CN112340849A - 基于种子库激活与生物调控的淡水生态系统修复方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种基于种子库激活与生物调控的淡水生态系统修复方法,包括以下步骤:(1)对进入水体的点源与分散排污进行排查,分清污染源并进行截污;(2)对底泥取样分析,进行种子库取样、调查与分析,实验室确定种子库结构,分析衰退前优势植物,分析水生植物群落结构,确定沉水植物先锋种,实验室确定先锋种种子库激活条件;(3)对水体条件进行现场检测分析;(4)种子库激活:①控制修复区总氮浓度;②控制修复区域总磷浓度,抑制微藻类生长;③当控制修复区域水深/透明度;(5)生物调控:①投加底栖动物螺及草食性鱼类;②投加滤食性鱼类。本发明利用底泥种子库激活修复水生态环境,治理因外来污染导致的水下植被退化,不仅成本低,而且见效快。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种应用于城市受污染水体或者河湖污染水域进行构建本地水生态系统的修复方法,属于污水处理修复技术领域。
背景技术
随着水生态系统承受越来越大的压力,出现了水源枯竭、水体污染和富营养化等问题,河道断流、湿地萎缩消亡、地下水超采、绿洲退化等现象也在很多地方发生,水生态保护与修复工作越来越重要。采用的生态重建对策主要是基于对富营养化湖泊水文、水质、底质等的调查分析,通过控源、利用生境修复措施创造生态恢复条件,人工重建水生植被和湖泊生态系统管理,重建良性的湖泊水生态系统。
种子库在水生植被退化植被恢复重建中发挥着重要作用,是重建富营养化湖泊水生植被的重要基础,现行人工湿地水生态修复技术过于重视人工重建,对种子库激活未予以应有重视。
CN105027895公开的《一种河湖底泥种子库物种恢复方法》中,给出了采集底泥-冷藏-促进样品种子萌发-鉴定物种-移栽并扩繁育种的方法,该方法主要为实验室育种办法,适合进行物种保育,但不适用于工程推广。
发明内容
鉴于上述的分析,本发明旨在提供一种淡水河湖种子库激活方法来进行治理水生植物生态群落退化,并通过生物调控技术整体修复水体生态系统,该方法充分利用衰退前的水体底泥种子库的条件,通过激活方法将种子库激活,不仅可以大大提高生态修复效率,同时解决现有水生态系统生态修复成本高、见效时间长的问题。
本发明的基于种子库激活与生物调控的淡水生态系统修复方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)拦污:
对进入水体的点源与分散排污进行排查,分清主要污染源并进行截污;
(2)对底泥取样分析:
对修复区域进行围挡,并进行种子库取样、调查与分析,实验室确定种子库结构,分析衰退前优势植物,分析水生植物群落结构,根据植物特性确定沉水植物先锋种,实验室确定先锋种种子库激活条件:主要包括水温、水深、光照和营养盐水平,同时对水体中鱼类进行清理,将草食鱼类(如青鱼、草鱼、鲤鱼等)进行完全打捞。
(3)水体检测分析:
对水体条件进行现场检测分析,包括水体深度、光照强度、水温和营养盐水平等。
(4)种子库激活:
①当总氮浓度≥5mg/L时,修复区进行快速氮吸收,使总氮浓度≤2mg/L。
快速氮吸收可投加槐叶萍、紫背浮等,槐叶萍与紫背浮萍每2日打捞50%作为周边鸭饲料与绿肥。
②当水体总磷浓度≥0.2mg/L,投加除磷絮凝剂,控制修复区域总磷浓度降至≤0.05mg/L或依据氮磷比计算所得值,抑制微藻类生长;
③当水深/透明度≥5时,投加底质改良剂,控制修复区域水深/透明度≤2-3。
所述除磷絮凝剂为硫酸钙、铝盐、碳酸钠、聚丙烯酰胺、硫代硫酸钠、壳聚糖、壳聚糖季铵盐、硅藻土和柠檬酸钾以5:5:5:1:1:1:1:3:1的重量比混合搅拌而成。各组分粒径为100-200目,于搅拌釜中转速R≤100r/min混合搅拌,搅拌温度为20-35℃,搅拌时长为4-8小时。调节河湖水体的总磷浓度为0.2-5mg/L时,上述制备的除磷絮凝剂的投加量为2-100ppm。
所述底质改良剂为镧改性沸石,制备方法为:取沸石与0.05mol/L氯化镧溶液,在固液比为1:10-1:25条件下混合,在pH为6-9条件下进行恒温振荡,恒温振荡温度为30~40℃,振荡速度为≤100r/min,振荡时间为5~24小时,随后进行烘干,烘干温度为60-70℃,烘干时间为6-12小时。制备的所述底质改良剂(镧改性沸石)投加量为10-20g/L。
(5)生物调控:
①沉水植被盖度达到60%或密度达到3g/L时,投加底栖动物螺及草食性鱼类(环楞螺、鲫鱼等,根据地区特点选择当地种),螺投放量为1个/m2,草食性鱼类投放量为3-5g/m3;
②叶绿素含量达到30mg/m3时,投加滤食性鱼类(鲢鱼、鳙鱼等);投放量为5-10g/m3。
本发明利用底泥种子库激活的方法来用于修复水生态环境,治理因外来污染导致的水下植被退化,对抑制水体富营养化、修复水生态环境、增大水体环境容量具有重要意义,这种修护方法充分利用水下物种生态习性及种子萌发特点,将原有相对发达种子库激活,分析项目区水体环境条件,并采取改善营养盐环境、改善光照环境等手段,激活底泥种子库,提高水下植被恢复速度与效果,减少工程干预。同时结合生物调控措施,保证水体生态系统修复成功。与现有的水体生态系统构建技术相比不仅成本低,而且见效快。
具体实施方式
下面结合优选实施例具体描述本发明的技术方案,应当理解的是,优选实施例仅用于更好的描述本发明的技术方法,而不构成对本发明技术方法的进一步限制。
本发明的基于种子库激活与生物调控的淡水生态系统修复方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)拦污:
对进入水体的点源与分散排污进行排查,分清主要污染源并进行截污;其中点源或重点排污口需在当地水环境质量保护政策指导下进行取缔、封堵或由污水处理厂集中收集处理,对于分散排污及农业面源污染,可于河湖周边建设生态拦污带,减少污染物进入河湖水体。
生态拦污带为梯形断面的生态渠,主要由工程部分和生物部分组成,工程部分主要包括渠体及生态拦污坝等,生物部分主要包括渠底、渠两侧的植物;两侧渠壁边坡控制在1:3-1:5,边坡以本土一年生(或多年生)植物自然修复为主,渠体内相隔30-50m构建0.3m-0.5m高小坝减缓水速、延长水力停留时间,使流水携带的颗粒物质和养分等得以沉淀和去除,在此基础上于渠底铺设20-30cm粗砂并种植沉水植物菹草、狐尾藻。
(2)对底泥取样分析:
对修复区域进行围挡,并进行种子库(包括种子、石芽、断枝、块茎等)取样、调查与分析,实验室确定种子库结构,分析衰退前优势植物,分析水生植物群落结构,确定沉水植物先锋种,实验室确定先锋种种子库激活及幼苗生长条件:主要包括pH、水温、水深、光照和营养盐水平。
如在某湖泊拟修复区域利用柱状底泥采样器采集多份底泥样品,并于实验室确定种子库规模及结构,观测实验得知平均沉水植物种子密度为265.5粒/m2,苦草、马来眼子菜、微齿眼子菜种群的种子库占有明显优势,分别为168.8粒/m2、61.7粒/m2和21.4粒/m2,因此确定以苦草为先锋种,通过文献查询及实验室催芽,确定苦草萌发的适宜条件主要为pH7-8,15-22℃,水深/光照≤2,幼苗生长适宜条件为水深≤1m,光照度30-50%,水体总氮浓度2-4mg/L。
(3)水体检测分析:
对某湖泊水体条件进行现场检测分析,测得修复区水体深度1-3m,透光度0.2m,底部光照强度10%,总氮浓度为9.8mg/L,总磷浓度为0.23mg/L。
(4)种子库激活:
①因总氮浓度≥5mg/L,对修复区进行快速氮吸收,使总氮浓度≤2mg/L。快速氮吸收可投加槐叶萍、紫背浮等,槐叶萍与紫背浮萍每2日打捞50%作为周边鸭饲料与绿肥;
②此时检测水体总磷浓度≥0.2mg/L,投加除磷絮凝剂,控制修复区域总磷浓度降至≤0.05mg/L,以抑制微藻生长。
除磷絮凝剂为硫酸钙、铝盐、碳酸钠、聚丙烯酰胺、硫代硫酸钠、壳聚糖、壳聚糖季铵盐、硅藻土和柠檬酸钾以5:5:5:1:1:1:1:3:1的重量比混合搅拌而成。各组分粒径为100-200目,于搅拌釜中转速R≤100r/min混合搅拌,搅拌温度为20-35℃,搅拌时长为4-8小时。调节河湖水体的总磷浓度为0.2-5mg/L时,除磷剂的投加量为2-100ppm。
③因检测水深/透明度≥5,投加镧改性沸石作为底质改良剂,控制修复区域水深/透明度≤3,投加量为10-20g/L。
镧改性沸石的制备方法为:取沸石与0.05mol/L氯化镧溶液,在固液比为1:10-1:25条件下混合,在pH为6-9条件下进行恒温振荡,恒温振荡温度为30~40℃,振荡速度为≤
100r/min,振荡时间为5~24小时,随后进行烘干,烘干温度为60-70℃,烘干时间为6-12小时。
(5)生物调控:
①沉水植被盖度达到60%或密度达到3g/L时,投加底栖动物螺及草食性鱼类(环楞螺、鲫鱼等,根据地区特点选择当地种),螺投放量为1个/m2,草食性鱼类投放量为3-5g/m3;
②叶绿素含量达到30mg/m3时,投加滤食性鱼类(鲢鱼、鳙鱼等);投放量为5-10g/m3。
综上所述,本发明利用底泥种子库激活的方法来用于修复水生态环境,治理因外来污染导致的水下植被退化,对抑制水体富营养化、修复水生态环境、增大水体环境容量具有重要意义,这种修护方法充分利用水下物种生态习性及种子萌发特点,将原有相对发达种子库激活,分析项目区水体环境条件,并采取改善营养盐环境、改善光照环境等手段,激活底泥种子库,提高水下植被恢复速度与效果,减少工程干预。同时结合生物调控措施,保证水体生态系统修复成功。与现有的水体生态系统构建技术相比不仅成本低,而且见效快。
Claims (5)
1.一种基于种子库激活与生物调控的淡水生态系统修复方法,其特征是,包括以下步骤:
(1)拦污:
对进入水体的点源与分散排污进行排查,分清污染源并进行截污;
(2)对底泥取样分析:
对修复区域进行围挡,并进行种子库取样、调查与分析,实验室确定种子库结构,分析衰退前优势植物,分析水生植物群落结构,根据植物特性确定沉水植物先锋种,实验室确定先锋种种子库激活条件:包括水温、水深、光照和营养盐水平,同时对水体中鱼类进行清理,将草食鱼类进行完全打捞;
(3)水体检测分析:
对水体条件进行现场检测分析,包括水体深度、光照强度、水温和营养盐水平;
(4)种子库激活:
①当总氮浓度≥5mg/L时,修复区进行快速氮吸收,使总氮浓度≤2mg/L;
②当水体总磷浓度≥0.2mg/L,投加除磷絮凝剂,控制修复区域总磷浓度降至≤0.05mg/L或依据氮磷比计算所得值,抑制微藻类生长;
③当水深/透明度≥5时,投加底质改良剂,控制修复区域水深/透明度≤2-3;
(5)生物调控:
①沉水植被盖度达到60%或密度达到3g/L时,投加底栖动物螺及草食性鱼类,螺投放量为1个/m2,草食性鱼类投放量为3-5g/m3;
②叶绿素含量达到30mg/m3时,投加滤食性鱼类,投放量为5-10g/m3。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基于种子库激活与生物调控的淡水生态系统修复方法,其特征是,所述除磷絮凝剂为硫酸钙、铝盐、碳酸钠、聚丙烯酰胺、硫代硫酸钠、壳聚糖、壳聚糖季铵盐、硅藻土和柠檬酸钾以5:5:5:1:1:1:1:3:1的重量比混合搅拌而成;各组分粒径为100-200目,于搅拌釜中转速R≤100r/min混合搅拌,搅拌温度为20-35℃,搅拌时长为4-8小时。
3.根据权利要求2所述的基于种子库激活与生物调控的淡水生态系统修复方法,其特征是,所述除磷絮凝剂,当调节河湖水体的总磷浓度为0.2-5mg/L时投加量为2-100ppm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的基于种子库激活与生物调控的淡水生态系统修复方法,其特征是,所述底质改良剂为镧改性沸石,制备方法为:取沸石与0.05mol/L氯化镧溶液,在固液比为1:10-1:25条件下混合,在pH为6-9条件下进行恒温振荡,恒温振荡温度为30~40℃,振荡速度为≤100r/min,振荡时间为5~24小时,随后进行烘干,烘干温度为60-70℃,烘干时间为6-12小时。
5.根据权利要求4所述的基于种子库激活与生物调控的淡水生态系统修复方法,其特征是,所述底质改良剂投加量为10-20g/L。
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