CN112417732B - Safe and efficient mixed aiming method for heliostats of tower type solar thermal power station - Google Patents
Safe and efficient mixed aiming method for heliostats of tower type solar thermal power station Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The safe and efficient tower type solar thermal power plant heliostat hybrid aiming method combines the advantages of a heliostat equatorial aiming strategy and the advantages of the existing solar thermal power plant heliostat multi-point aiming strategy, wherein the equatorial aiming strategy is used for improving the absorption energy of a heat absorber, and the multi-point aiming is used for ensuring that the heat absorber does not have stress failure. Through the organic combination of the two aiming strategies, the invention can fully exert the capability of each heat absorption tube row in the heat absorber to resist thermal stress failure, and can effectively improve the energy absorption of the heat absorber while ensuring that the heat absorber does not generate stress failure on the premise of not adding any additional equipment, thereby improving the system efficiency of the tower type solar thermal power station.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of solar thermal power generation, and particularly relates to a safe and efficient mixed aiming method for heliostats of a tower type solar thermal power station.
Background
Solar thermal power generation technology can be combined with a low-cost heat storage subsystem, has stable, continuous and schedulable high-quality power output characteristics, has gained more and more attention in recent years, and has become one of the important directions of new energy development. The existing solar thermal power generation technology mainly has 4 forms, namely tower solar thermal power generation, groove type solar thermal power generation, linear Fresnel type solar thermal power generation and dish type solar thermal power generation. The tower type solar thermal power generation technology has the advantages that the light concentration ratio is large, the running temperature is high, the overall efficiency of the solar thermal power station can be effectively improved, and the tower type solar thermal power generation technology has a great application prospect. For example, by 10 months in 2020, in solar thermal power stations for grid-connected power generation in China, the installed capacity of the tower-type solar thermal power station is more than 60%. The heat absorber is a key device for realizing conversion from light energy to heat energy in the tower type solar thermal power station. During operation of the plant, thousands of heliostats collect sunlight onto the surface of the absorber for heating molten salt heat transfer medium flowing within the absorber. The distribution of solar energy flow concentrated to the surface of the absorber is non-uniform, thus bringing about high thermal stresses, which can cause cracking of the absorber tube, and pose a great challenge to the safe operation of the absorber. The non-uniform energy flow distribution on the surface of the heat absorber is improved by making a proper heliostat aiming strategy, so that the heat absorber is one of important means for reducing the thermal stress of the heat absorber and improving the safe operation of the heat absorber. However, in the existing heliostat aiming strategy, most of the aiming strategies aim at reducing the non-uniformity of the overall heat flow density of the surface of the heat absorber, specific stress characteristics of each tube row of the heat absorber are not considered, and the capability of resisting stress failure of different heat absorbing tube rows is not fully exerted. For example, the tube row near the inlet of the heat absorber has high allowable stress due to lower temperature, higher stress failure resistance and higher heat flow density.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art and overcome the defects of the existing heliostat aiming strategy, the invention aims to provide a safe and efficient tower type solar thermal power station heliostat mixed aiming method which can fully exert the capability of each heat absorption tube row for resisting stress failure, ensure that the heat absorber does not have stress failure, and improve the performance of the heat absorber, thereby improving the system efficiency of the solar thermal power station.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a safe and efficient mixed aiming method for heliostats of a tower type solar thermal power station comprises the following steps:
step 1: the heliostat field is divided into a plurality of areas along the circumferential direction by taking the heat absorption tower as the center, the number of the areas is equal to the number of heat absorption tube rows of the heat absorber, and each heat absorption tube row is provided with one heliostat area corresponding to the heliostat area.
Step 2: taking an equatorial aiming strategy as an initial aiming strategy, aiming heliostats in heliostat field areas corresponding to each heat absorption tube row at the equatorial position of the heat absorber, wherein the equatorial position is the central circle position of an external cylindrical surface of the heat absorber; the equatorial aiming strategy can enable the heat absorber to receive the heliostat spotlight spots with the largest area, and the overflow loss is small, but meanwhile, the heat flux density is large, the heat stress of the heat absorber is high, and the heat absorber can be subjected to stress failure and fracture. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the risk of stress failure of each absorber tube row of the absorber.
Step 3: simulating the propagation process of photons in a heliostat field and a heat absorber by adopting a Monte Carlo ray tracing method, and calculating to obtain the heat flux density distribution of the surface of the heat absorber:
wherein q is the heat flux density; e is the energy carried by each photon; n is the number of photons absorbed by the grid cell; a is the area of the grid cell;
step 4: and (3) calculating to obtain the temperature distribution of the heat absorber by adopting a finite volume method and taking the heat flow density distribution of the heat absorber obtained in the step (3) as a thermal boundary condition. The heat absorber consists of heat absorption tube rows, the heat absorption tube rows consist of heat absorption tubes, and after calculation is completed, the position of the heat absorption tube where the maximum value of the temperature gradient in each heat absorption tube row of the heat absorber is located can be obtained, and the allowable stress [ sigma ] corresponding to the maximum temperature of the heat absorption tube is given;
the solution of the temperature distribution of the heat absorber by the finite volume method can be realized by a commercial CFD software package FLUENT or by a self-programming method. When the commercial software FLUENT calculation is adopted, the heat flux density distribution obtained in the step 3 is imported into a finite volume method model through a user-defined equation (User Defined Function, UDF), and a standard k-epsilon model is adopted as a turbulence model; when self-programming is adopted, the grid division of the outer surface of the heat absorption tube is kept consistent in the step 3 and the step 4, and the grid heat flow density distribution obtained in the step 3 can be directly assigned to the grid in the step 4. For the FLUENT calculation method, the flow heat transfer performance of the heat absorber is obtained by directly solving a Navier-Stokes equation, the calculation accuracy is higher, but the occupied calculation resources are more, and the method can be adopted when the calculation resources are sufficient; for the self-programming method, the heat convection of the heat transfer fluid in the heat absorber is solved through the flow heat exchange correlation, so that the occupied computing resources are less, and the method can be adopted when the computing resources are deficient. If the accuracy of the used convection heat transfer correlation is higher, the method can also obtain more accurate temperature distribution.
Step 5: calculating the thermal stress distribution of the heat absorption pipes with the maximum temperature gradient in each heat absorption pipe row by adopting a finite element method to obtain the maximum equivalent thermal stress sigma of each heat absorption pipe eq,max The calculation method of the equivalent stress is as follows:
in sigma eq Is Von-Mises equivalent stress; sigma (sigma) r ,σ θ Sum sigma z The radial, tangential and axial thermal stresses of the heat absorbing pipe are respectively three main stresses sigma r ,σ θ Sum sigma z The calculation of (2) can be realized by means of a Static Structural module in commercial software ANSYS, or can be realized by means of the existing cylinder thermal stress calculation formula. The first thermal stress calculation method can obtain the internal stress distribution of the heat absorber more accurately, and the second method can obtain the internal stress distribution of the heat absorber simply and rapidly. The following is a calculation formula for the thermal stress distribution of the cylinder:
wherein α is a coefficient of thermal expansion; e is the elastic modulus; delta T is the temperature difference between the inner wall and the outer wall; v is poisson's ratio; r is (r) o Is a heat absorption tubeAn outer wall radius; r is (r) i Is the radius of the inner wall of the heat absorption pipe; r is the radius of the location where the thermal stress is found.
Step 6: by comparing the maximum equivalent thermal stress sigma of each heat absorption tube row eq,max And allowable stress [ sigma ]]To determine whether each tube bank is at risk of stress failure: if sigma eq,max >[σ]Explaining the risk of stress failure of the heat absorption tube row, at the moment, converting the aiming strategy of the heliostat area corresponding to the heat absorption tube row from an equatorial aiming strategy to a multi-point aiming strategy, and returning to the step 3; if sigma eq,max ≤[σ]The heat absorption tube bank is in a safe state, the risk of stress failure does not occur, and the heliostat aiming strategy at the moment is the final aiming strategy.
Compared with the prior art, the invention combines the advantages of the equatorial aiming strategy of the heliostat and the multi-point aiming strategy of the heliostat of the existing solar thermal power station, wherein the equatorial aiming strategy is used for improving the absorption energy of the heat absorber, and the multi-point aiming is used for ensuring that the heat absorber does not have stress failure. Through the organic combination of the two aiming strategies, the invention can fully exert the capability of each heat absorption tube row in the heat absorber to resist thermal stress failure, and can effectively improve the energy absorption of the heat absorber while ensuring that the heat absorber does not generate stress failure on the premise of not adding any additional equipment, thereby improving the system efficiency of the tower type solar thermal power station.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of field division.
FIG. 3 shows the stress distribution characteristics of each tube row under the midday equatorial aiming strategy of spring festival.
FIG. 4 shows the stress distribution characteristics of each tube row in the spring noon aiming strategy of the invention.
Fig. 5 is a comparison of the performance of the absorber of the present invention with an original multipoint sighting.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below by taking Solar Two tower type fused salt Solar thermal power station as an example with reference to the accompanying drawings:
as shown in fig. 1, the specific implementation flow of the heliostat aiming strategy of the tower-type fused salt solar thermal power station is as follows:
(1) According to the number of heat absorber tube rows of the Solar thermal power plant under study (the heat absorber of the Solar Two Solar thermal power plant has 24 heat absorber tube rows), the mirror field is divided into 24 regions in the circumferential direction centering on the heat absorber tower, as shown in fig. 2.
(2) Heliostats in the heliostat field area corresponding to each heat absorption tube row aim at the equatorial position of the center of the heat absorber, namely, the circumcircle of the center of the outer surface of the heat absorber. Aiming at the equatorial position can maximize the solar energy input to the surface of the heat absorber, but at the same time, great thermal stress is brought about, and the safety of the heat absorber needs to be evaluated.
(3) Simulating the propagation process of photons in a heliostat field and a heat absorber by adopting a Monte Carlo ray tracing method, and calculating to obtain the energy flow density distribution of the surface of the heat absorber:
wherein q is the heat flux density; e is the energy carried by each photon; n is the number of photons absorbed by the grid cell; a is the area of the grid cell;
(4) And calculating to obtain the temperature distribution of the heat absorber by adopting a finite volume method and taking the obtained heat flux density distribution of the heat absorber as a thermal boundary condition. After the calculation is completed, the position of the heat absorption tube where the maximum temperature gradient value in each heat absorption tube row of the heat absorber is located can be obtained, and the allowable stress [ sigma ] corresponding to the maximum temperature of the heat absorption tube is given; the finite volume solution of the present embodiment to the absorber temperature is implemented by the commercial CFD software package FLUENT. The heat flux density distribution is led into a finite volume method model through a user-defined equation (User Defined Function, UDF), a turbulence model adopts a standard k-epsilon model, and a flow heat exchange control equation is as follows:
wherein ρ, c p T is the density, specific heat and temperature of the absorber tube solid or heat transfer fluid, respectively; x is the coordinate direction of the three-dimensional coordinate system; u, p, μ are the velocity, pressure and dynamic coefficient of viscosity of the heat transfer fluid, respectively; delta ij Is a component of a unit second order tensor, which has a value of 1 when i=j, otherwise 0;is reynolds stress; k, ε, μ t Turbulent flow pulsation energy, dissipation rate and turbulent flow viscosity coefficient of the heat transfer fluid respectively; sigma (sigma) k ,σ ε Turbulent planets for turbulent pulse energy and dissipation ratio, respectively; pr, pr t The percentages are the planets and turbulent planets of the heat transfer fluid; s is S T Is a heat source; i is the radiation intensity; />Is a position vector; />Is a direction vector; subscripts i, j, k, l are constraint indexes;
(5) And calculating the thermal stress distribution of the heat absorption pipes where the maximum value of the temperature gradient in each heat absorption pipe row is positioned by adopting a finite element method. The finite element method is used for solving the thermal stress of the desorption heat pipe through a Static Structural module in a commercial software package ANSYS, and the maximum Von-Mises equivalent thermal stress sigma of each heat absorption pipe can be obtained eq,max 。
In sigma eq Is Von-Mises equivalent stress; sigma (sigma) r ,σ θ Sum sigma z The radial, tangential and axial thermal stresses of the heat absorbing pipe are respectively;
(6) Comparing maximum equivalent thermal stress sigma of each tube row eq,max And allowable stress [ sigma ]]And judging whether each tube row has the risk of stress failure or not. If sigma eq,max >[σ]Indicating the risk of stress failure of the tube bank. At this time, the aiming strategy of the heliostat area corresponding to the tube row is changed from equatorial aiming to a multi-point aiming strategy widely adopted in the existing photo-thermal power station, and the step (3) is returned. If sigma eq,max ≤[σ]The heliostat aiming strategy is the final aiming strategy when the tube bank is in a safe state and the risk of stress failure is small.
FIG. 3 is a stress distribution of a heat absorber tube row for all heliostat regions using an equatorial aiming strategy. It can be seen from fig. 3 that the highest stress of the absorber tube rows 3-5 exceeds the allowable stress, with the risk of stress failure, when the aiming points of the heliostat areas corresponding to these tube rows are switched from equatorial aiming to existing multi-point aiming. Fig. 4 shows stress distribution of each tube row of the heat absorber after the implementation of the present invention. It can be seen that the peak stress of all tube rows is less than the allowable stress, in the stress safety zone. Fig. 5 is a graph comparing the performance of the heat sink of the present invention with the original multi-point aiming strategy. From the graph, the invention can effectively improve the heat absorbed by the molten salt, and can improve the energy absorbed by the molten salt by 2.8%,3.2% and 3.5% in summer, spring and winter to noon.
According to the invention, on the premise of not adding any extra equipment, the performance of the heat absorber can be effectively improved while the safe operation of the heat absorber is ensured by only adjusting the heliostat aiming strategy, so that the improvement of the overall efficiency of the tower type solar thermal power station is facilitated.
Claims (2)
1. The safe and efficient mixed aiming method for heliostats of the tower type solar thermal power station is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1: dividing the heliostat field into a plurality of areas along the circumferential direction by taking the heat absorption tower as the center, wherein the number of the areas is equal to the number of heat absorption tube rows of the heat absorber, and each heat absorption tube row is provided with one heliostat area corresponding to the heliostat area;
step 2: taking an equatorial aiming strategy as an initial aiming strategy, aiming heliostats in heliostat field areas corresponding to each heat absorption tube row at the equatorial position of the heat absorber, wherein the equatorial position is the central circle position of an external cylindrical surface of the heat absorber;
step 3: simulating the propagation process of photons in a heliostat field and a heat absorber by adopting a Monte Carlo ray tracing method, and calculating to obtain the heat flux density distribution of the surface of the heat absorber:
wherein q is the heat flux density; e is the energy carried by each photon; n is the number of photons absorbed by the grid cell; a is the area of the grid cell;
step 4: adopting a finite volume method, taking the heat flow density distribution of the heat absorber obtained in the step 3 as a heat boundary condition, calculating to obtain the temperature distribution of the heat absorber, wherein the heat absorber consists of heat absorption tube rows, the heat absorption tube rows consist of heat absorption tubes, and after calculation is completed, the position of the heat absorption tube at which the maximum value of the temperature gradient in each heat absorption tube row of the heat absorber is positioned can be obtained, and the allowable stress [ sigma ] corresponding to the maximum temperature of the heat absorption tube is given;
step 5: calculating the thermal stress distribution of the heat absorption pipes with the maximum temperature gradient in each heat absorption pipe row by adopting a finite element method to obtain each heat absorption pipeMaximum equivalent thermal stress sigma eq,max The calculation method of the equivalent stress is as follows:
in sigma eq Is Von-Mises equivalent stress; sigma (sigma) r ,σ θ Sum sigma z The radial, tangential and axial thermal stresses of the heat absorbing pipe are respectively;
step 6: by comparing the maximum equivalent thermal stress sigma of each heat absorption tube row eq,max And allowable stress [ sigma ]]To determine whether each tube bank is at risk of stress failure: if sigma eq,max >[σ]Explaining the risk of stress failure of the heat absorption tube row, at the moment, converting the aiming strategy of the heliostat area corresponding to the heat absorption tube row from an equatorial aiming strategy to a multi-point aiming strategy, and returning to the step 3; if sigma eq,max ≤[σ]The heat absorption tube bank is in a safe state, the risk of stress failure does not occur, and the heliostat aiming strategy at the moment is the final aiming strategy;
the method comprises the steps of (1) solving the temperature distribution of a heat absorber by a finite volume method in the step (4), wherein the temperature distribution of the heat absorber is realized by a commercial CFD software package FLUENT, or by a self-programming method;
when FLUENT is adopted for calculation, the heat flux density distribution obtained in the step 3 is imported into a finite volume method model through a user-defined equation, a standard k-epsilon model is adopted as a turbulence model, and a flow heat exchange control equation is as follows:
wherein ρ, c p T is the density, specific heat and temperature of the absorber tube solid or heat transfer fluid, respectively; x is the coordinate direction of the three-dimensional coordinate system; u, p, μ are the velocity, pressure and dynamic coefficient of viscosity of the heat transfer fluid, respectively; delta ij Is a component of a unit second order tensor, which has a value of 1 when i=j, otherwise 0;is reynolds stress; k, ε, μ t Turbulent flow pulsation energy, dissipation rate and turbulent flow viscosity coefficient of the heat transfer fluid respectively; sigma (sigma) k ,σ ε Turbulent planets for turbulent pulse energy and dissipation ratio, respectively; pr, pr t The percentages are the planets and turbulent planets of the heat transfer fluid; s is S T Is a heat source; i is the radiation intensity; />Is a position vector; />Is a direction vector; subscripts i, j, k, l are constraint indexes;
when self-programming is adopted, the grid division of the outer surface of the heat absorption tube is kept consistent in the step 3 and the step 4, and the grid heat flow density distribution obtained in the step 3 is directly assigned to the grid in the step 4.
2. The safe and efficient mixed aiming method for heliostats of a tower-type solar thermal power plant according to claim 1, wherein sigma in the step 5 r ,σ θ Sum sigma z Is realized by means of a Static Structural module in the commercial software ANSYS to accurately obtain the internal stress distribution of the heat absorber; or by the existing calculation formula of the cylindrical thermal stress so as to rapidly obtain the internal stress distribution of the heat absorber.
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| CN111459194A (en) * | 2020-04-10 | 2020-07-28 | 中国电力工程顾问集团西北电力设计院有限公司 | Solar thermal power generation aiming point determination method based on heliostat measured light spot |
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