CN112397318B - 泡沫镍负载Cu(OH)2@Ni3S2核壳纳米线复合电容材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
泡沫镍负载Cu(OH)2@Ni3S2核壳纳米线复合电容材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种泡沫镍负载Cu(OH)2@Ni3S2核壳纳米线复合电容材料及其制备方法。其特征在于，在水热条件下，泡沫镍的表层被硫化生成相互交织的Ni3S2纳米线网络层，然后通过液相反应在每一根纳米线的表面形成Cu(OH)2纳米片的包覆层，从而获得具有高比电容、高循环稳定性的负载Cu(OH)2@Ni3S2核壳纳米线电容材料。产物中纳米线长达毫米级，相互交织形成类网状结构，厚度极薄的纳米片直径约1μm。该制备方法简单易操作，反应溶液重复使用，成本较低且易规模化。
Description
技术领域：
本发明涉及一种超级电容器材料的制备方法，其特征为，对泡沫镍在反应釜中进行水热反应进行硫化生成硫化镍纳米线，继而通过进一步的水热反应负载 Cu(OH)2纳米片，从而获得具有高比电容、高循环稳定性的Cu(OH)2@Ni3S2核壳纳米线复合电容材料。该制备方法简单，易于控制和规模化的优点。
背景技术：
近年来社会愈发重视能源使用过程中的环保问题，新能源在整体能源的比重不断提高。其中电能的储存需求越来越大，传统的铅蓄电池等具有生产过程中高能耗，高污染的问题。与其相比，超级电容器有着高功率密度、高循环稳定性及使用寿命长、安全等优点，正在不断占领电力储存领域的份额。对超级电容器而言，电极材料是决定超级电容器性能与成本的关键，电极材料的选择、设计与制备是高性能超级电容器研发的重点。
超级电容器电极材料主要有：碳材料、金属化合物和导电聚合物。其中金属化合物的研究已经较为详尽。由于具有多种氧化态，过渡金属氧化物被视作赝电容电容器的重要电极材料，但其弱导电性导致了器件的能量密度较低，差循环稳定性较差，因此，探索兼具高导电性和高稳定性的赝电容电极材料是当前该领域一直追求的目标。在进一步地对过渡金属硫化物进行研究的过程中发现：硫元素有着低于氧元素的电负性，并且随着制备过程中的阴离子交换使得材料带隙变窄，有助于性能地提升。此外，由于用硫代替氧可以得到更有弹性地结构，使得结构更加稳定，从而提高循环稳定性。而从结构上来说，纳米线-纳米片的复合异质结构可以在纳米线维持稳定性和导电性的同时，增加电容量。本研究重点分析了硫化物纳米线-纳米片异质结构的形成方法。
因此，本发明在保持硫化物纳米线的基础上引入了均匀分布的纳米片。以单质硫作为硫源，在泡沫镍上覆盖均匀的硫化镍纳米线，进而通过水热的方式，用硫酸铜以及六亚甲基四胺为原料，水热负载纳米片。其中，纳米线分布均匀且弯曲，编织成类似网状结构。纳米片直径约为1μm，厚度极薄。这种由纳米线-纳米片构成的复合结构有着较高的质量比电容和良好的稳定性。
发明内容：
本发明的目的：提出一种泡沫镍负载硫化物纳米线复合纳米片电容材料及其制备方法，并介绍其在超级电容器电极方面的应用。通过这种方法，我们设计并制备了由纳米线相互交织构建的网状结构。该材料同时具有高比表面积和高稳定性的优点，从而保证了材料较高的电容性能；然后引进了纳米片，保证了材料的高电容性能。最后，该制备方法原料便宜，制备方法简单，对环境友好，易于控制和规模化。
本发明的技术方案是：将适量硫粉溶于乙二胺和乙醇的混合液中，放入表面清洗处理过的泡沫镍后，一起转移到50mL的反应釜中，在恒定的温度下进行硫化反应，结束后将其取出用去离子洗涤后，在60℃下烘干，得到泡沫镍负载Ni3S2纳米线的中间产物；然后，将该中间产物放入包含硫酸铜和六亚甲基四胺的混合溶液中，在恒定温度下反应；最后，将样品取出后反复清洗，在60℃烘干得到最终产物。
作为最佳方案，泡沫镍基体为长方形，尺寸3cm×2cm，使用前用稀HCl进行清洗处理；制备中间产物所使用的硫粉用量为50～80mg，乙二胺和乙醇的混合液的体积为30～40mL。
作为最佳方案，制备泡沫镍负载Ni3S2纳米线的中间产物时，水热反应的温度为150～180℃，反应时间为4～8h，结束后将其取出用去离子洗涤后，在60℃下烘干。
作为最佳方案，制备最终产物时，硫酸铜和六亚甲基四胺的混合溶液体积为 35～45mL，溶解的五水硫酸铜质量为160～220mg，六亚甲基四胺的质量为60～ 80mg，反应温度为80～90℃之间的一个恒定温度，反应时间为4～6h。
作为最佳方案，制备最终产物过程水热反应结束后应当尽快将产物冷却洗涤，防止纳米片过度生长发生团簇。
本发明制得的这种泡沫镍负载Cu(OH)2@Ni3S2核壳纳米线复合的新型电容材料，它是由Cu(OH)2纳米片均匀包覆Ni3S2纳米线的核壳结构组成；核壳纳米线均匀分布在泡沫镍骨架上，且单根纳米线之间相互交织，形成了网络状结构；可直接应用于超级电容器电极，无需粘结剂；与其它方法相比，本发明提出的制备方法无需任何添加剂或模板，原材料便宜，环境友好，且易于控制及规模化。
有益效果：
(1)本发明提出了一种制备高电容超级电容器电极的新方法。
(2)第一步反应的有机溶液可重复利用，环境友好。
(3)不需要使用模板或添加剂，通过水热反应就可制备出具有三维结构的电极材料。
(4)与其他方法相比，该制备方法具有以下优点：
①制备过程简单，操作方便，重复性高；
②环境友好，整个制备过程不对环境造成污染；
③成本较低，具有良好的工业化应用前景；
(5)在保持硫化物纳米线的基础上，引入提高电容的Cu(OH)2纳米片，保持了循环稳定性的同时，使材料的电容性能有了进一步的提升。
附图说明：
图1为中间产物以及最终产物的SEM图。
图2为实施例产物的XPS图谱。
图3为水热生长纳米片前后的性能对比图。
图4分别是电极材料的(a)循环伏安曲线；(b)恒电流充放电曲线；(c)不同电流密度下的质量比电容值；(d)组装成电容器样品后的恒电流充放电曲线。
具体实施方式：
本发明中制备泡沫镍负载硫化物纳米线复合纳米片电容材料的具体实施方式如下：
实施例1：
将适量的硫溶于32mL乙二胺乙醇混合物后，和泡沫镍一起放入反应釜中，加热到160℃，进行6个小时的硫化过程，洗涤后在60℃条件下烘干12h。然后将干燥好的样品和溶于40mL水中70mg的六亚甲基四胺，200mg五水硫酸铜一起，在90℃的条件下反应5小时，将样品在60℃烘干12h得到最终产物。
图1a及放大图1b是中间产物的SEM图。可以发现硫化镍纳米线均匀的分布在泡沫镍的骨架上，并且编制成较为紧密的网状形貌。高倍的SEM图像显示，单根管的直径约为1nm。图1c和放大图1d是最终产物的SEM图。可以看到纳米片均匀的分布在纳米线上。由SEM图像显示，纳米片单片直径约为1μm。
图2是制备产物的XPS图谱。
图3是负载Cu(OH)2纳米片前后的性能对比图。可以看出，在高电流密度下，极大的提升了比电容，在低电流密度下，电容也有较为明显的升高。
图4分别是电极材料的(a)循环伏安曲线；(b)恒电流充放电曲线；(c)不同电流密度下的质量比电容值；(d)组装成电容器样品后的恒电流充放电曲线。
图4a为样品在不同扫描速率下的循环伏安曲线(5到40mV s-1)。可以观察到明显的氧化峰和还原峰，这表明该电极材料具有赝电容特性。低扫描速率下的氧化还原峰表明，电极材料发生了强烈的氧化还原反应。随着扫描速率的增加，曲线形状并没有明显变化，同时循环伏安曲线依然保持原来的形状，这说明在高扫描速率下，该材料仍具有良好的电容性能。图4b是该材料在不同电流密度下的恒流充放电曲线，放电阶段中存在着明显的放电平台，这与循环伏安曲线的氧化还原峰相对应，表明具有良好的充放电可逆性。此外，放电过程的电压降很小，表明材料的内阻很小。曲线不是呈现直线形状，而是有明显的弯曲，证实了该电极表现出法拉第赝电容行为。图4c为不同电流密度下的比电容值，电极在电流密度为2mA cm-2时达到了1900F g-1的面电容值。图4d是组装成全固态器件后测试的恒电流充放电曲线，结果表明，利用该电极材料组装的电容器器件仍然有较好的电容特性。
实施例2：
五水硫酸铜用量为150mg，其他条件和实施例1相同。
实施例3：
五水硫酸铜用量为200mg，其他条件和实施例1相同。
实施例4：
五水硫酸铜用量为100mg，其他条件和实施例1相同。
实施例5：
水热反应结束后让反应釜自然冷却，其他条件和实施例1相同。
Claims (4)
1.一种泡沫镍负载Cu(OH)2@Ni3S2核壳纳米线复合电容材料的制备方法，其特征在于，将适量硫粉溶于乙二胺和乙醇的混合液中，放入表面清洗处理过的泡沫镍后，一起转移到50mL的反应釜中，在恒定的温度下进行硫化反应，结束后将其取出用去离子洗涤后，在60℃下烘干，得到泡沫镍负载Ni3S2纳米线的中间产物；然后，将该中间产物放入包含硫酸铜和六亚甲基四胺的混合溶液中，在恒定温度下反应；最后，将样品取出后反复清洗，在60℃烘干得到最终产物；
制备中间产物所使用的硫粉用量为50～80mg，乙二胺和乙醇的混合液的体积为30～40mL；
制备泡沫镍负载Ni3S2纳米线的中间产物时，水热反应的温度为150～180℃，反应时间为4～8h；
制备最终产物时，硫酸铜和六亚甲基四胺的混合溶液体积为35～45mL，溶解的五水硫酸铜质量为160～220mg，六亚甲基四胺的质量为60～80mg，反应温度为80～90℃之间的一个恒定温度，反应时间为4～6h。
2.如权利要求1所述的泡沫镍负载Cu(OH)2@Ni3S2核壳纳米线复合电容材料的制备方法，其特征在于，泡沫镍基体为长方形，尺寸3cm×2cm，使用前用稀HCl进行清洗处理。
3.如权利要求1所述的制备方法制备得到的泡沫镍负载Cu(OH)2@Ni3S2核壳纳米线复合电容材料，其特征在于，所述复合电容材料是由Cu(OH)2纳米片均匀包覆Ni3S2纳米线的核壳结构组成；核壳纳米线均匀分布在泡沫镍骨架上，且单根纳米线之间相互交织，形成了网络状结构。
4.如权利要求3所述的泡沫镍负载Cu(OH)2@Ni3S2核壳纳米线复合电容材料的应用，其特征在于，所述复合电容材料直接应用于超级电容器的电极。
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