17), a test chamber body bottom plate (18) and a bottom plate plugging flange sealing O-ring (24).
3. The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the scraper conveyor for the coal mine according to claim 1, wherein the stirrer (2) comprises a test cavity flange (10), a low-speed high-torque hydraulic motor (11), a stirrer shaft (12), a stirrer sample mounting frame (13), a scraper friction sample (14), a flange rotating outer cylinder (19), a stirrer shaft sleeve (20), a bearing (21), a blocking plate (22) and a motor connecting seat (23).
4. The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the scraper conveyor for the coal mine according to claim 1, wherein the blocking plate (22) and the flange rotating outer cylinder (19) are fixed through bolts.
5. The experimental device for simulating frictional wear of a scraper conveyor for coal mines as claimed in claim 1, wherein the piston chamber (33) is a cavity.
6. The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the scraper conveyor for the coal mine according to claim 1, wherein the balance weight connecting frame (25), the steel wire rope connecting frame (27) of the pushing device, the outer sliding frame (28) and the steel wire rope fixing frame (32) are welded into a whole.
7. The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the scraper conveyor for the coal mine according to claim 1, wherein the inner sliding frame (29) and the fixed top plate (30) are welded into a whole.
8. The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the scraper conveyor for the coal mine according to claim 1, wherein the steel wire rope fixing frame (37) and the supporting seat (35) of the pushing device are welded into a whole.
9. The experimental device for simulating the frictional wear of the scraper conveyor for the coal mine according to claim 1, wherein the steel wire rope connecting frame (43) of the pushing device and the stirrer lifting device (4) are welded into a whole.
10. The experimental device for simulating frictional wear of a scraper conveyor for coal mines as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fixing frame (36) and the piston cylinder (41) are fixed together by pins.
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| CN202011284686.3A CN112504890B (en) | 2020-11-17 | 2020-11-17 | Experimental device for simulating friction and wear of coal mine scraper conveyor |
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| CN202011284686.3A CN112504890B (en) | 2020-11-17 | 2020-11-17 | Experimental device for simulating friction and wear of coal mine scraper conveyor |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN113984566A (en) * | 2021-10-15 | 2022-01-28 | 四川大学 | Micro-lubrication-based friction wear machine for contrast test ring block and test method thereof |
| CN114047088A (en) * | 2021-11-11 | 2022-02-15 | 九江中科鑫星新材料有限公司 | Abrasion experiment equipment |
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| 杨泽生;林福严;: "改进刮板与中部槽摩擦特性的试验研究", 煤矿机械 * |
| 王巧梅;: "提高刮板输送机圆环链与中部槽耐磨性的研究", 山西焦煤科技 * |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113984566A (en) * | 2021-10-15 | 2022-01-28 | 四川大学 | Micro-lubrication-based friction wear machine for contrast test ring block and test method thereof |
| CN113984566B (en) * | 2021-10-15 | 2022-07-22 | 四川大学 | Comparative test ring block friction and wear machine based on minimum quantity lubrication and its test method |
| CN114047088A (en) * | 2021-11-11 | 2022-02-15 | 九江中科鑫星新材料有限公司 | Abrasion experiment equipment |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN112504890B (en) | 2023-09-05 |
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