CN112338465B - Three-axis numerical milling method for small-size blades - Google Patents
Three-axis numerical milling method for small-size blades Download PDFInfo
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- CN112338465B CN112338465B CN202011145120.2A CN202011145120A CN112338465B CN 112338465 B CN112338465 B CN 112338465B CN 202011145120 A CN202011145120 A CN 202011145120A CN 112338465 B CN112338465 B CN 112338465B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
- B23P15/02—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass turbine or like blades from one piece
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23C—MILLING
- B23C3/00—Milling particular work; Special milling operations; Machines therefor
- B23C3/16—Working surfaces curved in two directions
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of precision machining, and discloses a three-axis numerical milling machining method for a small-size blade. The invention provides a three-axis milling method for processing a small-size blade, which comprises the following steps of: firstly, the blade basin surface is milled, secondly, the blade back surface is machined, but when the blade back surface is machined, because the blade basin surface is machined and the blade body is small in thickness, the blade profile is easy to deform under the cutting force, and the product quality is unqualified. In addition, the surface of the blade is easy to bite in the processing process, and the profile precision is difficult to meet the requirement. In order to solve the deformation problem, auxiliary alloy lower than the melting point of a processing material is poured into a cavity of a blade basin when the blade back is processed, so that the quality problem of the blade can not be caused. And after the auxiliary alloy is solidified and crystallized and the back of the blade is processed, heating to remove the auxiliary alloy. The processing method provided by the invention is simple, high in efficiency and low in equipment requirement, so that the production cost can be reduced, and the method is particularly suitable for small-batch processing.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of precision machining, and relates to a three-axis numerical milling machining method for small-size blades.
Background
Blades are a very important class of parts in industrial manufacturing, playing a critical role in the performance of the product. The indexes of efficiency, service life and the like of the product are directly influenced by the design and manufacturing quality of the blade and are mainly influenced. Especially, the blade in the precision machining field is very important to influence the performance of the product, because most of the blades in the field are irregular in shape, complex in size calculation and greatly different from common parts.
At present, for a blade, especially for a small-sized blade with the size of less than 30mm of the blade body length and the blade chord width of about 20mm, the manufacturing of the blade is mainly realized by the following process: 1) in the blank manufacturing stage, after the raw materials are forged or cast and formed, the raw materials are subjected to processes of heat treatment, physical and chemical inspection, size inspection and the like, and then sent to a machining workshop for machining. 2) And in the machining stage of the blade, the blade blank is machined to reach the design size of the drawing. And simultaneously, matching with surface treatment and special inspection procedures, and sending the blade to an assembly workshop for assembly after final inspection.
The processing technology needs to design and manufacture a special precision forging or precision casting die, so that the investment cost is high, the manufacturing period is long, and the manufacturing technology is complex. With the development of five-axis numerical milling, the blade with good cutting processing performance can be processed and molded at one time by a five-axis processing center, but the five-axis processing center with good comprehensive performance needs to be equipped, so that the processing cost is high, the requirement on equipment is high, and the small-batch processing production is not facilitated.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a three-axis numerical milling method for small-size blades, which is used for solving the problems of high processing cost, high equipment requirement, inconvenience for small-batch processing production and the like caused by using a five-axis numerical milling process to manufacture the small-size blades in the prior art.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the three-axis numerical milling method for the small-size blade comprises the following steps:
1) milling the blank into a cuboid, and determining a reference plane A, a reference plane B and a reference plane C of the cuboid blank by taking the shaft of the three-shaft milling center as a reference; the datum plane A, the datum plane B and the datum plane C are mutually vertical in pairs;
2) attaching a reference surface A of the cuboid blank to a workbench, arranging a cutter perpendicular to the reference surface A, and carrying out upper and lower cutters from the opposite surface of the reference surface A, and carrying out rough milling, semi-finish milling and finish milling treatment in sequence to process a leaf basin surface layer by layer;
3) casting the blisk surface with an auxiliary alloy until it completely fills the entire blisk surface; after the auxiliary alloy is solidified and crystallized, removing the auxiliary alloy overflowing the blade basin surface so as to ensure that the processing and positioning precision of the surface formed after casting is not influenced; wherein the melting point of the auxiliary alloy is less than or equal to 150 °;
4) attaching the opposite surface of the reference surface A of the cuboid blank to a workbench, arranging a cutter perpendicular to the reference surface A, and performing rough milling, semi-finish milling and finish milling treatment in sequence to process the back surface of the leaf layer by layer;
5) placing the cuboid blank on a resistance furnace and heating to 150 degrees to remove the auxiliary alloy in the leaf basin surface;
6) and cutting off the allowance part on the molded surface of the blade in a linear manner, polishing and grinding, and cutting off the process boss in a linear manner to finally obtain the small-size blade.
The step 6) is specifically that the blade profile is provided with margins which extend towards two sides along the tangential direction and are arranged between the two sides, and redundant parts are cut off in a linear mode; then, polishing and grinding the allowance to grind an air inlet edge and an air exhaust edge; cutting off the process boss in a linear manner to finally obtain the small-size blade; wherein the thickness of the single margin of the blade profile and the margin between the two sides is 0.06 mm-0.1 mm.
The step 6) further comprises the following steps of primary polishing: grinding and polishing the transfer R of the blade and the redundant quantity of the front edge and the rear edge by adopting a wood wheel, and polishing the milling residual grains on the leaf basin and the leaf back of the blade by adopting a louver wheel grinding head with a handle; fine polishing treatment: polishing the switching R, the front edge, the rear edge and the blade back of the blade by using a fiber wheel; then polishing the leaf basin of the blade by using a medium-hard nylon fiber wheel, and then polishing the leaf basin of the blade by using a soft nylon fiber wheel; the specification of the wood wheel is EXL wheel, 6 '. times. 1/4 '. times. 3/4 ', and poplar material; the specification of the grinding head with the handle for the impeller is 30 multiplied by 25 multiplied by 6mm and 80 meshes; the specification of the fiber wheel is EXL wheel, 6 '. times. 1/4 '. times. 3/4 '; the medium-hard nylon fiber wheel comprises two nylon fiber wheels with the specifications of 20 multiplied by 20mm and 10 multiplied by 10mm and the hardness of 6-7; the soft nylon fiber wheel comprises two nylon fiber wheels with the specifications of 20 multiplied by 10mm and 10 multiplied by 10mm and the hardness of 2-3.
Before the fine polishing treatment, small white wax polishing paste is uniformly coated on the fiber wheel, the medium-hard nylon fiber wheel and the soft nylon fiber wheel.
And the fine polishing treatment is performed for multiple times in a reciprocating manner along the length direction of the blade.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a three-axis milling method for processing a small-size blade, which comprises the following steps of: firstly, the blade basin surface is milled, secondly, the blade back surface is machined, but when the blade back surface is machined, because the blade basin surface is machined and the blade body is small in thickness, the blade profile is easy to deform under the cutting force, and the product quality is unqualified. In addition, the surface of the blade is easy to bite in the processing process, and the profile precision is difficult to meet the requirement. In order to solve the deformation problem, auxiliary alloy lower than the melting point of a processing material is poured into a cavity of a blade basin when the blade back is processed, so that the quality problem of the blade can not be caused. And after the auxiliary alloy is solidified and crystallized and the back of the blade is processed, heating to remove the auxiliary alloy. In addition, in order to prevent the blade body surface defects caused by slight damage, the machining allowance of the air inlet and outlet edges of the blade is improved in order to improve the manufacturing efficiency when the blade is machined, the single edge of the blade profile is thickened by 0.06-0.1 mm allowance during machining, and the blade profile extends towards the two edges along the tangential direction, so that the polishing allowance can be reduced as far as possible under the condition that the radius of the front edge and the rear edge of the air inlet and outlet edges is not damaged, and the machining efficiency is improved. And cutting off the redundant part by linear cutting after the blade is milled and formed, and polishing and removing the redundant part. The processing method provided by the invention is simple, high in efficiency and low in equipment requirement, so that the production cost can be reduced, and the method is particularly suitable for small-batch processing.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a small size blade of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a small size blade of the present invention at another angle;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the allowance of the inlet edge and the exhaust edge of a conventional blade;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the inlet and outlet edges of the vane of the present invention with allowance;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the milled leaf basin of the present invention;
FIG. 5a is a cross-sectional view A-A of FIG. 5;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a casting aid alloy according to the present invention;
FIG. 6a is a cross-sectional view A-A of FIG. 6;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the back of a blade milled in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7a is a cross-sectional view A-A of FIG. 7;
FIG. 8 is a linear surface of a blade of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a small size blade obtained after wire cutting according to the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a front view of a small size bucket of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a side view of a small size bucket of the present invention;
fig. 12 is a rear view of a small size blade of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, and do not indicate or imply that the referenced devices or elements must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
The terms "first", "second" and "first" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless otherwise specified.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, e.g., as meaning either a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; they may be connected directly or indirectly through intervening media, or they may be interconnected between two elements. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
The invention provides a three-axis numerical milling method for a small-size blade, wherein the structure of the small-size blade is shown in figures 1 and 2, and the blade is large in torsion angle, complex in profile, small in blade body thickness and small in radius of the front edge and the rear edge of the blade body. The processing comprises the following steps:
1) milling the blank into a cuboid, and determining a reference plane A, a reference plane B and a reference plane C of the cuboid blank by taking the shaft of the three-shaft milling center as a reference; the datum plane A, the datum plane B and the datum plane C are mutually vertical in pairs;
2) and milling a blade basin surface on the opposite surface of the reference surface A: referring to fig. 5 and 5a, a reference surface A of the cuboid blank is attached to a workbench, a cutter is arranged perpendicular to the reference surface A, and the cutter is arranged up and down from the opposite surface of the reference surface A, and rough milling, semi-finish milling and finish milling are sequentially performed to process a leaf basin surface layer by layer;
3) casting the blade basin surface with an auxiliary alloy, as shown in fig. 6 and 6a, until it completely fills the entire blade basin surface; after the auxiliary alloy is solidified and crystallized, removing the auxiliary alloy overflowing the blade basin surface so as to ensure that the processing and positioning precision of the surface formed after casting is not influenced; wherein the melting point of the auxiliary alloy is less than or equal to 150 °;
4) milling the back surface of the blade on the reference surface A: as shown in fig. 7 and 7a, the opposite surface of the reference surface a of the cuboid blank is attached to a workbench, a cutter is arranged perpendicular to the reference surface a and is used for feeding and discharging from the reference surface a, and rough milling, semi-finish milling and finish milling are sequentially performed to process the back surface of the leaf layer by layer;
5) removing the auxiliary alloy in the blade basin surface;
6) referring to fig. 8 and 9, the redundant part on the blade profile is cut off in a linear mode, polishing treatment is carried out, the process boss is cut off in a linear mode, and finally the small-size blade is obtained.
The invention provides a three-axis milling method for processing a small-size blade, which comprises the following steps of: firstly, the blade basin surface is milled, secondly, the blade back surface is machined, but when the blade back surface is machined, because the blade basin surface is machined and the blade body is small in thickness, the blade profile is easy to deform under the cutting force, and the product quality is unqualified. In addition, the surface of the blade is easy to bite in the processing process, and the profile precision is difficult to meet the requirement. In order to solve the deformation problem, auxiliary alloy lower than the melting point of a processing material is poured into a cavity of a blade basin when the blade back is processed, so that the quality problem of the blade can not be caused. And after the auxiliary alloy is solidified and crystallized and the back of the blade is processed, heating to remove the auxiliary alloy. In addition, in order to prevent the blade body surface defects caused by slight damage, the machining allowance of the air inlet and outlet edges of the blade is improved in order to improve the manufacturing efficiency when the blade is machined, the single edge of the blade profile is thickened by 0.06-0.1 mm allowance during machining, and the blade profile extends towards the two edges along the tangential direction, so that the polishing allowance can be reduced as far as possible under the condition that the radius of the front edge and the rear edge of the air inlet and outlet edges is not damaged, and the machining efficiency is improved. And cutting off the redundant part by linear cutting after the blade is milled and formed, and polishing and removing the redundant part. The processing method provided by the invention is simple, high in efficiency and low in equipment requirement, so that the production cost can be reduced, and the method is particularly suitable for small-batch processing. The three-axis numerical milling method for the small-size blade provided by the invention has the advantages that in the application process of industrial production, the manufacturing period of the aviation blade is greatly shortened, the equipment cost is saved, and certain economic benefit is obtained.
The step 6) is specifically that the blade profile is provided with margins which extend towards two sides along the tangential direction and are arranged between the two sides, and redundant parts are cut off in a linear mode; then, polishing and grinding the allowance to grind an air inlet edge and an air exhaust edge; cutting off the process boss in a linear manner to finally obtain the small-size blade; wherein the thickness of the single margin of the blade profile and the margin between the two sides is 0.06 mm-0.1 mm. As shown in FIG. 3, the allowance of the air inlet and outlet edges of the conventional blade is thickened and extended towards two sides, which brings great difficulty to the subsequent polishing and grinding process, while the invention improves the allowance mode left on the air inlet edge and the air outlet edge of the blade in order to improve the manufacturing efficiency when the blade is processed. Referring to fig. 4, in the step 6), after a margin extending towards two sides along the tangential direction and having a thickness of 0.06mm to 0.1mm at one side is left on the blade profile, a margin of 0.06mm to 0.1mm is also left between the two sides. Therefore, the polishing allowance can be reduced as much as possible under the condition of not damaging the radiuses of the front edge and the rear edge of the air inlet edge and the air exhaust edge, and the machining efficiency is improved. And cutting off the redundant part by linear cutting after the blade is milled and formed, and polishing and removing the redundant part to finally obtain the small-size blade.
The step 6) further includes, referring to fig. 10, 11, and 12, the preliminary polishing process: grinding the switching R, the front edge and the rear edge of the blade by adopting a wood wheel to remove the surplus quantity remained during processing; and then polishing the milling residual grains on the leaf basin and the leaf back of the leaf by using a louver wheel polishing head with a handle. Fine polishing treatment: polishing the switching R, the front edge, the rear edge and the blade back of the blade by using a fiber wheel; and then polishing the leaf basin of the blade by adopting a medium-hard nylon fiber wheel, and polishing the leaf basin of the blade by adopting a soft nylon fiber wheel. The specification of the wood wheel is an EXL wheel, the diameter is multiplied by the thickness, the circle center is multiplied by 6 '. times. 1/4 '. times. 3/4 ', the unit is inch (namely the diameter is 15.2cm, the thickness is 0.6cm, and the circle center is 1.9cm), and the hardness can be medium-hard type and poplar material. The specification of the grinding head with the handle for the impeller is that the diameter multiplied by the height multiplied by the handle diameter is 30 multiplied by 25 multiplied by 6mm, and the mesh number is 80 meshes. The specification of the fiber wheel is an EXL wheel, the diameter is multiplied by the thickness, the circle center is 6 '. times. 1/4 '. times. 3/4 ', the unit is inch (namely the diameter is 15.2cm, the thickness is 0.6cm, the circle center is 1.9cm), the hardness can be soft, and the hardness is consistent with that of a soft nylon fiber wheel; the medium-hard nylon fiber wheel comprises two nylon fiber wheels with the specifications of 20 multiplied by 20mm and 10 multiplied by 10mm and the hardness of 6-7; the soft nylon fiber wheel comprises two nylon fiber wheels with the specifications of 20 multiplied by 10mm and 10 multiplied by 10mm and the hardness of 2-3. The wood wheel and the fiber wheel can be 3M cards. The initial casting is as follows: and polishing the switching R and the redundant quantity of the front edge and the rear edge of the blade by using a tough and wear-resistant wood wheel, and polishing the knife lines on the basin and the back of the blade by using a grinding head of the bladed wheel with the handle, which is suitable for performing pretreatment polishing on the knife lines generated in the machining process. The fine polishing comprises the following steps: the method comprises the steps of polishing the switching R, the front edge, the rear edge and the blade back of the blade by using a fiber wheel which is not easy to cause overheating of the blade, and polishing the blade basin of the blade by using nylon fiber wheels with different soft and hard specifications. Through using different burnishing tools to carry out special processing at the different demand stages of blade polishing, can guarantee to reduce the damage to the blade when reaching the polishing demand.
Preferably, before the fine polishing treatment, small white wax polishing paste is uniformly coated on the fiber wheel, the medium-hard nylon fiber wheel and the soft nylon fiber wheel. The polishing paste has fine and greasy particles and good polishing effect, and the smooth finish of the surface of the blade can be improved by coating the small white wax polishing paste on a polishing tool during fine polishing.
More preferably, the fine polishing process is performed by performing a polishing process a plurality of times in a reciprocating manner along a length direction of the blade. Generally, the reciprocating operation is performed for 3-5 times to meet the requirement.
After the polishing treatment is finished, the three-coordinate detection equipment is used for detecting the section of the blade processed by the polishing method and comparing the section with a theoretical model to obtain the qualified blade. It can be seen that the polishing method greatly shortens the polishing period of the blade and saves the cost; and, still promoted polishing quality effectively, reduced the defective rate.
The melting point of the auxiliary alloy is less than or equal to 150 degrees and is far lower than the melting point of the processing material. After the leaf back has been machined, it is placed entirely on a resistance furnace and heated to 150 ° and the secondary alloy is removed. No quality problems are caused to the small-sized blade during the machining process. Wherein, the auxiliary alloy is a tin bismuth auxiliary alloy.
The invention is not limited to the examples, and any equivalent changes to the technical solution of the invention by a person skilled in the art after reading the description of the invention are covered by the claims of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. The three-axis numerical milling method for the small-size blade is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) milling the blank into a cuboid, and determining a reference plane A, a reference plane B and a reference plane C of the cuboid blank by taking the shaft of the three-shaft milling center as a reference; the datum plane A, the datum plane B and the datum plane C are mutually vertical in pairs;
2) attaching a reference surface A of the cuboid blank to a workbench, arranging a cutter perpendicular to the reference surface A, and carrying out upper and lower cutters from the opposite surface of the reference surface A, and carrying out rough milling, semi-finish milling and finish milling treatment in sequence to process a leaf basin surface layer by layer;
3) casting the blisk surface with an auxiliary alloy until it completely fills the entire blisk surface; after the auxiliary alloy is solidified and crystallized, removing the auxiliary alloy overflowing the blade basin surface so as to ensure that the processing and positioning precision of the surface formed after casting is not influenced; wherein the melting point of the auxiliary alloy is less than or equal to 150 °;
4) attaching the opposite surface of the reference surface A of the cuboid blank to a workbench, arranging a cutter perpendicular to the reference surface A, and performing rough milling, semi-finish milling and finish milling treatment in sequence to process the back surface of the leaf layer by layer;
5) placing the cuboid blank on a resistance furnace and heating to 150 degrees to remove the auxiliary alloy in the leaf basin surface;
6) and cutting off the allowance part on the molded surface of the blade in a linear manner, polishing and grinding, and cutting off the process boss in a linear manner to finally obtain the small-size blade.
2. The three-axis numerical milling method for the small-sized blade according to claim 1, wherein the step 6) is specifically to leave margins on the blade profile extending towards two sides along the tangential direction and between the two sides, and to cut off the redundant parts by linear cutting; then, polishing and grinding the allowance to grind an air inlet edge and an air exhaust edge; cutting off the process boss in a linear manner to finally obtain the small-size blade; wherein the thickness of the single margin of the blade profile and the margin between the two sides is 0.06 mm-0.1 mm.
3. The three-axis numerical milling method for the small-sized blade according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the step 6) further comprises,
primary casting: grinding the switching R, the front edge and the rear edge of the blade by adopting a wood wheel to remove the surplus quantity remained during processing; then, polishing residual grains milled on the leaf basin and the leaf back of the blade by using a louver wheel polishing head with a handle;
fine polishing: polishing the switching R, the front edge, the rear edge and the blade back of the blade by using a fiber wheel; then polishing the leaf basin of the blade by adopting a medium-hard nylon fiber wheel, and polishing the leaf basin of the blade by adopting a soft nylon fiber wheel;
the specification of the wood wheel is EXL wheel, 6 '. times. 1/4 '. times. 3/4 ', and poplar material; the specification of the grinding head with the handle for the impeller is 30 multiplied by 25 multiplied by 6mm and 80 meshes; the specification of the fiber wheel is EXL wheel, 6 '. times. 1/4 '. times. 3/4 '; the medium-hard nylon fiber wheel comprises two nylon fiber wheels with the specifications of 20 multiplied by 20mm and 10 multiplied by 10mm and the hardness of 6-7; the soft nylon fiber wheel comprises two nylon fiber wheels with the specifications of 20 multiplied by 10mm and 10 multiplied by 10mm and the hardness of 2-3.
4. The three-axis numerical milling method for the small-sized blades as claimed in claim 3, wherein before the finish polishing treatment, the fiber wheel, the medium-hard nylon fiber wheel and the soft nylon fiber wheel are uniformly coated with a small white wax polishing paste.
5. The three-axis numerical milling method for the small-sized blade according to claim 3, wherein the finish polishing process is performed by performing a polishing process a plurality of times in a reciprocating manner along a length direction of the blade.
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