CN112336475A - Method for manufacturing tooth appliance - Google Patents
Method for manufacturing tooth appliance Download PDFInfo
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- CN112336475A CN112336475A CN202011187012.1A CN202011187012A CN112336475A CN 112336475 A CN112336475 A CN 112336475A CN 202011187012 A CN202011187012 A CN 202011187012A CN 112336475 A CN112336475 A CN 112336475A
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- film
- tracks
- groove
- laser
- distance
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C7/00—Orthodontics, i.e. obtaining or maintaining the desired position of teeth, e.g. by straightening, evening, regulating, separating, or by correcting malocclusions
- A61C7/002—Orthodontic computer assisted systems
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61C—DENTISTRY; APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR ORAL OR DENTAL HYGIENE
- A61C7/00—Orthodontics, i.e. obtaining or maintaining the desired position of teeth, e.g. by straightening, evening, regulating, separating, or by correcting malocclusions
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of tooth correction and discloses a method for manufacturing a tooth corrector. In the tooth correction device obtained by manufacturing, the arrangement of the pits improves the friction coefficient of the surface of the rubber sheet, when the tooth correction device is sleeved on the tooth, the tooth correction device can be stably sleeved on the tooth of a user and is not easy to fall off, and the correction effect is good.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of tooth correction, in particular to a manufacturing method of a tooth corrector.
Background
The tooth correcting device is a common tooth correcting device, is regular in shape, is sleeved on the teeth of a user and continuously applies force to the teeth of the user so as to achieve the purpose of correcting the teeth of the user.
Therefore, friction force needs to exist between the tooth appliance and the teeth of the user, so that the tooth appliance is not easy to fall off from the teeth of the user, and the tooth appliance can apply force to the teeth of the user.
In order to provide friction force, in the multifunctional intelligent orthodontic braces and the manufacturing method thereof disclosed in CN201710847074, the tooth appliance is divided into a double-layer structure, and the inner layer structure is softened so that the inner layer structure can be attached to the teeth, so that the adsorption force between the teeth and the inner layer structure is improved, and the effect of improving the friction force is achieved.
However, this approach has a limited degree of friction enhancement and there is still a risk of the appliance falling off the teeth.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is: provides a method for manufacturing the dental appliance, which is not easy to fall off from teeth.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a dental appliance, comprising the steps of:
s100: prefabricating a tooth socket with a groove, wherein the groove can be sleeved on teeth;
s200: preparing a laser, an objective table and a flat film, and arranging a first clamp on the objective table;
s300: a scanning galvanometer is arranged on the emitting end of the laser, and the film is fixed on the first clamp;
s400: starting the laser and the scanning galvanometer, wherein the scanning galvanometer operates to enable the light beam emitted by the laser to move on the surface of the film and form a plurality of pits distributed along the moving direction of the light beam on the surface of the film;
s500: preparing a second clamp and a linear motion mechanism;
s600: fixing the tooth socket on the second clamp, installing the film on the linear motion mechanism, and enabling the surface of one side, provided with the concave pits, of the film to be opposite to the groove;
s700: the linear motion mechanism presses the film into the groove, the surface of the other side of the film is attached to the wall surface of the groove, and the film and the tooth socket form an integrated piece.
Further, in step S1, the premade dental mouthpiece with a groove specifically includes:
s101: establishing a three-dimensional model of the oral cavity;
s102: and establishing a tooth socket model according to the preset model, and manufacturing the tooth socket by using a three-dimensional printer.
Further, in step S4, the light beam moves in the plurality of first tracks and the plurality of second tracks in sequence; the plurality of first tracks are parallel to each other, the plurality of second tracks are parallel to each other, and the plurality of first tracks and the plurality of second tracks are staggered; a plurality of pits are arranged at equal intervals on each first track; on each of the second tracks, a plurality of the pits are arranged at equal intervals.
Further, in step S4, the distance between two adjacent first tracks is a first distance, and the distance between two adjacent second tracks is a second distance.
Further, the first distance is set to 0.5mm to 1.5mm, and the second distance is set to 0.5mm to 1.5 mm.
Further, in step S4, the light beam sequentially moves on a plurality of circular arc trajectories; the circular arc tracks are concentrically arranged.
Further, in step S4, the distance between two adjacent circular arc tracks is a third distance.
Further, the third distance is set to 0.15mm to 0.2 mm.
Further, the method also includes step S8: cleaning and polishing the surface of the integrated piece.
The invention provides another method for manufacturing a tooth appliance, which comprises the following steps:
p100: prefabricating a tooth socket with a groove, wherein the groove can be sleeved on teeth;
p200: preparing a third clamp, a linear motion mechanism and a flat film;
p300: fixing the tooth socket on the third clamp, and installing the rubber sheet on the linear motion mechanism;
p400: the linear motion mechanism presses the film into the groove, so that the film lifting box is arranged in the groove, and the film and the tooth socket form an integrated piece;
p500: preparing a laser, an objective table and a fourth clamp;
p600: mounting a scanning galvanometer on the emitting end of the laser, fixing the integrated piece on the fourth clamp, and enabling the notch of the groove to face the laser;
p700: and starting the laser and the scanning galvanometer, wherein the scanning galvanometer operates to enable the light beam emitted by the laser to move on the wall surface of the groove, and a plurality of pits distributed along the moving direction of the light beam are formed on the wall surface of the groove.
Compared with the prior art, the manufacturing method of the tooth appliance provided by the embodiment of the invention has the beneficial effects that:
in the tooth appliance obtained by the manufacturing method of the embodiment of the invention, the deformed rubber sheet is attached to the inner surface of the groove, and the surface of the rubber sheet, which is not attached to the inner surface of the groove, is provided with the plurality of pits, so that the friction coefficient of the surface of the rubber sheet is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method of making a dental appliance according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a dental appliance according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an expanded view of one side surface of a film having a recess of a dental appliance according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is an expanded view of another side surface of a film having a recess of a dental appliance in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a micro-architectural view of a dental appliance in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart of another method of making a dental appliance according to an embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure, 1, a groove; 2. a pit; 21. recessing; 22. an annular projection; 3. a tooth socket; 4. a film; 5. a first trajectory; 6. a second trajectory; 7. a circular arc trajectory.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of embodiments of the present invention is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings and examples. The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
In the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", and the like, indicate orientations and positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are used only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element being referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and thus, should not be considered as limiting the present invention.
Furthermore, the terms "first", "second" and "first" are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless specifically defined otherwise.
In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly stated or limited, the terms "mounted," "connected," "secured," and the like are to be construed broadly and can, for example, be fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally formed; can be mechanically or electrically connected; either directly or indirectly through intervening media, either internally or in any other relationship. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood by those skilled in the art according to specific situations.
In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly stated or limited, "above" or "below" a first feature means that the first and second features are in direct contact, or that the first and second features are not in direct contact but are in contact with each other via another feature therebetween. Also, the first feature being "on," "above" and "over" the second feature includes the first feature being directly on and obliquely above the second feature, or merely indicating that the first feature is at a higher level than the second feature. A first feature being "under," "below," and "beneath" a second feature includes the first feature being directly under and obliquely below the second feature, or simply meaning that the first feature is at a lesser elevation than the second feature.
In a first aspect, as shown in fig. 1, a method for manufacturing a dental appliance according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes the steps of:
s100: prefabricating a tooth socket 3 with a groove 1 capable of being sleeved on a tooth;
s200: preparing a laser, an objective table and a flat film 4, and arranging a first clamp on the objective table;
s300: a scanning galvanometer is arranged at the emitting end of the laser, and the film 4 is fixed on the first clamp;
s400: starting the laser and the scanning galvanometer, wherein the scanning galvanometer operates to enable the light beam emitted by the laser to move on the surface of the film 4 and form a plurality of pits 2 distributed along the moving direction of the light beam on the surface of the film 4;
s500: preparing a second clamp and a linear motion mechanism;
s600: fixing the tooth socket 3 on the second fixture, installing the film 4 on the linear motion mechanism, and enabling the surface of one side, provided with the concave pits 2, of the film 4 to be opposite to the groove 1;
s700: the linear motion mechanism presses the film 4 into the groove 1, the other side surface of the film 4 is attached to the wall surface of the groove 1, and the film 4 and the tooth socket 3 form an integrated piece.
Specifically, in one embodiment, in step S100, the prefabricating of the mouthpiece 3 with the groove 1 specifically includes:
s101: establishing a three-dimensional model of the oral cavity of a user;
s102: and establishing a tooth socket 3 model according to the preset model, and manufacturing the tooth socket 3 by using a three-dimensional printer.
The three-dimensional models of the mouth of different users differ.
Optionally, in an embodiment, in step S200, the power of the prepared laser is 100W, the laser is disposed above the stage, and the first clamp is disposed on the stage surface of the stage. Illustratively, the first clamp is a pneumatic clamp.
Alternatively, in one embodiment, in step S300, the scanning galvanometer is driven to rotate by a servo motor. Wherein, a lens group is arranged in the scanning galvanometer, and light beams emitted by the laser are projected on the surface of one side of the film 4 after being refracted by the lens group.
Optionally, in an embodiment, in step S400, the operation of the scanning galvanometer includes: s401: the scanning galvanometer is in communication connection with an industrial personal computer;
s402: inputting path parameters to the industrial personal computer;
s403: the industrial personal computer converts the path parameters into rotation information comprising a rotation angle and a rotation direction, and transmits the rotation information to the scanning galvanometer;
s404: and the scanning galvanometer receives conveying rotation information and rotates according to the rotation information.
Illustratively, in one embodiment, the second jig prepared in step S500 is a pneumatic jig, and the linear motion mechanism is driven by a cylinder.
Alternatively, in one embodiment, in step S600, the linear motion mechanism can press the film 4 against the wall surface of the groove 1.
Alternatively, in one embodiment, the mouthpiece 3 is made of a hard material, such as one of hard polyethylene terephthalate glycol-1, 4-cyclohexanedimethylene glycol (PETG), hard transparent Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), and hard Polycarbonate (PC), and the film 4 is made of a soft material, such as one of soft polyethylene terephthalate glycol-1, 4-cyclohexanedimethylene glycol (PETG), soft transparent Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), and soft Polycarbonate (PC).
Specifically, in one embodiment, in step S4, the light beam moves in a plurality of first tracks 5 and a plurality of second tracks 6 in sequence; a plurality of the first tracks 5 are parallel to each other, a plurality of the second tracks 6 are parallel to each other, and the plurality of the first tracks 5 and the plurality of the second tracks 6 are staggered; a plurality of pits 2 are provided at equal intervals on each of the first tracks 5; a plurality of the pits 2 are provided at equal intervals on each of the second tracks 6. Wherein the laser needs to operate intermittently to break the scanning path, so that each of the first tracks 5 and each of the second tracks 6 are not connected.
Optionally, in an embodiment, in the same first track 5, a plurality of second tracks 6 sequentially vertically pass through the middle point of a connecting line of two adjacent pits 2; in the same second track 6, a plurality of first tracks 5 sequentially pass through the midpoints of the connecting lines of two adjacent pits 22 vertically. At this time, the plurality of first tracks 5 and the plurality of second tracks 6 are distributed in a diamond pattern.
Alternatively, in one embodiment, in the same first track 5, a plurality of second tracks 6 sequentially pass through different pits 2 vertically; in the same second track 6, a plurality of said first tracks 5 pass vertically different pits 2 in succession. At this time, the plurality of first tracks 5 and the plurality of second tracks 6 are distributed in a cross pattern.
Specifically, in one embodiment, in step S4, the distance between two adjacent first tracks 5 is a first distance, and the distance between two adjacent second tracks 6 is a second distance.
Specifically, in one embodiment, the coefficient of friction of the surface of the film 4 on the side with the dimples 2 is 0.129 to 0.356.
Specifically, in one embodiment, the first distance is set to 0.5mm to 1.5mm, the second distance is set to 0.5mm to 1.5mm, and the first distance is equal to the second distance. In this embodiment, the first distance and the second distance are respectively related to the friction coefficient of the surface of the film 4 on the side where the concave pits 2 are formed. See table below:
| first distance/second distance | 1mm | 0.7mm | 0.5mm |
| Coefficient of friction | 0.217±0.05 | 0.190±0.05 | 0.129±0.05 |
Specifically, in one embodiment, in step S4, the light beam moves on a plurality of circular arc trajectories 7 in sequence; a plurality of the circular arc tracks 7 are concentrically arranged. Likewise, the laser needs to be operated intermittently to break the scanning path so that the circular arc trajectories 7 are not connected.
Specifically, in one embodiment, in step S4, the distances between two adjacent circular arc trajectories 7 are both the third distance.
Specifically, in one embodiment, the third distance is set to 0.15mm to 0.2 mm. In the present embodiment, the third distance is related to the friction coefficient of the surface of the film 4 on the side where the concave pit 2 is formed, wherein the friction coefficient is equal to 0.356 when the third distance is equal to 1 mm.
Specifically, in an embodiment, the method further includes step S800: cleaning and polishing the surface of the integrated piece, specifically comprising: trimming the part of the film 4 protruding out of the groove 1, and grinding the outer surface of the tooth socket 3 to increase friction force, so that the tooth socket can be normally occluded after being worn by a user.
In a second aspect, referring to fig. 6, another method for manufacturing a dental appliance according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:
p100: prefabricating a tooth socket 3 with a groove 1 capable of being sleeved on a tooth;
p200: preparing a third clamp, a linear motion mechanism and a flat rubber sheet 4;
p300: fixing the tooth socket 3 on the third clamp, and installing the rubber sheet 4 on the linear motion mechanism;
p400: the linear motion mechanism presses the film 4 into the groove 1, so that the film 4 is carried in the groove 1, and the film 4 and the tooth socket 3 form an integral piece;
p500: preparing a laser, an objective table and a fourth clamp;
p600: mounting a scanning galvanometer on the emitting end of the laser, fixing the integrated piece on the fourth clamp, and enabling the notch of the groove 1 to face the laser;
p700: and starting the laser and the scanning galvanometer, wherein the scanning galvanometer operates to enable the light beam emitted by the laser to move on the wall surface of the groove 1, and a plurality of pits 2 distributed along the moving direction of the light beam are formed on the wall surface of the groove 1.
Compared with the first preferred embodiment, the step of pressing the rubber sheet 4 into the groove 1 of the mouthpiece 3 is advanced to the step before laser texturing, so that the dental appliance can be manufactured with good effect.
The tooth appliance manufactured by the manufacturing method of the preferred embodiment of the invention has a double-layer structure and comprises a rubber sheet 4 surrounding a groove 1 and a tooth socket 3 sleeved outside the rubber sheet 4, wherein a plurality of pits 2 are arranged on the inner surface of the groove 1. A plurality of the pits 2 are formed by laser texturing. Each pit 2 comprises a depression 21 sunk into the groove 1 and an annular bulge 22 annularly arranged on the periphery of the depression 21. The dimples 2 of the present embodiment are obtained by laser texturing, and the maximum span of the annular protrusion 22 on the inner surface of the recess 1 is 0.15mm to 0.2 mm.
Specifically, in one embodiment, referring to fig. 1-6, each dimple 2 comprises, on a microstructure, a depression 21 recessed within the recess 1 and an annular flange disposed around the periphery of the depression 21.
The working process of the invention is as follows: the working process of the invention is as follows: according to user's oral cavity model, the scheme is rescued in the preparation to set gradually a plurality of wares of rescuring, every structure of rescuring the ware is approximate, and at the in-process of rescuring, use a plurality of wares of rescuring in proper order to correct. When the appliance is manufactured by using the manufacturing method of the embodiment, the surface of one side of the film 4 with the concave pits 2 is simultaneously contacted with each tooth of a user, the film 4 made of the soft material deforms under the action of the teeth, pressure is formed between the teeth and the film 4, and as the plurality of concave pits 22 formed by laser texturing are arranged on the surface of one side of the film 4 with the concave pits 2, the friction coefficient of the surface of one side of the film 4 with the concave pits 2 is large, so that the film 4 is not easy to fall off from the teeth of the user; the user can manually shake the appliance and remove it from the teeth when desired.
In summary, the embodiment of the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a dental appliance, wherein a deformable film 4 is attached to an inner surface of a groove 1, and a plurality of pits 2 are formed on a surface of the film 4, which is not attached to the inner surface of the groove 1, so as to increase a friction coefficient of the surface of the film 4.
In the description herein, references to the description of the term "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "an illustrative embodiment," "an example," "a specific example," or "some examples" or the like mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.
While embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (10)
1. A method for manufacturing a dental appliance is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: prefabricating a tooth socket with a groove for sleeving teeth;
s2: preparing a laser, an objective table and a flat film, and arranging a first clamp on the objective table;
s3: a scanning galvanometer is arranged on the emitting end of the laser, and the film is fixed on the first clamp;
s4: starting the laser and the scanning galvanometer, wherein the scanning galvanometer operates to enable the light beam emitted by the laser to move on the surface of the film and form a plurality of pits distributed along the moving direction of the light beam on the surface of the film;
s5: preparing a second clamp and a linear motion mechanism;
s6: fixing the tooth socket on the second clamp, installing the film on the linear motion mechanism, and enabling the surface of one side, provided with the concave pits, of the film to be opposite to the groove;
s7: the linear motion mechanism presses the film into the groove, the surface of the other side of the film is attached to the wall surface of the groove, and the film and the tooth socket form an integrated piece.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S1, the preparing the notched mouthpiece specifically comprises:
establishing a three-dimensional model of the oral cavity;
and establishing a tooth socket model according to the preset model, and manufacturing the tooth socket by using a three-dimensional printer.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein in step S4, the light beam moves in a plurality of first tracks and a plurality of second tracks in sequence; the plurality of first tracks are parallel to each other, the plurality of second tracks are parallel to each other, and the plurality of first tracks and the plurality of second tracks are staggered; a plurality of pits are arranged at equal intervals on each first track; on each of the second tracks, a plurality of the pits are arranged at equal intervals.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein in step S4, the distance between two adjacent first tracks is a first distance, and the distance between two adjacent second tracks is a second distance.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first distance is set to 0.5mm to 1.5mm and the second distance is set to 0.5mm to 1.5 mm.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the light beam sequentially travels along a plurality of concentrically arranged circular arc tracks in step S4.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein in step S4, the distance between two adjacent circular arc tracks is a third distance.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the third distance is set to 0.15mm to 0.2 mm.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising step S8: cleaning and polishing the surface of the integrated piece.
10. A method for manufacturing a dental appliance is characterized by comprising the following steps:
p1: prefabricating a tooth socket with a groove capable of being sleeved on teeth;
p2: preparing a third clamp, a linear motion mechanism and a flat film;
p3: fixing the tooth socket on the third clamp, and installing the rubber sheet on the linear motion mechanism;
p4: the linear motion mechanism presses the film into the groove, so that the film lifting box is arranged in the groove, and the film and the tooth socket form an integrated piece;
p5: preparing a laser, an objective table and a fourth clamp;
p6: mounting a scanning galvanometer on the emitting end of the laser, fixing the integrated piece on the fourth clamp, and enabling the notch of the groove to face the laser;
p7: and starting the laser and the scanning galvanometer, wherein the scanning galvanometer operates to enable the light beam emitted by the laser to move on the wall surface of the groove, and a plurality of pits distributed along the moving direction of the light beam are formed on the wall surface of the groove.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202011187012.1A CN112336475B (en) | 2020-10-29 | 2020-10-29 | Method for manufacturing tooth appliance |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202011187012.1A CN112336475B (en) | 2020-10-29 | 2020-10-29 | Method for manufacturing tooth appliance |
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| CN112336475A true CN112336475A (en) | 2021-02-09 |
| CN112336475B CN112336475B (en) | 2022-06-10 |
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Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN105451681A (en) * | 2013-08-09 | 2016-03-30 | 庆熙大学校产学协力团 | Temporary dental apparatus to be bonded to the teeth, and production method therefor |
| CN107847296A (en) * | 2015-07-07 | 2018-03-27 | 阿莱恩技术有限公司 | The manufacture of annex template and more material calibrators |
| CN110891518A (en) * | 2017-03-02 | 2020-03-17 | 巴伊材料公司 | Dental appliances with different properties |
| KR20200071272A (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2020-06-19 | 주식회사 스마일캐드 | Method for rebonding tooth separated from retainer |
| CN111331819A (en) * | 2020-03-03 | 2020-06-26 | 浙江隐齿丽医学技术有限公司 | Shell-shaped dental appliance and preparation method and preparation system thereof |
| CN111571033A (en) * | 2020-05-29 | 2020-08-25 | 上海正雅齿科科技股份有限公司 | Laser cutting system for preparing shell-shaped tooth appliance and preparation method |
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2020
- 2020-10-29 CN CN202011187012.1A patent/CN112336475B/en active Active
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105451681A (en) * | 2013-08-09 | 2016-03-30 | 庆熙大学校产学协力团 | Temporary dental apparatus to be bonded to the teeth, and production method therefor |
| CN107847296A (en) * | 2015-07-07 | 2018-03-27 | 阿莱恩技术有限公司 | The manufacture of annex template and more material calibrators |
| CN110891518A (en) * | 2017-03-02 | 2020-03-17 | 巴伊材料公司 | Dental appliances with different properties |
| KR20200071272A (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2020-06-19 | 주식회사 스마일캐드 | Method for rebonding tooth separated from retainer |
| CN111331819A (en) * | 2020-03-03 | 2020-06-26 | 浙江隐齿丽医学技术有限公司 | Shell-shaped dental appliance and preparation method and preparation system thereof |
| CN111571033A (en) * | 2020-05-29 | 2020-08-25 | 上海正雅齿科科技股份有限公司 | Laser cutting system for preparing shell-shaped tooth appliance and preparation method |
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