CN112305089A - Biomarker for diagnosing chronic nephropathy and application thereof - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney diseases and application thereof, wherein the biomarker comprises at least one of trimethylamine oxide, choline, L-carnitine or betaine. The marker can be used in the preparation of a chronic kidney disease diagnostic reagent, a kit or a detection device. The detection method of the biomarker comprises the following steps: taking a body fluid sample of a to-be-detected object, and quantitatively detecting the concentration of the biomarker in the body fluid sample. The detection method further comprises a step of determining whether or not the detection result of the quantification of the biomarker belongs to a normal level of the biomarker. The content of the biomarker is detected and compared with the evaluation standard, so that the method is used for realizing the diagnosis of the chronic kidney disease, has important significance for the diagnosis of the chronic kidney disease, and lays a foundation for developing the relevant drug evaluation and the drug effect substance basic research; the body fluid can be taken for detection, the material taking is convenient, and the wound is low.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of biomedicine, in particular to a biomarker for diagnosing chronic nephropathy and application thereof.
Background
The kidney is an important organ of the human body, and the kidney has the basic function of generating urine so as to remove metabolites, certain wastes and toxicants in the body, and simultaneously retains water and other useful substances through the reabsorption function so as to regulate the balance of water and electrolyte and maintain the acid-base balance. Therefore, the kidney is of great significance in ensuring the stability of the environment in the body and ensuring the normal metabolism. However, kidney disease is caused by various factors such as unhealthy lifestyle, immune system disorders, nutritional deficiencies, or blood problems.
In recent years, kidney diseases have become another important disease threatening human health after tumors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes. Chronic renal structural and functional disorders (history of renal damage greater than 3 months) resulting from a variety of causes, including normal and abnormal pathological injury to Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), abnormal blood or urine composition, and abnormal or unexplained decrease in GFR for more than 3 months as detected by imaging, i.e., Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). At present, the incidence rate of the chronic kidney disease of adults in China is as high as 10.8%, the clinical symptoms of the chronic kidney disease are often not obvious, epidemiological investigation shows that the understanding rate of people to the chronic kidney disease is only 10%, 30% of patients have chronic renal failure when being treated for the first time, and 10% of patients can progress to the terminal stage of the chronic renal failure. The chronic kidney disease can be divided into 5 stages according to disease grades, however, patients usually have obvious symptoms after the 4-stage chronic kidney disease, and once the disease progresses rapidly and irreversibly after the 4-stage chronic kidney disease enters, the existing detection technology level is limited and is difficult to distinguish before the 4-stage chronic kidney disease enters, and even if the 4-stage chronic kidney disease enters, diagnosis can be realized through detection modes such as clinical radiography technology and pathological detection, so that the detection operation is complicated and the period is long, the diagnosis of the chronic kidney disease is difficult, and the later treatment is more difficult. Therefore, if the biomarker which can be used for diagnosing the chronic kidney disease can be found, the method has important significance for improving the diagnosis and treatment rate of the chronic kidney disease, and especially if the biomarker for diagnosing the chronic kidney disease can be detected through body fluid with low traumatic property and convenient material taking, the method can diagnose the chronic kidney disease and has important significance for improving the survival probability of patients with the chronic kidney disease.
Disclosure of Invention
The first technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: provided is a biomarker which can be used for the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease.
The second technical problem to be solved by the invention is: provides an application of the biomarker.
In order to solve the first technical problem, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease, the biomarker comprising at least one of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), choline, l-carnitine, or betaine.
Further, the biomarkers include trimethylamine oxide, choline, l-carnitine, and betaine.
In order to solve the second technical problem, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: the application of the biomarker in the preparation of a chronic kidney disease diagnostic reagent, a kit or a detection device.
Further, the kit comprises a standard of biomarkers and an internal standard.
Further, the kit also comprises a blank plasma control reagent and a detection reagent; preferably, the detection reagent comprises a protein precipitation solution, a dilution buffer and a loading buffer.
In order to solve the second technical problem, the technical solution adopted by the present invention may further be: a method for detecting a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease, comprising the following steps:
taking a body fluid sample of a to-be-detected object, and quantitatively detecting the concentration of the biomarker in the body fluid sample.
Further, the body fluid sample is at least one of plasma, urine, or interstitial fluid.
Further, the detection method further comprises a step of determining whether or not the result of the quantitative detection of the biomarker belongs to a normal level of the biomarker; preferably, trimethylamine oxide, choline, l-carnitine and betaine are included in the biomarkers, and then the normal levels of the markers include: the concentration of the trimethylamine oxide is lower than 400ng/ml, the concentration of the choline is lower than 1100ng/ml, the concentration of the L-carnitine is lower than 9000ng/ml, and the concentration of the betaine is lower than 7000 ng/ml.
Further, the concentration of the biomarker is quantitatively detected by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer.
Further, in the detection process of the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, the chromatographic conditions are as follows:
mobile phase: the phase A is acetonitrile, the phase B is ammonium formate solution with pH of 3.0 and concentration of 10mmo/L, wherein the phase A and the phase B are subjected to isocratic elution according to the volume ratio of 70% to 30%; flow rate: 0.4 mL/min; sample introduction amount: 5 mu L of the solution; column temperature: 30 ℃;
the mass spectrum conditions are as follows:
an ion source: an electrospray ion source; temperature of the drying gas: 300 ℃; atomizing: n is a radical of2(ii) a Flow rate of atomizing gas: 8L/min; scanning mode: multiple reaction monitoring mode.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the scheme of the invention provides a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease and application thereof, and the content of the biomarker is detected and compared with evaluation standards, so that diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in each period can be realized, early and late stages of chronic kidney disease can be distinguished, the biomarker has important significance for chronic kidney disease diagnosis, and a foundation is laid for developing relevant drug evaluation and drug effect substance basic research; the biomarker provided by the scheme of the invention can be used for detection by taking the body fluid of the object to be detected, is convenient to take materials, has low traumatic property and can realize early diagnosis of chronic nephropathy.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of the relative expression of TMAO in plasma of the experimental group and the control group in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the results of the relative expression levels of choline in plasma of the experimental group and the control group in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of the relative expression amounts of L-carnitine in the plasma of the experimental group and the control group in example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the results of the relative expression levels of betaine in plasma of the experimental group and the control group in example 4 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a ROC graph of example 5 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph of the concentration profile of each biomarker in the plasma of an early-late patient in accordance with example 6 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a ROC plot of the biomarkers of example 6 of the present invention versus the biomarkers in plasma of patients with advanced chronic kidney disease.
Detailed Description
In order to explain technical contents, achieved objects, and effects of the present invention in detail, the following description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings in combination with the embodiments.
The first embodiment of the invention is as follows: a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease, comprising trimethylamine oxide.
The biomarker is used for diagnosing chronic kidney disease, and specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, preparation of experimental group samples and control group samples:
experimental groups: a patient (47 persons) diagnosed with chronic kidney disease is collected with 10mL of peripheral blood plasma, placed in a collection tube, uniformly shaken to fully mix an anticoagulant and an RNase inhibitor, and placed at 4 ℃ for standby after blood collection.
Control group: healthy subjects (64 persons) were collected 10mL of their peripheral blood plasma, placed in a collection tube, shaken uniformly to mix the anticoagulant and the rnase inhibitor thoroughly, and placed at 4 ℃ after blood collection for later use.
S2, detection of biomarker concentration: the following experiments were performed on the experimental and control group samples:
1) solution preparation:
a precipitant: acetonitrile with 20ng/mL internal standard (TMAO-D9);
diluting liquid: PBS solution;
and (3) standard substance: TMAO concentrations were 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2ng/mL in 50% methanol, respectively.
2) Sample detection: taking 30 mu L of serum or standard application liquid, adding 3 times of volume of deproteinizing liquid, mixing uniformly by vortex, centrifuging at 4 ℃ at 13200 r/min for 15 min, taking supernatant (about 90 mu L), transferring to a sealed sample injection bottle, detecting by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, determining by retention time and mass spectrogram, and quantifying by an internal standard method.
The chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions were:
the instrument comprises the following steps: liquid phase system: ACQUITY UPLC I-Class (Waters, USA), Mass Spectrometry System: SCIEX 6500+ (SCIEX, USA);
mobile phase: acetonitrile: 10mmo/L ammonium formate (ph3.0) 70%: 30% (v/v), isocratic elution; flow rate: 0.4 mL/min; sample introduction amount: 5 mu L of the solution; column temperature: 30 ℃;
an ion source: an electrospray ion source; temperature of the drying gas: 300 ℃; atomizing gas (N)2) Flow rate: 8L/min; a multiple reaction monitoring mode scan is performed.
The results of the detection result graph of the relative expression amount of the detected TMAO between the experimental group (labeled CN) and the control group (labeled CKD) are shown in fig. 1, and it can be seen from fig. 1 that there is a significant difference between the expression of TMAO in the chronic kidney disease patient and the expression of TMAO in the healthy subject, and the expression amount of TMAO in the chronic kidney disease patient is high, thereby indicating that TMAO can be used as a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease.
The second embodiment of the invention is as follows: a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease, comprising Choline (Choline).
The biomarker is used for diagnosing chronic kidney disease, and specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, preparation of experimental group samples and control group samples:
experimental groups: a patient (47 persons) diagnosed with chronic kidney disease is collected with 10mL of peripheral blood plasma, placed in a collection tube, uniformly shaken to fully mix an anticoagulant and an RNase inhibitor, and placed at 4 ℃ for standby after blood collection.
Control group: healthy subjects (64 persons) were collected 10mL of their peripheral blood plasma, placed in a collection tube, shaken uniformly to mix the anticoagulant and the rnase inhibitor thoroughly, and placed at 4 ℃ after blood collection for later use.
S2, detection of biomarker concentration: the following experiments were performed on the experimental and control group samples:
1) solution preparation:
a precipitant: acetonitrile with 20ng/mL internal standard (Choline-D9);
diluting liquid: PBS solution;
and (3) standard substance: choline concentrations were 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2ng/mL in 50% methanol, respectively.
2) Sample detection: taking 30 mu L of serum or standard application liquid, adding 3 times of volume of deproteinizing liquid, mixing uniformly by vortex, centrifuging at 4 ℃ at 13200 r/min for 15 min, taking supernatant (about 90 mu L), transferring to a sealed sample injection bottle, detecting by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, determining by retention time and mass spectrogram, and quantifying by an internal standard method.
The chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions were:
the instrument comprises the following steps: liquid phase system: ACQUITY UPLC I-Class (Waters, USA), Mass Spectrometry System: SCIEX 6500+ (SCIEX, USA);
mobile phase: acetonitrile: 10mmo/L ammonium formate (ph3.0) 70%: 30% (v/v), isocratic elution; flow rate: 0.4 mL/min; sample introduction amount: 5 mu L of the solution; column temperature: 30 ℃;
an ion source: an electrospray ion source; temperature of the drying gas: 300 ℃; atomizing gas (N)2) Flow rate: 8L/min; a multiple reaction monitoring mode scan is performed.
The results of the detection graphs of the relative expression levels of TMAO detected in the experimental group (labeled CN) and the control group (labeled CKD) are shown in fig. 2, and it can be seen from fig. 2 that there is a significant difference between the expression levels of choline in patients with chronic kidney disease and in healthy subjects, and the expression levels of choline in patients with chronic kidney disease are high, thereby indicating that choline can be used as a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease.
The third embodiment of the invention is as follows: a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease, comprising L-carnitine (L-carnitine).
The biomarker is used for diagnosing chronic kidney disease, and specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, preparation of experimental group samples and control group samples:
experimental groups: a patient (47 persons) diagnosed with chronic kidney disease is collected with 10mL of peripheral blood plasma, placed in a collection tube, uniformly shaken to fully mix an anticoagulant and an RNase inhibitor, and placed at 4 ℃ for standby after blood collection.
Control group: healthy subjects (64 persons) were collected 10mL of their peripheral blood plasma, placed in a collection tube, shaken uniformly to mix the anticoagulant and the rnase inhibitor thoroughly, and placed at 4 ℃ after blood collection for later use.
S2, detection of biomarker concentration: the following experiments were performed on the experimental and control group samples:
1) solution preparation:
a precipitant: acetonitrile containing 20ng/mL internal standard (L-carnitine) -D3);
diluting liquid: PBS solution;
and (3) standard substance: 50% methanol solutions with L-carnitine concentrations of 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2ng/mL, respectively.
2) Sample detection: taking 30 mu L of serum or standard application liquid, adding 3 times of volume of deproteinizing liquid, mixing uniformly by vortex, centrifuging at 4 ℃ at 13200 r/min for 15 min, taking supernatant (about 90 mu L), transferring to a sealed sample injection bottle, detecting by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, determining by retention time and mass spectrogram, and quantifying by an internal standard method.
The chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions were:
the instrument comprises the following steps: liquid phase system: ACQUITY UPLC I-Class (Waters, USA), Mass Spectrometry System: SCIEX 6500+ (SCIEX, USA);
mobile phase: acetonitrile: 10mmo/L ammonium formate (ph3.0) 70%: 30% (v/v), isocratic elution; flow rate: 0.4 mL/min; sample introduction amount: 5 mu L of the solution; column temperature: 30 ℃;
an ion source: an electrospray ion source; temperature of the drying gas: 300 ℃; atomizing gas (N)2) Flow rate: 8L/min; a multiple reaction monitoring mode scan is performed.
The results of the detection graphs of the relative expression levels of TMAO detected in the experimental group (labeled CN) and the control group (labeled CKD) are shown in fig. 3, and it can be seen from fig. 3 that there is a significant difference in the expression of l-carnitine between the chronic kidney disease patients and the healthy subjects, and the expression level of l-carnitine is high in the chronic kidney disease patients, thereby indicating that l-carnitine can be used as a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease.
The fourth embodiment of the invention is as follows: a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease comprises Betaine (Betaine).
The biomarker is used for diagnosing chronic kidney disease, and specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, preparation of experimental group samples and control group samples:
experimental groups: a patient (47 persons) diagnosed with chronic kidney disease is collected with 10mL of peripheral blood plasma, placed in a collection tube, uniformly shaken to fully mix an anticoagulant and an RNase inhibitor, and placed at 4 ℃ for standby after blood collection.
Control group: healthy subjects (64 persons) were collected 10mL of their peripheral blood plasma, placed in a collection tube, shaken uniformly to mix the anticoagulant and the rnase inhibitor thoroughly, and placed at 4 ℃ after blood collection for later use.
S2, detection of biomarker concentration: the following experiments were performed on the experimental and control group samples:
1) solution preparation:
a precipitant: acetonitrile containing 20ng/mL internal standard (Betaine-D9);
diluting liquid: PBS solution;
and (3) standard substance: the Betaine concentration is 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2ng/mL 50% methanol solution.
2) Sample detection: taking 30 mu L of serum or standard application liquid, adding 3 times of volume of deproteinizing liquid, mixing uniformly by vortex, centrifuging at 4 ℃ at 13200 r/min for 15 min, taking supernatant (about 90 mu L), transferring to a sealed sample injection bottle, detecting by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, determining by retention time and mass spectrogram, and quantifying by an internal standard method.
The chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions were:
the instrument comprises the following steps: liquid phase system: ACQUITY UPLC I-Class (Waters, USA), Mass Spectrometry System: SCIEX 6500+ (SCIEX, USA);
mobile phase: acetonitrile: 10mmo/L ammonium formate (ph3.0) 70%: 30% (v/v), isocratic elution; flow rate: 0.4 mL/min; sample introduction amount: 5 mu L of the solution; column temperature: 30 ℃;
an ion source: an electrospray ion source; temperature of the drying gas: 300 ℃; atomizing gas (N)2) Flow rate: 8L/min; a multiple reaction monitoring mode scan is performed.
The results of the detection result graph of the relative expression of TMAO detected in the experimental group (labeled CN) and the control group (labeled CKD) are shown in fig. 3, and it can be seen from fig. 3 that significant difference exists between the expression of betaine in chronic kidney disease patients and healthy subjects, and the expression of betaine in chronic kidney disease patients is high, thereby indicating that betaine can be used as a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease.
The fifth embodiment of the invention is as follows: a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease comprises trimethylamine oxide, betaine, choline and L-carnitine. After the plasma concentrations of trimethylamine oxide, betaine, choline and l-carnitine in 47 chronic kidney disease patients and 64 healthy persons are quantitatively detected, the results of ROC curve analysis of the subjects are performed by combining the detection results as shown in fig. 5, and the correlation between each substance and chronic kidney disease is determined according to the size (between 0.5 and 1.0) of the area under the curve (AUC), wherein the larger the AUC, the larger the diagnostic efficacy of the index is (i.e. the diagnostic accuracy is higher), and the AUC values and related statistical information of each index are shown in table 1 below:
TABLE 1
As can be seen from table 1 and fig. 5, the combination of trimethylamine oxide, betaine, choline and l-carnitine has a higher accuracy than that of a single marker when they are used for diagnosing chronic kidney disease, although they have different diagnostic efficacies.
The sixth embodiment of the invention is as follows: a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease comprises trimethylamine oxide, betaine, choline and L-carnitine. The chronic kidney disease diagnosis biomarker is applied to the judgment of the early stage of chronic kidney disease, wherein the early stage of chronic kidney disease refers to before the stage 4, and the late stage of chronic kidney disease refers to after the stage 4. The concentration of the biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease in the plasma of 47 patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (17 patients in early stage of chronic kidney disease, namely CKD-1 stage, and 30 patients in late stage of chronic kidney disease, namely CKD-2) was detected, and the result is shown in fig. 6, wherein, a graph A is a graph of the concentration distribution state of Betaine (Betaine) in different disease stages; b is a graph of Choline (Choline) concentration profiles at different disease stages; c is a graph of L-carnitine (L-carnitine) concentration distribution at different stages; the D picture is a distribution state picture of TMAO concentration in different disease periods; as can be seen from FIG. 6, the concentrations of the four substances are obviously different in the population at the early stage and the late stage of chronic kidney disease, so that the discrimination of the early stage and the late stage of chronic kidney disease can be realized through the distribution of the concentrations of the four substances.
The results of curve analysis of the detection results on the late-stage patients (ROC) are shown in fig. 7, and the relevance of each substance to chronic kidney disease is determined according to the size (between 0.5 and 1.0) of the area under the curve (AUC), the larger the AUC is, the greater the diagnostic efficacy of the index is (i.e., the higher the diagnostic accuracy is), and the AUC values and related statistical information of each index are shown in table 2 below:
TABLE 2
As can be seen from FIG. 7 and Table 2, the accuracy of the diagnosis of advanced stage by combining the four markers can reach 100%.
The above description is only an embodiment of the present invention, and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and all equivalent changes made by using the contents of the present specification and the drawings, or applied directly or indirectly to the related technical fields, are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease, characterized by: the biomarker includes at least one of trimethylamine oxide, choline, L-carnitine, or betaine.
2. The diagnostic biomarker for chronic kidney disease according to claim 1, characterized in that: the biomarkers include trimethylamine oxide, choline, l-carnitine, and betaine.
3. Use of a biomarker for chronic kidney disease diagnosis according to claim 1 or 2 in the preparation of a diagnostic reagent, kit or test device for chronic kidney disease.
4. Use according to claim 3, characterized in that: the kit includes a standard and an internal standard of biomarkers.
5. Use according to claim 3, characterized in that: the kit also comprises a blank plasma control reagent and a detection reagent; preferably, the detection reagent comprises a protein precipitation solution, a dilution buffer and a loading buffer.
6. A method for detecting a biomarker for diagnosing chronic kidney disease according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
taking a body fluid sample of a to-be-detected object, and quantitatively detecting the concentration of the biomarker in the body fluid sample.
7. The detection method according to claim 6, characterized in that: the body fluid sample is at least one of plasma, urine or interstitial fluid.
8. The detection method according to claim 6, characterized in that: the detection method further comprises a step of determining whether or not a detection result of the quantification of the biomarker belongs to a normal level of the biomarker; preferably, trimethylamine oxide, choline, l-carnitine and betaine are included in the biomarkers, and then the normal levels of the markers include: the concentration of the trimethylamine oxide is lower than 400ng/ml, the concentration of the choline is lower than 1100ng/ml, the concentration of the L-carnitine is lower than 9000ng/ml, and the concentration of the betaine is lower than 7000 ng/ml.
9. The detection method according to claim 6, characterized in that: and (3) quantitatively detecting the concentration of the biomarker by using a liquid chromatogram and mass spectrometer.
10. The detection method according to claim 9, characterized in that: in the detection process of the liquid chromatogram and mass spectrometer, the chromatographic conditions are as follows:
mobile phase: the phase A is acetonitrile, the phase B is ammonium formate solution with pH of 3.0 and concentration of 10mmo/L, wherein the phase A and the phase B are subjected to isocratic elution according to the volume ratio of 70% to 30%; flow rate: 0.4 mL/min; sample introduction amount: 5 mu L of the solution; column temperature: 30 ℃;
the mass spectrum conditions are as follows:
an ion source: an electrospray ion source; temperature of the drying gas: 300 ℃; atomizing: n is a radical of2(ii) a Flow rate of atomizing gas: 8L/min; scanning mode: multiple reaction monitoring mode.
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