CN112456958A - Low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/34—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing cold phosphate binders
- C04B28/344—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing cold phosphate binders the phosphate binder being present in the starting composition solely as one or more phosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
- C04B38/0038—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof by superficial sintering or bonding of particulate matter
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
- C04B2111/2015—Sulfate resistance
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/76—Use at unusual temperatures, e.g. sub-zero
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2201/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values
- C04B2201/50—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values for the mechanical strength
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Abstract
The application discloses a low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material and a preparation method thereof, wherein the material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of phosphate; 250 portions and 350 portions of metal oxide; 30-40 parts of fly ash microbeads; 20-30 parts of silica fume; 2500 portions of coarse aggregate and 2800 portions; 0.5-1.0 part of carbon fiber; 2-5 parts of a water reducing agent; 0.5-1.5 parts of retarder; 60-80 parts of water. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding phosphate, metal oxide, fly ash microbeads, silica fume, coarse aggregate and carbon fibers into a stirrer, mixing for the first time, simultaneously uniformly mixing a water reducing agent, a retarder and water in advance, and then adding the mixture into the stirrer, and mixing for the second time to prepare the ecological plant-growing concrete material. The raw materials such as phosphate, dead burned magnesium oxide, silica fume and fly ash micro-beads which are reasonably proportioned are adopted, so that the ecological plant-growing concrete has the alkalinity environment meeting the needs of plant growth, and has stable later strength and durability.
Description
Technical Field
The application belongs to the technical field of ecological slope protection building materials, and particularly relates to a low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The ecological plant-growing concrete is sand-free porous concrete which can meet the growth of green plants and has a certain protection function, and plant roots can grow in pores or penetrate through the concrete to grow in lower soil. The ecological plant-growing concrete is mainly applied to slope reinforcement and greening engineering in Japan, Europe and America and other countries. The domestic research starts late, mainly focuses on solving the problem that the normal growth of plant roots (pH is less than 9.5) cannot be met due to high alkalinity (pH is about 13) inside common concrete, and the main measures comprise reducing the cement dosage, a natural carbonization method and an alkali sealing method, wherein the measures inevitably damage the bonding structure of slurry and aggregate interfaces inside the concrete, so that the later-stage mechanical property and durability of the concrete are greatly reduced, and a high molecular compound adopted by the alkali sealing method has high toxicity and high construction cost.
At present, in the application of ecological plant-growing concrete, the problems of alkalinity, strength and durability can not be balanced, on one hand, the concrete is high in alkalinity, and plants can not grow normally; on the other hand, the concrete strength is rapidly reduced, the durability is poor, the concrete structure is damaged, and the requirements of slope protection cannot be met. The existing ecological slope protection projects need to be constructed again in 1-2 years, and the construction design requirements of 5-8 years are far less met.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects or shortcomings of the prior art, the technical problem to be solved by the application is to provide the ecological plant-growing concrete material with low alkalinity and high durability and the preparation method, so that the ecological plant-growing concrete material has low alkalinity, the long-term strength and durability of the ecological plant-growing concrete can be greatly improved, and the problems of cracking, peeling, instability and the like of a concrete structure are prevented.
In order to solve the technical problem, the application is realized by the following technical scheme:
the application provides a low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material which comprises the following components in parts by weight:
100 parts of phosphate;
250 portions and 350 portions of metal oxide;
30-40 parts of fly ash microbeads;
20-30 parts of silica fume;
2500 portions of coarse aggregate and 2800 portions;
0.5-1.0 part of carbon fiber;
2-5 parts of a water reducing agent;
0.5-1.5 parts of retarder;
60-80 parts of water.
Further, the low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material is characterized in that the phosphate is one or a mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and the purity of the phosphate is not less than 98 wt%.
Further, the ecological planting concrete material with low alkalinity and high durability is described above, wherein the metal oxide is dead burned magnesium oxide, and the Boehringer specific surface area of the metal oxide is 300-350m2Per kg, purity not less than 98 wt%.
Further, the low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material is characterized in that the content of the spherical microbeads of the fly ash microbeads is not less than 90%, and the fineness is not less than 1200 meshes.
Further, the ecological plant-growing concrete material with low alkalinity and high durability is characterized in that the silica fume has a Brinell specific surface area not less than 20000m2/kg，SiO2The content is not less than 95 wt%.
Further, the low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material comprises the coarse aggregate, wherein the coarse aggregate comprises basalt, diabase or quartzite, the compression strength of a parent rock of the coarse aggregate is not less than 150MPa, the single-particle size distribution is realized, the particle size range is 16-25mm, the crushing value is less than 5%, and the needle-shaped sheet content is less than 3%.
Further, the low-alkalinity high-durability ecological planting concrete material is characterized in that the carbon fibers are micro monofilament carbon fibers, the diameter of the carbon fibers is 7 +/-10% of micrometers, the length of the carbon fibers is 3 +/-10% of mm, the tensile strength of the carbon fibers is not less than 3500MPa, and the tensile elastic modulus of the carbon fibers is not less than 220 GPa.
Further, in the low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material, the water reducing agent is a slow-release polycarboxylic acid high-performance water reducing agent, and the water reducing rate is not less than 25%.
Further, in the low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material, the retarder is boric acid, and the purity of the boric acid is not less than 99 wt%.
The application also provides a preparation method of the low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material, phosphate, metal oxide, fly ash microbeads, silica fume, coarse aggregate and carbon fibers are added into the stirring machine to be mixed for the first time, and meanwhile, the water reducing agent, the retarder and water are uniformly mixed in advance, and then the mixture is added into the stirring machine for the second time, so that the ecological plant-growing concrete material can be prepared.
Compared with the prior art, the method has the following technical effects:
1) the method adopts the phosphate, the dead burned magnesium oxide, the silica fume and the fly ash micro-beads which are reasonably proportioned, so that the ecological plant-growing concrete has the alkalinity environment meeting the needs of plant growth and has stable later strength and durability,the pH value of the prepared concrete alkalinity is less than 9.5, the 360d strength is not less than 10MPa, and the 56d drying shrinkage is less than 100 multiplied by 10-6The frost resistance grade is not less than F50, the sulfate resistance grade is not less than KS60, and the greening and slope protection effects with long service life are achieved.
2) The carbon fiber has high tensile strength and high elastic modulus, and the dispersion forms the crisscross network of three-dimensional in the slurry, increases slurry strength, reduces inside microcrack simultaneously, has improved ecological vegetation concrete's durability.
3) Coarse aggregate has high strength and tightness in this application, can avoid the intercommunicating pore to block up, improves the porosity of ecological planting concrete, and wherein the intercommunication porosity is not less than 25%, more is favorable to plant roots's growth.
4) The ecological plant-growing concrete has the advantages that the contradiction problem among the alkalinity, the strength and the durability of the ecological plant-growing concrete is well solved, the greening and slope protection functions are achieved, the low alkalinity, the stable long-term strength and the high durability are achieved, the service life of the ecological plant-growing concrete is prolonged, and the ecological plant-growing concrete is suitable for the technical fields of river slope protection, mountain ecological restoration, ecological city construction and the like.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be described clearly and completely below, and it should be understood that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present application.
The raw material procurement information used in the following examples is as follows:
the water reducing agent is purchased from Shanghai Sanrui high polymer materials Co., Ltd, and is a VIVID500 polycarboxylic acid high-performance water reducing agent.
The other raw materials and specifications were as described in the specific examples, and the phosphate, the dead burned magnesium carbonate and boric acid described below were industrial products.
The performance test methods in the following examples are as follows:
the measurement of the mechanical property is carried out according to the relevant regulations of GB/T50081 standard for testing the mechanical property of the common concrete.
Drying shrinkage and durability were carried out according to the regulations of GB/T50082 Standard test methods for Long-term Performance and durability of ordinary concrete.
The total porosity and the interconnected porosity of the porous ecological concrete are measured according to Japanese rules of construction for water permeable concrete river levee protection.
The alkalinity is measured by adopting an alkalinity release principle, and the method comprises the following specific steps: adding 5.8kg of water into a barrel with the diameter of 200mm, then putting the ecological plant-growing concrete test block (100 multiplied by 100mm) into a water barrel, wherein the water exceeds the surface of the ecological plant-growing concrete test block, and after soaking for 24h, measuring the pH value of the water solution by adopting a PHS-3C type precision pH meter. And changing a barrel of 5.8kg of tap water, and repeating the steps until the pH value of the soaking water is stable and unchanged, and stopping measurement.
Example 1
A low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of phosphate, 250 parts of metal oxide, 30 parts of fly ash micro-beads, 20 parts of silica fume, 2500 parts of coarse aggregate, 0.5 part of carbon fiber, 2 parts of water reducing agent, 0.5 part of retarder and 70 parts of water.
Wherein the phosphate is monopotassium phosphate with the purity of 98 wt%; the metal oxide is dead-burned magnesium oxide with a Boehringer specific surface area of 300m2Kg, purity 98 wt%; the content of the spherical micro-beads of the fly ash micro-beads is 90 percent, and the fineness is 1200 meshes; the Boehringer specific surface area of the silica fume is 20000m2/kg，SiO2The content is 95 wt%; the coarse aggregate is basalt, the compression strength of mother rock is 150MPa, the single particle size distribution is realized, the particle size range is 16-25mm, the crushing value is 4%, and the needle flake content is 2%; the carbon fiber is a micro monofilament carbon fiber, the diameter is 7 +/-10 percent of micrometer, the length is 3 +/-10 percent of mm, the tensile strength is 3500MPa, and the tensile elastic modulus is 220 GPa; the water reducing agent is a slow-release polycarboxylic acid high-performance water reducing agent, and the water reducing rate is 25%; the retarder is boric acid with the purity of 99 wt%.
Example 2
A low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of phosphate, 300 parts of metal oxide, 35 parts of fly ash micro-beads, 25 parts of silica fume, 2600 parts of coarse aggregate, 0.8 part of carbon fiber, 3 parts of water reducing agent, 0.8 part of retarder and 80 parts of water.
Wherein the phosphate is sodium dihydrogen phosphate with the purity of 98 wt%; the metal oxide is dead-burned magnesium oxide with a Boehringer specific surface area of 330m2Kg, purity 98 wt%; the content of the spherical micro-beads of the fly ash micro-beads is 95 percent, and the fineness is 1200 meshes; the Boehringer specific surface area of the silica fume is 22000m2/kg，SiO2The content is 95 wt%; the coarse aggregate is diabase, the compression strength of parent rock is 180MPa, the single particle size is graded, the particle size range is 16-25mm, the crushing value is 4%, and the needle sheet content is 2%; the carbon fiber is a micro monofilament carbon fiber, the diameter is 7 +/-10 percent of mu m, the length is 3 +/-10 percent of mm, the tensile strength is 3700MPa, and the tensile elastic modulus is 250 GPa; the water reducing agent is a slow-release polycarboxylic acid high-performance water reducing agent, and the water reducing rate is 25%; the retarder is boric acid with the purity of 99 wt%.
Example 3
A low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material comprises the following components in parts by weight: 100 parts of phosphate, 350 parts of metal oxide, 40 parts of fly ash micro-beads, 30 parts of silica fume, 2800 parts of coarse aggregate, 1 part of carbon fiber, 5 parts of water reducing agent, 1.5 parts of retarder and 60 parts of water.
Wherein the phosphate is sodium dihydrogen phosphate with the purity of 98 wt%; the metal oxide is dead-burned magnesium oxide with the Boehringer specific surface area of 350m2Kg, purity 98 wt%; the content of the spherical micro-beads of the fly ash micro-beads is 95 percent, and the fineness is 1200 meshes; the Boehringer specific surface area of the silica fume is 22000m2/kg，SiO2The content is 95 wt%; the coarse aggregate is quartzite, the compression strength of parent rock is 220MPa, the single particle size is graded, the particle size range is 16-25mm, the crushing value is 3%, and the needle flake content is 2%; the carbon fiber is a micro monofilament carbon fiber, the diameter is 7 +/-10 percent of mu m, the length is 3 +/-10 percent of mm, the tensile strength is 3700MPa, and the tensile elastic modulus is 250 GPa; the water reducing agent is a slow-release polycarboxylic acid high-performance water reducing agent, and the water reducing rate is 25%; the retarder is boric acid with the purity of 99 wt%.
Table 1: the weight parts of the raw materials of the ecological plant-growing concrete material with low alkalinity and high durability in the above examples are shown in the proportioning table
Based on the above test methods, the respective performances of the above examples were tested, and the test results are as follows.
Table 2: results of performance testing corresponding to the above-described embodiments
It can be seen from the above table 2 that the inside basicity pH value in later stage of this application high durable ecological planting concrete material all is less than 9.5, satisfies the environment that vegetation needs, and long-term intensity steadily increases, does not have the problem of "ecological planting concrete later stage intensity shrinkages" among the prior art. According to the method, the characteristics of low alkalinity, high strength and low shrinkage of a reaction product of phosphate and the dead burned magnesium oxide are utilized, the alkalinity and the durability of the slurry are further improved by doping the silica fume and the fly ash microbeads, and the three-dimensional staggered high-strength carbon fiber network is compounded, so that internal microcracks are reduced while the slurry strength and the slurry bone binding power are increased, and the long-term strength and the durability of the ecological plant-growing concrete are effectively improved.
It can also be seen from table 2 above: the application the inside intercommunication porosity of ecological planting concrete higher, the thick aggregate of selected usefulness has avoided the jam of intercommunicating pore, has promoted plant roots's penetration rate and growth space, has improved the survival rate of plant.
The preparation method of the ecological plant-growing concrete material with low alkalinity and high durability in each embodiment comprises the following steps:
phosphate, metal oxide, fly ash microbeads, silica fume, coarse aggregate and carbon fibers are added into a stirrer according to the proportion and mixed for the first time, and meanwhile, a water reducing agent, a retarder and water are uniformly mixed in advance and then added into the stirrer and mixed for the second time, so that the low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material is obtained. The proportions and chemical properties of the raw materials are described above, and are not described again here.
The first time is preferably 1 to 2min, the second time is preferably 1 to 2min, the time may be increased or decreased as appropriate according to actual circumstances, and the above is merely an example and does not limit the scope of the present application.
The application also provides the application of the low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material, which can be made into ecological plant-growing concrete prefabricated building blocks, is convenient to construct and can be used in scenes such as river course slope protection, mountain ecological restoration and ecological city construction.
According to the ecological plant-growing concrete, a low-alkalinity phosphate cement-based material is adopted, fly ash microbeads, silica fume and carbon fibers are doped, so that shrinkage cracks of slurry can be effectively reduced, the binding power of the slurry and aggregate is enhanced, the crack resistance and durability of the ecological plant-growing concrete are improved, the integral stability of the concrete can be maintained under the environment of meeting the requirements of low alkalinity and large porosity for vegetation growth, the problems of cracking, peeling or instability and the like of an ecological plant-growing concrete structure are prevented, and the service life of the ecological plant-growing concrete structure is prolonged. The low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material has the characteristics of low internal alkalinity, high porosity, stable long-term strength, small shrinkage, high durability and the like, and has wide application prospects in the fields of ecological slope protection, mountain restoration, ecological city construction and the like.
The above embodiments are merely to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application and are not limitative, and the present application is described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications and equivalent arrangements may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and shall be covered by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight:
100 parts of phosphate;
250 portions and 350 portions of metal oxide;
30-40 parts of fly ash microbeads;
20-30 parts of silica fume;
2500 portions of coarse aggregate and 2800 portions;
0.5-1.0 part of carbon fiber;
2-5 parts of a water reducing agent;
0.5-1.5 parts of retarder;
60-80 parts of water.
2. The low alkalinity high durability ecological vegetation concrete material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the phosphate is one or a mixture of two of potassium dihydrogen phosphate or sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and the purity of the phosphate is not less than 98 wt%.
3. The low-alkalinity high-durability ecological planting concrete material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the metal oxide is dead burned magnesium oxide, and the Boehringer specific surface area of the metal oxide is 300-350m2Per kg, purity not less than 98 wt%.
4. The low-alkalinity high-durability ecological vegetation concrete material as claimed in claim 1, wherein the content of the spherical micro-beads of the fly ash micro-beads is not less than 90%, and the fineness is not less than 1200 mesh.
5. The low-alkalinity high-durability ecological vegetation concrete material as claimed in claim 1, wherein said silica fume has a Boehringer's specific surface area of not less than 20000m2/kg，SiO2The content is not less than 95 wt%.
6. The low-alkalinity high-durability ecological vegetation concrete material as claimed in claim 1, wherein said coarse aggregate comprises one of basalt, diabase or quartzite, the compression strength of parent rock of said coarse aggregate is not less than 150MPa, single grain size gradation, grain size range is 16-25mm, crush value is less than 5%, and needle-flake content is less than 3%.
7. The low-alkalinity high-durability ecological vegetation concrete material according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that said carbon fibers are micro monofilament carbon fibers having a diameter of 7 ± 10% μm and a length of 3 ± 10% mm, said carbon fibers having a tensile strength of not less than 3500MPa and a tensile elastic modulus of not less than 220 GPa.
8. The low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the water reducing agent is a slow-release polycarboxylic acid-based high-performance water reducing agent with a water reducing rate of not less than 25%.
9. The low alkalinity high durability ecological plant growing concrete material according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the retarder is boric acid with a purity of not less than 99 wt%.
10. The method for preparing a low-alkalinity high-durability ecological plant-growing concrete material according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the ecological plant-growing concrete material is prepared by adding phosphate, metal oxide, fly ash micro-beads, silica fume, coarse aggregate and carbon fiber into a mixer for mixing for a first time, simultaneously pre-mixing a water reducing agent, a retarder and water uniformly, and then adding the mixture into the mixer for mixing for a second time.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115819036A (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2023-03-21 | 北京建筑材料科学研究总院有限公司 | Plant growing concrete and preparation method thereof |
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| CN108484069A (en) * | 2018-05-30 | 2018-09-04 | 大连圣多教育咨询有限公司 | A kind of enhancing concrete for plant growth and preparation method thereof |
| CN109095849A (en) * | 2018-08-24 | 2018-12-28 | 山东高速路用新材料技术有限公司 | Low alkaline cementitious material of a kind of high fertile for concrete for plant growth and preparation method thereof |
| CN112028584A (en) * | 2020-08-14 | 2020-12-04 | 河海大学 | Plant-growing concrete block and preparation method thereof |
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2020
- 2020-12-17 CN CN202011503997.4A patent/CN112456958A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN108484069A (en) * | 2018-05-30 | 2018-09-04 | 大连圣多教育咨询有限公司 | A kind of enhancing concrete for plant growth and preparation method thereof |
| CN109095849A (en) * | 2018-08-24 | 2018-12-28 | 山东高速路用新材料技术有限公司 | Low alkaline cementitious material of a kind of high fertile for concrete for plant growth and preparation method thereof |
| CN112028584A (en) * | 2020-08-14 | 2020-12-04 | 河海大学 | Plant-growing concrete block and preparation method thereof |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115819036A (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2023-03-21 | 北京建筑材料科学研究总院有限公司 | Plant growing concrete and preparation method thereof |
| CN115819036B (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2023-12-26 | 北京建筑材料科学研究总院有限公司 | Plant-growing concrete and preparation method thereof |
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