CN112461748A - Ultra-low friction wheel-fuu structure friction pair - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ultra-low friction wheel-Fufan structure friction pair, wherein a plurality of panel arrays are arranged on a main surface, and a plurality of ribs which are arranged at equal intervals are arranged on the surface; each patch array comprises a plurality of wheels which are arranged according to a set rule, and the circle center of each wheel is movably connected with the main surface of the rod piece; when the main surface moves relative to the slave surface under the action of external force, the wheel does compound pendulum motion under the action of pull force of the rod piece and is sequentially contacted with and separated from the arranged convex ribs on the slave surface periodically. The method can greatly reduce the influence caused by the micro-nano scale, and regulates and controls the friction force through structural design; the method does not need to consider the chemical characteristics of the material, is easy to regulate and control parameters, and is easy to convert from experiments to engineering practicality; the method has low requirements on materials and environment, common rigid materials can be processed, the influence of temperature and humidity on experimental results is small, the method can be realized at normal temperature and normal pressure, and therefore, the cost is low.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of structural super-lubricity, and particularly relates to an ultra-low friction wheel-Fufan structure friction pair.
Background
The study of friction has been carried out in the 15 th century by Leonardo da Vinci, proposing the concept of the coefficient of friction, i.e. the ratio of the friction between solid surfaces to positive pressure, which is therefore also called "father of tribology". People have increasingly deep knowledge of tribology, which gradually costs multiple disciplines and includes physics, chemistry, materials and the like, and the research field is gradually expanded and includes the fields from macro to micro, solid to liquid and the like. Therefore, how to adjust and control friction is the main content of tribology research.
Against this background, two japanese scholars Hirano and Shinjo proposed the concept of "super lubricity" in the beginning of the 20 th century and predicted that the friction would even disappear completely with a solid surface of full feel. This has attracted the attention of researchers in various areas of tribology, chemistry, etc., and in recent decades, it has become the leading area of research for tribology researchers to achieve super lubricity at the contact surface.
Since the concept of super-lubricity was proposed by Hriano and Shinjo in the beginning of the 20 th century, more and more researchers have been investing in the research of the direction of super-lubricity. FIG. 1 is a major milestone schedule of the results of the ultra-slip study summarizing the significant results of the ultra-slip study.
Pioneering experimental demonstration of nanoscale super-lubricity in graphite contact was performed in the 2004 diene wiebel, m.et al, and it was found that the origin of the ultra-low friction of graphite is the irreducibility between the rotating graphite layers. This also inspired the first observation of super lubricity at the micro scale in Liu, z.et al 2012, to the discovery of the super-slip phenomenon in the heterojunction in Leven, i.et al 2013. Berman, D.et al, 2015, proposed a model of multi-contact configuration, and the nano-diamond was wrapped by graphene sheets, so that the formed nano-microspheres slid on the surface of the diamond-like composite sheet, and thus the disproportionate contact was realized, and the ultra-slip was realized.
The above development process has the following problems:
(1) the ultra-low friction observed in early theoretical prediction and experiments mostly occurs in the micro-nano scale.
(2) The ultra-slip phenomenon observed in the experiment has higher requirements on the environment and is mostly realized in a vacuum, closed or gas protection state.
(3) Graphite, hexagonal boron nitride, graphene and the like are mostly adopted for realizing solid super-lubricity, and the characteristic that the acting force between two-dimensional material layers is weak is utilized, so that the scope of the two-dimensional material cannot be separated.
(4) The ultra-smooth based on the structural lubrication and continuous sliding can only be realized under the conditions of harsh non-metric sliding surface and extremely small load, and cannot be put into engineering practice.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the ultra-low friction wheel-Fufan structure friction pair provided by the invention solves the problems that the traditional ultra-smooth friction pair is limited by micro-nano scale and experimental environment and the like.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: an ultra-low friction wheel-mons structure friction pair comprising a primary surface and a secondary surface;
the main surface is provided with a plurality of panel arrays, and the secondary surface is provided with a plurality of ribs which are arranged at equal intervals;
each patch array comprises a plurality of wheels arranged according to a set rule, and the circle center of each wheel is movably connected with the main surface through a mechanism for enabling the wheel to do reciprocating motion;
when the main surface moves relative to the slave surface under the action of external force, the wheel does compound pendulum motion under the action of the pulling force of the mechanism for reciprocating the wheel and is sequentially in periodic contact with and separated from the arranged convex ribs on the slave surface.
Further, the surface width of each rib on the slave surface is a constant value.
Further, in each patch array, the distance between two adjacent wheels is 2 times of the width c of the rib.
Further, the distance W between two adjacent ribs is an integral multiple of the rib width c.
Further, in each patch array, the relationship between the number m of the wheels in the same row and the distance W between two adjacent ribs is as follows:
W＝[2(m-1)+1]×c
wherein c is the width of the rib.
Further, the wheel radius is inversely proportional to the friction when the primary plane moves relative to the secondary plane.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the method can reduce the influence caused by the micro-nano scale to a greater extent, regulates and controls the friction force through structural design, and provides an idea for establishing a more systematic and complete friction theory research;
(2) the method breaks through the bottleneck problem that ultra-low friction is limited in the micro-nano scale level, and is beneficial to engineering application of ultra-smooth research, the conventional ultra-smooth phenomenon is basically observed only in the micro-nano level, the realization condition is harsh, and the ultra-smooth phenomenon is difficult to be converted into the application of actual engineering; the method effectively avoids the bottleneck problem, is easy to regulate and control parameters, and is easier to convert from experiment to engineering application compared with nanoscale ultra-smooth;
(3) the influence of the environment on the experimental result is small, the experiment can be realized only at normal temperature and normal pressure, the chemical characteristics of the material are not required to be considered, and different rigid materials are selected according to different application occasions;
(4) the invention establishes a mechanical bridge between a macroscopic surface structure and the sliding friction characteristic, places the friction mechanism research in a classical mechanical frame on a macroscopic scale, and can change the friction characteristic of the surface structure by adjusting the geometric parameters of a model.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the research process of structural super-lubricity in the background of the invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of a friction pair with an ultra-low friction wheel-attached structure provided by the invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic view illustrating an example of a mechanism for reciprocating a wheel according to the present invention.
Figure 4 is a schematic plan view of a single row wheel arrangement according to the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a force analysis of a single wheel in the friction pair according to the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic layout diagram of an experimental platform constructed based on a wheel-mons structure friction pair provided by the invention.
Fig. 7 is a schematic structural view of the scooter provided by the present invention.
Fig. 8 is a front view of a single wheel of the scooter of the present invention.
Fig. 9 is a side view of a single wheel of the scooter of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a flow chart of a friction coefficient testing method provided by the present invention.
Wherein: 1. a bevel; 2. a rib; 3. a front bracket; 4. a rear bracket; 5. a base; 6. a rigid plate; 7. a wheel; 8. a spring; 9. a wheel support; 10. a shaft; 11. and applying a load.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention is provided to facilitate the understanding of the present invention by those skilled in the art, but it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the scope of the embodiments, and it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined and defined in the appended claims, and all matters produced by the invention using the inventive concept are protected.
Example 1:
in the prior related documents, the abnormal phenomenon that the friction force is reduced along with the increase of positive pressure occurs in a certain load range when the foam block slides on the leaf surfaces of the zoysia and the broussonetia papyrifera, and the phenomenon is also called negative friction effect; in addition, the wheel plays an important role in the propagation of human civilization, the aging of the country and the development of industry, agriculture, traffic and commerce, and the invention provides an ultra-low friction wheel-mons structure friction pair by utilizing the rolling friction principle based on the inspiration of the two phenomena and the attempt to realize ultra-sliding on a macroscopic scale.
As shown in FIG. 2, an ultra-low friction wheel-mons structure friction pair comprises a main surface and a secondary surface;
the main surface is provided with a plurality of panel arrays, and the secondary surface is provided with a plurality of ribs which are arranged at equal intervals;
each patch array comprises a plurality of wheels arranged according to a set rule, and the circle center of each wheel is movably connected with the main surface through a mechanism for enabling the wheel to do reciprocating motion;
when the main surface moves relative to the slave surface under the action of external force, the wheel does compound pendulum motion under the action of tensile force of a mechanism which enables the wheel to do reciprocating motion and is in periodic contact with and separated from the convex ribs arranged on the slave surface in sequence; for example, the wheels may be movably connected to the main surface by springs that roll with the wheels to provide a return force, and the structure shown in FIG. 3 may also be used to accomplish this. Wherein the width of each rib on the surface is constant, so that the cross section of each rib can be rectangular, trapezoidal or parallelogram.
In this embodiment, the ultra-low friction is achieved by the interaction of the primary surface and the secondary surface, the wheel in the primary surface being deflected when subjected to an external force on the crown, but under the tension of a lever (e.g. a spring) the wheel moves in a pendulum-like motion and periodically contacts and separates from the ribs of the secondary surface.
In this embodiment, the arrangement rule of the wheels and the ribs is set as follows: the distance between two adjacent wheels is 2 times of the width c of the convex edge; the distance W between the two ribs is integral multiple of the width c of the ribs; in each patch array, the relationship between the number m of the wheels in the same row and the distance W between two adjacent convex ridges is as follows:
W＝[2(m-1)+1]×c；
specifically, a method for analyzing the arrangement rule of the wheels on the main plane and the convex ridges on the secondary plane is provided, as shown in fig. 4, a schematic diagram of a single row of wheels in a sheet-surface array contacting with a track is shown, black represents a square convex ridge, light represents a wheel, the span of the convex ridge is c, the distance between two adjacent convex ridges is W, when the main plane starts to slide, the arc length of each wheel contacting with a single convex ridge is 2c, and after the distance is exceeded, the wheel is separated from the convex ridge, so that the distance between every two adjacent wheels in the x direction is set to be 2 c; as shown in fig. 3, if the single row of wheels is set to 6 initial states, the leftmost 1 st wheel is in contact with the track, when the sliding distance of the scooter is 2c, the left wheel is separated from the track, the 2 nd wheel just starts to contact with the track, and the scooter advances in this way, and when the 6 th wheel is completely separated from the track, the 1 st wheel just starts to contact with the next track in the advancing direction. Therefore, in order to cooperate with the wheel arrangement, the distance between every two adjacent tracks is W to 11c, which ensures that each wheel and rib can be continuously and smoothly passed when the main surface advances. If the number m of the wheels in the single row is more, the track distance W needs to be prolonged, the calculation formula is [2(m-1) +1] x c, the wheels in the single row can only provide one pivot, and in the designed surface structure, the wheels are distributed according to a fine array, and a plurality of wheels can be in contact with the track, so that the stability can be ensured.
In this embodiment, the wheel radius is inversely proportional to the friction when the primary plane moves relative to the secondary plane. Specifically, in the force analysis shown in fig. 5, the rib is in contact with the wheel under the action of positive pressure, the wheel rolls under the action of friction force, and it can be known from the rotation angle formula M ═ θ EI/L that when the material, the rotation radius and the size of the wheel are not changed, the torque is proportional to the rotation angle θ, and is simplified to M ═ K θ, and the friction force applied to the scooter at this time
If the width of the rib is c, the maximum rotation angle
The friction force can be expressed as
As can be seen from the above formula, the larger the radius of the wheel, the smaller the friction force.
The embodiment also provides a method for analyzing the stress of the structure shown in fig. 5, wherein the main surface a and the auxiliary surface B are in contact with each other, a single wheel is subjected to stress analysis, when the single wheel slides to the right, the wheel is in contact with the rail and deflects, the rotation angle is theta, the surface a is subjected to a pressure G of a load, a vertical component of a spring tension F and a supporting force N under the action of the rail in the vertical direction, and the vertical resultant external force is 0; only the tension P and the spring tension F are divided in the horizontal direction, when the tension P is larger than the horizontal component of the spring tension F, the surface A can just move, so the resistance force applied to the surface A mainly depends on the tension of the spring and is independent of the load G, namely the friction force and the positive pressure force are independent.
The working principle of the structure of the invention is as follows: the principle that the rolling friction force is smaller than the sliding friction force is utilized, the sliding friction is divided into the continuous rolling friction of a plurality of wheels so as to reduce the friction force, when the main surface starts to slide, the wheels can be sequentially contacted with the corresponding tracks at the moment, when the first wheel contacted with the tracks rotates by an angle theta, the first wheel is separated from the tracks and starts to return to the right, the second wheel just starts to contact at the moment, when the second wheel rotates by an angle theta, the third wheel starts to contact, and the like, and the whole continuous and stable transition is realized.
Example 2:
in order to verify the feasibility of the friction pair structure and facilitate measurement, the embodiment provides a specific implementation experimental platform structure of the friction pair of the wheel-fun structure, as shown in fig. 6, in the experimental platform, the wheels on the main surface are distributed and arranged on the rigid flat plate, the rail convex edges on the surface are fixed on the inclined surface at equal intervals, and in the relative movement of the main surfaces, the wheels and the convex edges are in periodic contact and separation, so that the smooth movement of the whole is realized. The experiment platform comprises an angle-adjustable track platform and a scooter, wherein the scooter is placed on the track platform;
the contact surface of the scooter and the track platform is a curved surface;
a plurality of ribs 2 with equal intervals are arranged on the track platform;
the scooter is used as the main surface in the wheel-fun structure, and the track platform is used as the secondary surface in the wheel-fun structure
When the scooter moved for the track platform, periodic contact and separation took place in proper order with bead 2 on the track platform for the scooter.
As shown in fig. 5, the track platform comprises an inclined plane 1, a rib 2, a front bracket 3, a rear bracket 4 and a base 5;
the inclined plane 1 is supported and placed above the base 5 through the front support 3 and the rear support 4, and the heights of the front support 3 and the rear support 4 can be adjusted;
a plurality of convex ribs 2 with adjustable intervals and equal intervals are evenly arranged on the inclined plane 1.
As shown in fig. 7, the scooter comprises two sets of wheel rows, a connecting mechanism and a rigid plate 6;
each group of wheel rows comprises a plurality of wheels 7, and each wheel 7 is movably connected with the rigid flat plate 6 through a connecting mechanism;
the two groups of wheel rows are respectively arranged below the front end and the rear end of the rigid flat plate 6, and the circle centers of the wheels 7 in the same group of wheel rows are on the same straight line.
In addition, the rigid plate 6 of the present invention is provided with an applied load 11.
The convex edges arranged on the inclined surface are used as action tracks when the scooter moves, and mainly provide support and friction force for the wheels, so that the wheels can be driven to rotate; the wheels are matched with the convex edges on the track platform, and the effect of reducing resistance is achieved by utilizing continuous rolling friction; the rigid flat plate is arranged to prevent the whole platform from generating large deformation after being stressed and influencing the experimental result, the requirement on the geometric dimension of the design structure is high, and if the deformation occurs, the two contact surfaces cannot be installed in an ideal condition and interact with each other, but the friction force is increased; for an external load (such as a weight), the external load can be added at any time as required in the experimental process, the external load is in a range allowed by materials (mainly the wheels do not deform), according to stress analysis, the resistance of the scooter mainly comes from spring deformation and is irrelevant to the load size, the scooter receives external force (downwards along an inclined plane) to increase, and therefore the scooter can slide downwards faster or along a smaller inclined plane inclined angle, namely the external load is larger, the required inclined plane inclined angle is smaller, and the obtained friction coefficient is smaller.
As shown in fig. 8-9, the connection mechanism comprises two springs 8, a wheel bracket 9 and an axle 10;
the upper ends of the two springs 8 and the upper end of the wheel bracket 9 are fixedly connected with the lower surface of the rigid flat plate 6 above the corresponding wheel 7;
the lower ends of the two springs 8 are respectively fixedly connected with the two ends of a shaft 10 which penetrates through the circle center of the wheel 7;
the lower end of the wheel bracket 9 is positioned below the shaft 10;
the wheel bracket 9 is of a hollow groove structure, and the wheel 7 penetrates through the hollow groove and is movably connected with the rigid flat plate 6 through a spring 8.
Wherein, figure 8 is the initial condition when the wheel swings, when the wheel rolls from the inclined plane top, restricts the wheel motion through the wheel support, prevents that the wheel from taking place the skew and vibration of side direction in the motion process, prevents simultaneously that the wheel from receiving the action of gravity flagging, and the spring can provide the restoring force for the wheel can be periodic and the bead takes place to contact and the separation, thereby realizes scooter's steady motion.
In fig. 6, the distance W between two adjacent ribs on the inclined plane is an integral multiple of the width c of the rib, that is, W is n × c, n is a positive integer, and in an experiment, in order to keep fit with the scooter, n is set to be 11 in the embodiment of the present invention.
In the embodiment of the present invention, when the force analysis is performed on the above structure, when the experiment is performed on the slope, the resultant force in the direction perpendicular to the slope is 0, and the resistance force along the slope is also derived from the spring tension and remains unchanged, and the tension P is provided by the slope component force of the load G, so that the larger the load G is, the smaller the inclination angle of the slope required for the scooter to slide down is, i.e. the smaller the calculated friction coefficient is.
Example 3:
based on the working principle of the embodiment, when the coupling structure is tested, the force applied to the scooter along the slope direction is F ═ Mg sin theta, wherein M is the total mass of the self weight and the load of the scooter, when the scooter moves at a uniform speed, the friction force F is equal to the force of F and the friction force F is opposite to the force of F, and the positive pressure is N ═ Mg cos theta at the moment, according to coulomb law
I.e., μ ═ tan θ. In the experiment, because the absolute level of the whole platform cannot be guaranteed, in order to eliminate the influence caused by the initial position of the test bed, the height difference of the sliding of the scooter from the right side to the left side and the sliding of the scooter from the left side to the right side is respectively measured, namely the rear support (h)1) Higher than the front support (h)2) And the rear support is lower than the front support (in the experiment, the height of the front support is kept constant, and only the height of the rear support is adjusted), and the equivalent friction coefficient can be obtained by dividing the average value of the two height differences by the length L of the platform;
as shown in fig. 10, based on the structure in the above embodiment 2, the method for testing the friction coefficient of the macroscopic ultra-low friction contact surface coupling structure in the embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:
s1, leveling the inclined plane of the track platform by using a level meter;
s2, placing the scooter on the inclined plane at one side of the rear support, raising the height of the rear support until the scooter just slides, measuring and recording the rear support raising height H at the moment1；
S3, taking off the scooter, leveling the inclined plane of the rail platform again by using the level meter, placing the scooter on the inclined plane at one side of the front bracket, raising the height of the front bracket until the scooter just slides, measuring and recording the raising height H of the front bracket at the moment2；
S4, calculating a tangent value of the inclination angle based on the front support lifting height and the rear support lifting height to obtain a friction coefficient mu of the contact surface coupling structure;
wherein the tangent of the inclination angle theta is
L is the length of the base in the track platform.
When the L value is larger, the measurement of the friction coefficient can reach high precision, and the friction coefficient measured by the method is slightly higher than an actual value, so that the false alarm of an experimental result is avoided.
The round wheel test results obtained by the above method are shown in table 1:
table 1: round wheel test results
As can be seen from the table contents: the same scooter in the experiment has tested 3 groups of data according to different load sizes, and the experimental data shows that the measured equivalent friction coefficient is reduced along with the increase of load weight. The surface coupling structure designed by the invention can realize the abnormal phenomenon that the friction force is reduced along with the increase of the positive pressure, and greatly reduces the friction coefficient, the common friction coefficient in life is about 0.1-10, and the reduction of the friction means that the energy can be saved and the efficiency can be improved in practical application.
The friction is a complex physical phenomenon across disciplines and scales, the method can greatly reduce the influence caused by the micro-nano scale, the size of the friction force is regulated and controlled through structural design, the conventional ultra-smooth phenomenon is basically observed only at the micro-nano level, the realization condition is harsh, and the phenomenon is difficult to be converted into the application in practical engineering. The method effectively avoids the bottleneck problem, does not need to consider the chemical characteristics of the material, is easy to regulate and control parameters, and is easier to convert from experiments to engineering practicality compared with the nano-scale ultra-slip. The design method has low requirements on materials and environment, common rigid materials can be processed, the influence of temperature and humidity on experimental results is small, the design method can be realized at normal temperature and normal pressure, and therefore the cost is low.
Different from the traditional friction angle test, the friction coefficient in the experiment is not a constant value, the weight of the weight influences the size of the friction angle, the friction force of the wheel-mons friction pair is not influenced by the normal force within a certain range and keeps constant, so the friction angle is reduced when the weight is increased, the phenomenon that the friction coefficient is smaller when the normal force is larger occurs, and when the normal force which can be borne by the friction pair is large enough and the friction coefficient is smaller than a certain magnitude (such as 0.001), the super-slip can be considered to be realized.
Claims (6)
1. An ultra-low friction wheel-mons structure friction pair, comprising a primary surface and a secondary surface;
the main surface is provided with a plurality of panel arrays, and the secondary surface is provided with a plurality of ribs which are arranged at equal intervals;
each patch array comprises a plurality of wheels arranged according to a set rule, and the circle center of each wheel is movably connected with the main surface through a mechanism for enabling the wheel to do reciprocating motion;
when the main surface moves relative to the slave surface under the action of external force, the wheel does compound pendulum motion under the action of the pulling force of the mechanism for reciprocating the wheel and is sequentially in periodic contact with and separated from the arranged convex ribs on the slave surface.
2. The ultra-low friction wheel-mons structure friction pair as claimed in claim 1, wherein the surface width of each rib on the slave surface is constant.
3. The ultra-low friction wheel-mons structure friction pair of claim 1, wherein the distance between two adjacent wheels in each patch array is 2 times the rib width c.
4. The ultra-low friction wheel-mons structure friction pair as claimed in claim 1, wherein the distance W between two adjacent ribs is an integer multiple of the rib width c.
5. The ultra-low friction wheel-mons structure friction pair according to claim 1, wherein in each patch array, the number m of wheels in the same row is related to the distance W between two adjacent ribs by:
W＝[2(m-1)+1]×c
wherein c is the width of the rib.
6. The ultra-low friction wheel-mons structure friction pair as recited in claim 1, wherein the wheel radius is inversely proportional to the friction when the primary plane moves relative to the secondary plane.
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