CN112387975A - 一种无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 84
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 83
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 83
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical compound [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical class [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 22
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- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 241000357293 Leptobrama muelleri Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KWSLGOVYXMQPPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2h-tetrazole Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=CC(C2=NNN=N2)=C1 KWSLGOVYXMQPPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Natural products NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PLKATZNSTYDYJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane silver Chemical compound N.[Ag] PLKATZNSTYDYJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001379 sodium hypophosphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001132 ultrasonic dispersion Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 27
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- YXLXNENXOJSQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-L Oxine-copper Chemical compound [Cu+2].C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1 YXLXNENXOJSQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- WIKSRXFQIZQFEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cu].[Pb] Chemical compound [Cu].[Pb] WIKSRXFQIZQFEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000713 high-energy ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005551 mechanical alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
- B22F7/04—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
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- C23C18/18—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C18/1851—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of surfaces of non-metallic or semiconducting in organic material
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- C23C18/1886—Multistep pretreatment
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料及其制备方法，是由钢背和设置在钢背表面的铜基合金减摩层组成，其中的铜基合金减摩层是以铜锡合金为基体，以镀镍硫化亚铁和铋作为润滑组元，各组分按质量百分比的构成为：铜锡合金75‑98％，镀镍硫化亚铁1‑10％，铋1‑15％。本发明制备的无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料组分间具有较好的界面结合能力，能有效增强材料的机械强度，且铜基合金减摩层中镀镍硫化亚铁和铋组元能够发挥自润滑与协同润滑作用，提升了材料的摩擦学性能，具有更加广泛的环境适应性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料及其制备方法，属于材料制备领域。
背景技术
铜基复合材料是解决高技术领域润滑问题的一种很有前途的固体润滑材料，因此，它被广泛应用于机械设备的运动系统，如密封圈、衬套、轴承和导轨等部位。铜铅复合轴承材料由于具有软质相铅能够发挥一定的润滑效果，但是铅是一种重金属，污染环境且损害人体健康，在无铅化发展进程中，用其它无毒无害的润滑组元取代铅势在必行。
目前，在无铅化铜基复合材料的发展中，用单一固体润滑剂，像石墨、MoS2、Bi、FeS等取代铅能够达到一定的减摩功效，但是润滑剂单一，导致铜基复合材料的摩擦学性能和使用范围受限；用FeS和Bi共同充当润滑剂虽然能够实现协同润滑作用，但存在FeS易在铜基体中团聚、FeS与基体铜的界面结合性能较差等问题。高能球磨工艺能够提高硫化亚铁粉在铜粉中的均匀弥散分布，但同时也导致FeS对铜基体的割裂作用增强，导致复合材料的力学性能下降。因此，用FeS和Bi共同作为润滑组元，迫切需要解决FeS与铜基体的湿润性，提升二者的界面结合能力。
随着航天工业技术的不断发展，机械设备的服役环境变得越来越苛刻，为使设备能够适应不同条件下的工作任务并发挥良好的功效，对无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料的性能要求也越来越高。但由于传统的单一润滑剂润滑性能受限、润滑组元与铜基体界面结合能力差以及复合材料承载能力受限，导致轴承材料的力学性能与摩擦学性能不能得到充分的开发和利用，已无法满足机械设备越来越高的性能要求。
发明内容
为避免上述现有技术所存在的不足之处，本发明提供一种无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料及其制备方法，旨在解决减摩层中硫化亚铁与铜基体间润湿性差以及复合轴承材料机械强度低、摩擦学性能差的问题。
本发明为实现发明目的，采用如下技术方案：
一种无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料，是由钢背和设置在钢背表面的铜基合金减摩层组成；所述铜基合金减摩层以铜锡合金为基体，以镀镍硫化亚铁和铋作为润滑组元，各组分按质量百分比的构成为：铜锡合金75-98％，镀镍硫化亚铁1-10％，铋1-15％。
优选的，所述钢背的厚度为0.5～100mm，所述铜基合金减摩层的厚度为0.5～1.0mm。
优选的，所述钢背选用含碳量为0.12～0.25％的低碳钢，其中硫、磷含量低于0.035％。
优选的，所述钢背表面经镀铜处理。
优选的，所述铜锡合金为Cu90Sn10合金。
优选的，所述镀镍硫化亚铁是按如下方法制得：
清洗：将FeS粉末置于无水乙醇中超声分散15-20min，脱去无水乙醇后放入干燥箱中于50-80℃干燥1-2小时；
敏化：将干燥后的FeS粉末在浓度为20-25g/L的银氨溶液中超声震荡20-40min，过滤，放入干燥箱中于50-80℃干燥1-2小时；
活化：将敏化后的FeS粉末在浓度为20-25g/L的NaH2PO2溶液中超声震荡20-40min，过滤，用去离子水清洗2-3次，放入干燥箱中于50-80℃干燥1-2小时；
化学镀镍：配置含20-25g/L硫酸镍、20-25g/L次亚磷酸钠、16-24g/L柠檬酸钠、1-2mg/L硫脲的化学镀液，并用氢氧化钠调节pH至9.5-10；然后将活化后的FeS粉末加入到水浴加热至80-90℃的化学镀液中，搅拌反应1-1.5小时；反应完成后，取出并用去离子水漂洗至中性，然后在干燥箱中于50-80℃下干燥4-6小时，即获得镀镍硫化亚铁。
本发明所述无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
步骤1、配粉
按配比，将粒径为100-300目的铜锡合金、粒径为200-500目的镀镍硫化亚铁粉末、粒径为100-300目的铋粉在氩气气氛中球磨5-10小时，球磨罐转速为250r/min、球料比为10:1，获得混合粉末；
步骤2、铺粉
将所述混合粉末均匀平整的铺在洁净的镀铜钢背表面，厚度为1.5～3mm；
步骤3、初烧
在氨分解气氛保护下，对铺粉后试样进行烧结，烧结温度为820～950℃、烧结时间为20～50min，形成铜基合金初烧层；
步骤4、初轧
对铜基合金初烧层进行轧制，轧制压下量为铜基合金初烧层厚度的40～50％。
步骤5、复烧：
在氨分解气氛保护下，对初轧后试样再次进行烧结，烧结温度为810～920℃、烧结时间为10～30min，形成铜基合金复烧层；
步骤6、复轧
对铜基合金复烧层进行轧制，轧制压下量为铜基合金复烧层厚度的15～25％，复轧完成后即在钢背表面形成铜基合金减摩层，获得无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果为：
1、本发明无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料的减摩层，以铜锡合金作为减摩层基体、以镀镍硫化亚铁和铋作为润滑组元，其中：硫化亚铁为六方片层结构，具有易于沿层间滑移的特性；将硫化亚铁进行化学镀镍处理，能够提升硫化亚铁与铜基体的湿润性、促使其与铜基体形成良好的结合、提升界面间结合能力，还能够有效避免细微粉末颗粒间的团聚效应；Bi作为低熔点金属，在滑动摩擦过程中受摩擦热影响析出至摩擦界面，可以改善材料的摩擦学性能；Bi和FeS两种润滑剂能够发挥协同润滑效应，有利于在摩擦界面形成稳定的固体润滑膜。本发明无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料的镀铜钢背，能赋予复合材料较好的机械强度，也能实现与减摩层良好的冶金结合。包含Cu-FeS-Bi组元的减摩层和镀铜的钢背共同组成的复合轴承材料集较高力学性能、良好摩擦学性能以及广泛的环境适应性与一体。
2、本发明对铜基合金减摩层的各原料进行机械合金化球磨处理，可以进一步细化颗粒，减少混合粉末间的团聚，提升材料压制的致密度，使混合粉末弥散均匀分布，从而大大提升复合轴承材料的力学性能与摩擦学性能。
3、本发明所制备的复合轴承材料的致密度可达94％以上，机械强度高、摩擦磨损性能优异，且可应用于不同工况条件。
4、本发明不仅提供了一种适用于不同工况条件的高性能无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料，而且有效地解决了减摩层中硫化亚铁与铜基体间润湿性差以及复合轴承材料机械强度低、摩擦学性能差的问题。
5、本发明工艺简单、可操作性强且成本相对较低。
附图说明
图1为本发明的制备工艺流程图；
图2为本发明实施例1所制备的镀镍硫化亚铁颗粒的SEM图；
图3为本发明实施例1所制备的镀镍硫化亚铁颗粒的EDS图片；
图4为本发明实施例1的铜-6wt％镀镍硫化亚铁-6wt％铋自润滑复合轴承材料的X射线衍射图谱。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的上述目的、特征和优点能够更加明显易懂，下面结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式做详细的说明。以下内容仅仅是对本发明的构思所做的举例和说明，所属本技术领域的技术人员对所描述的具体实施案例做各种各样的修改或补充或采用类似的方式代替，只要不偏离发明的构思或者超越本权利要求书所定义的范围，均应属于本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
本实施例的无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料由钢背(厚度为5mm)和设置在钢背表面的铜基合金减摩层组成(厚度为1mm)。其中：钢背选用含碳量为20％的低碳钢，其中硫、磷含量分别为0.020％和0.015％，钢背表面经镀铜处理。铜基合金减摩层以Cu90Sn10合金为基体，以镀镍硫化亚铁和铋作为润滑组元，各组分按质量百分比的构成为：铜锡合金88％，镀镍硫化亚铁6％，铋6％。
具体制备工艺如下：
按如下步骤制备铜-6wt％镀镍硫化亚铁-6wt％铋自润滑复合轴承材料：
1、制备镀镍硫化亚铁
清洗：将FeS粉末置于无水乙醇中超声分散15min，脱去无水乙醇后放入干燥箱中于50℃干燥1小时；
敏化：将干燥后的FeS粉末在浓度为24g/L的银氨溶液中超声震荡30min，过滤，放入干燥箱中于60℃干燥1小时；
活化：将敏化后的FeS粉末在浓度为24g/L的NaH2PO2溶液中超声震荡30min，过滤，用去离子水清洗2次，放入干燥箱中于50℃干燥2小时；
化学镀镍：配置含20g/L硫酸镍、20g/L次亚磷酸钠、18g/L柠檬酸钠、1mg/L硫脲的化学镀液，并用氢氧化钠调节pH至9.5-10；然后将活化后的FeS粉末加入到水浴加热至85℃的化学镀液中，搅拌反应1.5小时；反应完成后，取出并用去离子水漂洗至中性，然后在干燥箱中于60℃下干燥4小时，即获得镀镍硫化亚铁。
2、配粉
将粒径为200目的铜锡合金、粒径为300目的镀镍硫化亚铁粉末、粒径为200目的铋粉按质量比88:6:6加入到行星球磨罐中，在氩气气氛中球磨6小时，球磨罐转速为250r/min、球料比为10:1，获得混合粉末。
3、铺粉
将混合粉末均匀平整的铺在洁净的钢背表面，厚度≈2.5mm。
4、初烧
在氨分解气氛N2、H2保护下，对铺粉后试样进行烧结，烧结温度为920℃、烧结时间为50min，形成铜基合金初烧层。
5、初轧
对铜基合金初烧层进行轧制，轧制压下量1.2mm。
6、复烧
在氨分解气氛N2、H2保护下，对初轧后试样再次进行烧结，烧结温度为850℃、烧结时间为30min，形成铜基合金复烧层。
7、复轧
对铜基合金复烧层进行轧制，轧制压下量为0.3mm，复轧完成后即在钢背表面形成铜基合金减摩层，获得无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料。
图4为本实施例的铜-6wt％镀镍硫化亚铁-6wt％铋自润滑复合轴承材料的X射线衍射图谱，从图中可以看出：所有衍射峰都属于铜、硫化亚铁、铋以及镍这四种物质，并没有观察到其他物质的衍射峰，这说明铜与镀镍硫化亚铁以及铋等在烧结和轧制过程中并未发生化学反应，保证了硫化亚铁和铋润滑性能得以充分发挥。
为进行对比，本实施例还按照88wt％铜(Cu90Sn10合金)-6wt％未镀镍硫化亚铁-6wt％铋的配比进行配粉，按传统的冷压烧结工艺，制得对比样。
经测试，本实施例的铜-6wt％镀镍硫化亚铁-6wt％铋自润滑复合轴承材料的致密度为96.2％，硬度、压溃强度和冲击韧性分别为78.4HRB、418.7MPa和3.4J/cm2。而对比样的致密度为89.2％，硬度、压溃强度和冲击韧性分别为68.4HRB、348.7MPa和2.4J/cm2。对比可知，本实施例样品的力学性能得到显著提高。
本实施例的铜-6wt％镀镍硫化亚铁-6wt％铋自润滑复合轴承材料在空气中与45#钢对磨时摩擦系数为0.25-0.32，与对比样的0.42-0.44相比，显示了较低的摩擦系数。
实施例2、铜-8wt％镀镍硫化亚铁-8wt％铋自润滑复合材料
本实施例的无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料组成与制备与实施例1相同，区别仅在于：铜基合金减摩层的各组分按质量百分比的构成为：铜锡合金84％，镀镍硫化亚铁8％，铋8％。
为进行对比，本实施例还按照84wt％铜(Cu90Sn10合金)-8wt％未镀镍硫化亚铁-8wt％铋的配比进行配粉，按传统的冷压烧结工艺，制得对比样。
经测试，本实施例的铜-8wt％镀镍硫化亚铁-8wt％铋自润滑复合轴承材料的致密度为95.3％，硬度和压溃强度分别为73.8HIB、388.5MPa和2.95J/cm2。而对比样的致密度86.7％，硬度、压溃强度和冲击韧性分别为62.9HRB、288.6MPa和1.95J/cm2相比。对比可知，本实施例样品的力学性能得到显著提高。
本实施例的铜-8wt％镀镍硫化亚铁-8wt％铋自润滑复合轴承材料在空气中与45#钢对磨时摩擦系数为0.20-0.26，与对比样的0.37-0.42相比较显示了较低的摩擦系数。
以上仅为本发明的示例性实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所做的任何修改，等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.一种无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料，其特征在于：所述无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料由钢背和设置在钢背表面的铜基合金减摩层组成；
所述铜基合金减摩层以铜锡合金为基体，以镀镍硫化亚铁和铋作为润滑组元，各组分按质量百分比的构成为：铜锡合金75-98％，镀镍硫化亚铁1-10％，铋1-15％。
2.根据权利要求1所述的无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料，其特征在于：所述钢背的厚度为0.5～100mm，所述铜基合金减摩层的厚度为0.5～1.0mm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料，其特征在于：所述钢背选用含碳量为0.12～0.25％的低碳钢，其中硫、磷含量低于0.035％。
4.根据权利要求1或3所述的无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料，其特征在于：所述钢背表面经镀铜处理。
5.根据权利要求1所述的无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料，其特征在于：所述铜锡合金为Cu90Sn10合金。
6.根据权利要求1所述的无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料，其特征在于：所述镀镍硫化亚铁是按如下方法制得：
清洗：将FeS粉末置于无水乙醇中超声分散15-20min，脱去无水乙醇后放入干燥箱中于50-80℃干燥1-2小时；
敏化：将干燥后的FeS粉末在浓度为20-25g/L的银氨溶液中超声震荡20-40min，过滤，放入干燥箱中于50-80℃干燥1-2小时；
活化：将敏化后的FeS粉末在浓度为20-25g/L的NaH2PO2溶液中超声震荡20-40min，过滤，用去离子水清洗2-3次，放入干燥箱中于50-80℃干燥1-2小时；
化学镀镍：配置含20-25g/L硫酸镍、20-25g/L次亚磷酸钠、16-24g/L柠檬酸钠、1-2mg/L硫脲的化学镀液，并用氢氧化钠调节pH至9.5-10；然后将活化后的FeS粉末加入到水浴加热至80-90℃的化学镀液中，搅拌反应1-1.5小时；反应完成后，取出并用去离子水漂洗至中性，然后在干燥箱中于50-80℃下干燥4-6小时，即获得镀镍硫化亚铁。
7.一种权利要求1～6中任意一项所述无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
步骤1、配粉
按配比，将粒径为100-300目的铜锡合金粉、粒径为200-500目的镀镍硫化亚铁粉末、粒径为100-300目的铋粉在氩气气氛中球磨混合均匀，获得混合粉末；
步骤2、铺粉
将所述混合粉末均匀平整的铺在洁净的镀铜钢背表面，厚度为1.5～3mm；
步骤3、初烧
在氨分解气氛保护下，对铺粉后试样进行烧结，烧结温度为820～950℃、烧结时间为20～50min，形成铜基合金初烧层；
步骤4、初轧
对铜基合金初烧层进行轧制，轧制压下量为铜基合金初烧层厚度的40～50％；
步骤5、复烧
在氨分解气氛保护下，对初轧后试样再次进行烧结，烧结温度为810～920℃、烧结时间为10～30min，形成铜基合金复烧层；
步骤6、复轧
对铜基合金复烧层进行轧制，轧制压下量为铜基合金复烧层厚度的15～25％，复轧完成后即在钢背表面形成铜基合金减摩层，获得无铅铜基自润滑复合轴承材料。
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