CN112267865A - Fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforation horizontal well hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method - Google Patents
Fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforation horizontal well hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN112267865A CN112267865A CN202011119000.5A CN202011119000A CN112267865A CN 112267865 A CN112267865 A CN 112267865A CN 202011119000 A CN202011119000 A CN 202011119000A CN 112267865 A CN112267865 A CN 112267865A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/11—Perforators; Permeators
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/30—Specific pattern of wells, e.g. optimizing the spacing of wells
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
- G01N3/10—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces generated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure
- G01N3/12—Pressure testing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/003—Generation of the force
- G01N2203/0042—Pneumatic or hydraulic means
- G01N2203/0048—Hydraulic means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/025—Geometry of the test
- G01N2203/0256—Triaxial, i.e. the forces being applied along three normal axes of the specimen
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/026—Specifications of the specimen
- G01N2203/0298—Manufacturing or preparing specimens
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of unconventional oil and gas resource development, and discloses a fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforation horizontal well hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method, which comprises the following steps: s1, manufacturing a simulated shaft, wherein the simulated shaft is provided with a plurality of perforation hole groups, each group corresponds to one liquid injection pipe and comprises a plurality of perforation holes, and perforation hole channels are manufactured and inserted into the perforation holes; s2, placing the shaft in a mold, and pouring to obtain an artificial core test piece; s3, placing the film into a loading chamber; s4, connecting the liquid injection pump to a liquid injection pipe; s5, loading the crustal stress in the X, Y and Z directions of the test piece, injecting the fracturing fluid into the simulated shaft, synchronously acquiring data, and removing the crustal stress of the test piece; s6, connecting the liquid injection pump to the next liquid injection pipe, then repeating the step S5 until all the liquid injection pipes are injected with liquid, and then carrying out the step S7; and S7, sectioning the test piece, and observing a fluid migration channel inside the test piece to obtain a hydraulic fracture expansion rule.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of unconventional oil and gas resource development, in particular to a fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforation horizontal well hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method.
Background
Conventional oil and gas resources are gradually exhausted, and the exploitation amount cannot meet the requirement of the current society on energy. Due to abundant reserves, the development and utilization of unconventional oil gas are more and more concerned and valued by countries in the world, however, unconventional oil gas reservoirs are compact, strong in heterogeneity, large in buried depth and poor in high stress in partial regions, and the conventional hydraulic fracturing technology cannot meet the requirements of efficient and stable development of unconventional oil gas resources at present.
The directional perforation technology can control the trend of the crack, promote the formation of a complex crack network, realize volume fracturing and the like, so that the directional perforation technology plays an important role in the exploitation of low-permeability reservoir resources. Long-term field practice shows that a single fracturing method for pursuing the length of a fracture can not meet the requirements of unconventional oil and gas resource exploitation, and the formation of a complex fracture network of a fractured reservoir is facilitated by reasonably controlling the directional perforation parameters.
A great deal of research on the influence analysis of the directional perforation parameters on the fracture propagation rule is already carried out by the predecessors, and the research shows that: the directional perforation azimuth angle, the horizontal stress difference, the perforation phase angle and the like have important influence on the propagation form of the hydraulic fracture. The perforation with the smaller perforation azimuth angle has lower fracture initiation pressure and higher expansion pressure, long and wide fractures are easily formed after the fractures are fractured, the fracture pressure gradually rises along with the increase of the perforation azimuth angle, the steering distance also increases, and therefore an optimal perforation azimuth angle range exists. If the perforation phase angle is too small, fracture interference is easily caused, and fractures with small perforation azimuth angles are preferentially expanded and have a strong inhibiting effect on later-expanded fractures. The stress difference between the horizontal maximum principal stress and the horizontal minimum principal stress has great influence on the steering distance of the crack, when the stratum is in the high horizontal principal stress difference, the crack mainly expands along the direction of the maximum principal stress, the crack form is often single, and a complex crack network is difficult to form. The directional perforation parameters are optimized, and then a new perforation simulation device is designed, so that the reservoir stratum can be fractured to form an effective complex seam network, and the purpose of improving the recovery ratio of the low-permeability compact reservoir stratum is met.
The invention patent (CN103967471B) discloses a fracturing process for realizing single-layer and multi-slit by means of a stereo staggered directional perforation technology. The process fully considers the influence of a perforation azimuth angle on hydraulic fracture expansion, however, parallel simulation devices are adopted for the perforations in each section of the process, namely the phase angle between the perforations is zero, so that the problem of serious stress interference between adjacent perforations inevitably occurs, and the problem of communication between adjacent fractures of the well section is caused.
The invention patent (CN106593384B) mainly provides a hydraulic fracture simulation method for spiral perforated horizontal well, which provides different perforation parameter combinations for spiral perforation, however, does not consider the perforation azimuth effect.
Therefore, a fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforation horizontal well hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method needs to be designed to solve the technical problems.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforation horizontal well hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method, which can obtain hydraulic fracturing, and the obtained hydraulic fracturing has feedback reference significance on the design of a perforation hole group of a simulated shaft.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the method for simulating the hydraulic fracturing of the horizontal well with the fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforation comprises the following steps:
s1, manufacturing a simulated shaft, wherein the simulated shaft is provided with a plurality of perforation hole groups, each perforation hole group corresponds to one liquid injection pipe, each perforation hole group comprises a plurality of perforation holes, paper is used for manufacturing perforation tunnels, and the perforation tunnels are inserted into the perforation holes;
s2, placing the simulated shaft in a mold, pouring a mixture of cement and quartz sand into the mold, and removing the mold after drying to obtain an artificial core test piece;
s3, placing the test piece and the simulation shaft into a loading chamber of a true triaxial physical simulation testing machine;
s4, connecting the liquid injection pump to a liquid injection pipe of the simulated well bore;
s5, loading the crustal stress in three directions of X, Y and Z of the test piece, injecting the fracturing fluid into the simulated shaft, synchronously acquiring data, and removing the crustal stress of the test piece;
s6, connecting the liquid injection pump to the next liquid injection pipe of the simulated shaft, then repeating the step S5 until all the liquid injection pipes are injected with liquid, and then carrying out the step S7;
and S7, sectioning the fractured test piece, observing a fluid migration channel in the test piece, and obtaining a hydraulic fracture expansion rule.
As a preferred technical scheme of the hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method for the fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforation horizontal well, in the step S5, the step of loading the ground stress on the test piece comprises the following steps:
s51, loading ground stress in the Z direction;
s52, loading the ground stress in the Y direction;
s53, stress loaded in the X direction.
As a preferred technical scheme of the method for simulating the hydraulic fracturing of the horizontal well with the fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforations, in the step S5, the step of removing the ground stress on the test piece comprises the following steps:
s54, removing the ground stress of the test piece in the X direction;
s55, removing the ground stress of the test piece in the Y direction;
and S56, relieving the ground stress of the test piece in the Z direction.
As a preferred technical scheme of the hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method of the fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforation horizontal well, the method further comprises the following steps before the step S7:
and S61, disassembling the test piece, and observing and recording all loading surfaces of the test piece.
As a preferred technical solution of the method for simulating hydraulic fracturing of the horizontal well with the fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforations, in step S5, when the pressure of the fracturing fluid injected into the simulated wellbore drops suddenly and is maintained at a substantially constant pressure value or when the fluid leaks from the loading chamber of the true triaxial physical simulation testing machine, the injection of the fracturing fluid into the simulated wellbore is stopped.
As a preferred technical scheme of the hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method of the horizontal well with the fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforations, the included angle of two adjacent perforations on one side in the cross section of the simulated shaft is 30-45 degrees.
As a preferable technical scheme of the hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method of the horizontal well with the fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforations, the perforation holes comprise first perforation holes and second perforation holes, wherein the angle of the second perforation holes can be adjusted in the section of the simulated shaft, and the angle adjusting range is 0-15 degrees.
As a preferred technical scheme of the hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method of the horizontal well with the controllable staggered directional perforation in the fixed area, the interval distance between two adjacent perforation holes in the axial direction of the simulated shaft is 10 mm; the distance between two adjacent perforation groups is 30mm-50 mm.
As a preferred technical scheme of the hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method of the fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforation horizontal well, different lengths of the liquid injection pipes extending into the simulated shaft are different.
As a preferred technical scheme of the hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method of the horizontal well with the controllable staggered directional perforation in the fixed area, the simulation shaft comprises a shaft head and a shaft body which are connected with each other, and the perforation holes are arranged on the shaft body;
the outer diameter of the well barrel head is 20mm, the inner diameter of the well barrel head is 18mm, and the height of the well barrel head is 30 mm; the external diameter of the well bore is 14mm, the internal diameter is 12.8mm, and the length is 230 mm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
hydraulic fracturing can be obtained through the steps, and the obtained hydraulic fracturing has a feedback reference meaning on the design of the perforation hole group of the simulated shaft; moreover, a plurality of perforation hole groups are perforated respectively, so that the test piece can be fractured in stages, the reservoir stratum is effectively fractured, and the fracturing condition in actual construction is well simulated.
Moreover, the included angle of two adjacent perforation holes on one side in the cross section of the simulated shaft is 30-45 degrees, namely the phase angle is 30-45 degrees; the angle between the perforation direction of two adjacent perforation holes and the maximum principal stress direction is 30-45 degrees, and relative to the oriented perforation and the spiral perforation, the hydraulic fracture has certain extension length, and the fracture can deflect in the expansion process, so that the complex fracture is formed. The phase angle of two adjacent perforation holes is 30-45 degrees, stress interference in the hydraulic fracture expansion process is reduced, and the problem of near-wellbore fracture communication can be effectively avoided.
The angle adjusting range of the second perforation hole is 0-15 degrees, the parameter setting of the perforation azimuth angle and the phase angle between different perforation sections of the same rock test piece can be realized, and the actual condition of the stratum can be simulated in a more targeted manner.
By controlling the parameter combination of the perforation hole groups, the problem of stress interference among the expansion of each perforation crack is reduced, and the perforation crack can be extended to a sufficiently long distance while deflection is ensured in the crack expansion process.
The perforation direction of the perforation hole group is determined, namely the perforation range is determined, and the actual condition of the stratum can be fractured in a more targeted manner.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a simulated wellbore configuration provided by the present invention.
In the figure: 1. a wellbore head; 2. well bore; 21. a first perforation hole; 22. a second perforation hole; 3. and a liquid injection pipe.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. The components of embodiments of the present invention generally described and illustrated in the figures herein may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations.
Thus, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention, presented in the figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that: like reference numbers and letters refer to like items in the following figures, and thus, once an item is defined in one figure, it need not be further defined and explained in subsequent figures.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings or orientations or positional relationships that are conventionally placed when the products of the present invention are used, and are used only for convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, but do not indicate or imply that the devices or elements to be referred to must have specific orientations, be constructed in specific orientations, and operate, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," "third," and the like are used solely to distinguish one from another and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance. In the description of the present invention, "a plurality" means two or more unless otherwise specified.
In the description of the present invention, it should also be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified or limited, the terms "disposed" and "connected" are to be interpreted broadly, e.g., as being either fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected; either mechanically or electrically. The specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood in specific cases to those skilled in the art.
In the present invention, unless otherwise expressly stated or limited, "above" or "below" a first feature means that the first and second features are in direct contact, or that the first and second features are not in direct contact but are in contact with each other via another feature therebetween. Also, the first feature being "on," "above" and "over" the second feature includes the first feature being directly on and obliquely above the second feature, or merely indicating that the first feature is at a higher level than the second feature. A first feature being "under," "below," and "beneath" a second feature includes the first feature being directly under and obliquely below the second feature, or simply meaning that the first feature is at a lesser elevation than the second feature.
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are illustrative only for the purpose of explaining the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
Example one
As shown in fig. 1, the embodiment discloses a simulated wellbore, which includes a wellbore head 1 and a wellbore 2 that are connected to each other, and the wellbore 2 is provided with a plurality of perforation groups along an axial direction thereof, wherein the perforation groups are distributed in a middle position of the simulated wellbore, so as to ensure that a portion of the wellbore 2 provided with the perforation is located at a center position of an artificial core.
The simulated shaft also comprises a plurality of liquid injection pipes 3, and the liquid injection pipes 3 are partially inserted into the well body 2 from outside to inside. Each perforation hole group corresponds to one liquid injection pipe 3, and each liquid injection pipe 3 injects liquid into the corresponding perforation hole group.
The outer diameter of the well barrel head 1 is 20mm, the inner diameter is 18mm, and the height is 30 mm; the wellbore 2 has an outer diameter of 14mm, an inner diameter of 12.8mm and a length of 230 mm.
The perforation hole group comprises a plurality of perforation holes, and the interval distance between two adjacent perforation holes in the axial direction of the simulated shaft is 10 mm; the spacing between adjacent perforation groups is 30mm-50 mm. The number of the perforation holes on one side of each perforation hole group is 7-9, the number of the perforation holes on one side of the well body 2 is 14-18, and the one side refers to a half cambered surface of the well body 2. Each perforation group comprises 14-18 perforations, i.e. the number of perforations in the wellbore 2 is 28-36.
The included angle of two adjacent perforation holes on one side in the perforation hole group in the section of the simulated shaft is 30-45 degrees; the perforation holes comprise a first perforation hole 21 and a second perforation hole 22, wherein the angle of the second perforation hole 22 can be adjusted in the section of the simulated wellbore, the angle adjustment range is 0-15 degrees, the first perforation hole 21 is a directional perforation hole, and the perforation angle is not adjustable. One of two adjacent perforation holes in the axial direction of the well body 2 is a first perforation hole 21, and the other one is a second perforation hole 22; both sides of the well body 2 are provided with perforation holes, and the first perforation hole 21 or the second perforation hole 22 are arranged at the same axial position. Wherein the outer diameter of the liquid injection pipe 3 in the first perforation hole 21 is 3mm, the inner diameter is 2mm, and the length is 120 mm; the liquid injection pipe 3 in the second perforation 22 has an outer diameter of 3mm, an inner diameter of 2mm and a length of 180 mm.
Two adjacent perforation hole groups are isolated by fixed steel blocks, and the top of the well body 2 is also provided with the fixed steel blocks. The liquid injection pipe 3 is arranged through the fixed steel block. Wherein the fixed steel block has the size of 12.8mm of outer diameter and 4mm of length; the fixed steel block is provided with a through hole, the inner diameter of the through hole is 3mm, and the through hole is matched with the liquid injection pipe 3. The fixed steel block plays a role in plugging, and when fracturing fluid is injected, the fracturing fluid cannot seep out of the simulated shaft. The fixed steel block can divide the shaft into a plurality of sections, so that the staged fracturing of the test piece can be realized.
Example two
The embodiment discloses a fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforation horizontal well hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method, which comprises the following steps:
s1, manufacturing a simulated shaft, wherein the simulated shaft is provided with a plurality of perforation hole groups, each perforation hole group corresponds to one liquid injection pipe 3, each perforation hole group comprises a plurality of perforation holes, paper is used for manufacturing perforation holes, and the perforation holes are inserted into the perforation holes;
s2, placing the simulated shaft in a mold, pouring a mixture of cement and quartz sand into the mold, and removing the mold after drying to obtain an artificial core test piece;
s3, placing the test piece and the simulation shaft into a loading chamber of a true triaxial physical simulation testing machine;
s4, connecting the liquid injection pump to a liquid injection pipe 3 of the simulated well bore;
s5, loading the crustal stress in the X, Y and Z directions of the test piece, injecting the fracturing fluid into the simulated shaft, synchronously acquiring data, and removing the crustal stress of the test piece;
s6, connecting the liquid injection pump to the next liquid injection pipe 3 of the simulated shaft, then repeating the step S5 until all the liquid injection pipes 3 are injected with liquid, and then carrying out the step S7;
and S7, sectioning the fractured test piece, observing a fluid migration channel in the test piece, and obtaining a hydraulic fracture expansion rule.
Hydraulic fracturing can be obtained through the steps, and the obtained hydraulic fracturing has a feedback reference meaning on the design of the perforation hole group of the simulated shaft; moreover, a plurality of perforation hole groups are perforated respectively, so that the test piece can be fractured in stages, the reservoir stratum is effectively fractured, and the fracturing condition in actual construction is well simulated.
EXAMPLE III
The embodiment discloses a fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforation horizontal well hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method, which comprises the following steps:
s1, manufacturing a simulated shaft, wherein the simulated shaft is provided with a plurality of perforation hole groups along the axial direction, each perforation hole group corresponds to one liquid injection pipe 3, each perforation hole group comprises a plurality of perforation holes, paper is used for manufacturing perforation holes, and the perforation holes are inserted into the perforation holes; wherein the simulated wellbore adopts the simulated wellbore in the first embodiment. The length of the perforation hole channel is 20mm-40mm, and the perforation hole channel is inserted into the second perforation hole 22 and used for adjusting and controlling the angle of fracturing fluid ejected from the second perforation hole 22. The perforation tunnels were made using a4 paper.
S11, manufacturing a test piece mold, wherein the size of the mold is selected to be 30cm multiplied by 30 cm. And a round hole with the same size as the well barrel head 1 is formed in the center of the bottom of the mold.
And S2, placing the simulated shaft in the mould, specifically, placing the shaft head 1 of the simulated shaft downwards into the mould in alignment with the round hole. Pouring a mixture of cement and quartz sand into a mold, and removing the mold after drying to obtain an artificial core test piece; specifically, cement and quartz sand are mixed according to the volume ratio of 1: 1, adding water, uniformly stirring to form a mixture, pouring the cement slurry mixture into a mold, standing for 20 days in a ventilated and dry place, and detaching the mold after a test piece is dried and formed to obtain an artificial core test piece.
S3, placing the test piece and the simulation shaft into a loading chamber of a true triaxial physical simulation testing machine; and opening a power supply of the true triaxial hydraulic fracturing test device, properly adjusting the position of a loading chamber of the test device, putting the prepared test piece into the loading chamber, and inserting the polytetrafluoroethylene sheet coated with vaseline between the confining pressure loading plate and the test piece in order to prevent the increase of the shear stress between the test piece and the pressure plate.
S4, connecting the liquid injection pump to a liquid injection pipe 3 of the simulated well bore; among them, the liquid injection pump is preferably a hydraulic servo pump.
S5, loading the crustal stress in the X, Y and Z directions of the test piece, injecting the fracturing fluid into the simulated shaft, synchronously acquiring data, and removing the crustal stress of the test piece; specifically, when the pressure of the fracturing fluid injected into the simulated shaft drops suddenly and is maintained at a constant pressure value or the loading chamber of the true triaxial physical simulation testing machine leaks, the injection of the fracturing fluid into the simulated shaft is stopped. More specifically, a hydraulic servo pump pressure control system is started, fracturing fluid is injected into the simulated shaft, and a computer synchronously acquires data in real time. And (3) observing the hydraulic fracturing curve in real time, and closing the hydraulic servo pump when the pumping pressure curve is observed to drop suddenly and is basically maintained at a constant pressure value or when the true triaxial hydraulic fracturing testing machine has a liquid leakage condition.
S6, connecting the liquid injection pump to the next liquid injection pipe 3 of the simulated shaft, then repeating the step S5 until all the liquid injection pipes 3 are injected with liquid, and then carrying out the step S7;
and S7, sectioning the fractured test piece, observing a fluid migration channel in the test piece, and obtaining a hydraulic fracture expansion rule. Specifically, a fracturing sample is sectioned, the fracture form of the fractured rock test piece is determined according to the position of the tracer, and the hydraulic fracture expansion rule is mastered. Wherein, the fracturing fluid is internally mixed with a tracer, which is convenient for observing the form of the delayed fracture.
In step S5, the step of applying the ground stress to the test piece includes the steps of:
s51, loading ground stress in the Z direction;
s52, loading the ground stress in the Y direction;
s53, stress loaded in the X direction.
Specifically, setting triaxial stress parameter values, according to the requirements of a test device, firstly carrying out vertical stress loading in the Z direction, pressing a forward button in the Z direction, controlling an indicator lamp of a confining pressure loading system in the Z direction to start flashing, slowly advancing a loading plate in the Z direction, when the indicator lamp stops flashing, pressing the forward button to carry out loading of the maximum horizontal main stress in the Y direction, pressing a forward button in the Y direction, controlling an indicator lamp of a confining pressure loading system in the Y direction to start flashing, slowly advancing the loading plate in the Y direction, when the indicator lamp stops flashing, pressing the forward button, starting loading of the minimum horizontal main stress in the X direction, pressing a forward button in the X direction, controlling an indicator lamp of a confining pressure loading system in the X direction to start flashing, slowly advancing the loading plate in the X direction, when the indicator lamp stops flashing, pressing the forward button, and when the pressure meets a test scheme, the pressure was maintained for 30 minutes and the three-way stress loading was complete.
In step S5, the relieving of the ground stress on the test piece includes the steps of:
s54, removing the ground stress of the test piece in the X direction;
s55, removing the ground stress of the test piece in the Y direction;
and S56, relieving the ground stress of the test piece in the Z direction.
Specifically, according to the requirements of test equipment, the loading in the X direction is firstly withdrawn, then the loading in the Y direction and the loading in the Z direction are withdrawn, the true triaxial physical simulation testing machine stably unloads to 0, and the test is finished.
Preferably, the following steps are further included before step S7: and S61, disassembling the test piece, and observing and recording all loading surfaces of the test piece.
Hydraulic fracturing can be obtained through the steps, and the obtained hydraulic fracturing has a feedback reference meaning on the design of the perforation hole group of the simulated shaft; moreover, a plurality of perforation hole groups are perforated respectively, so that the test piece can be fractured in stages, the reservoir stratum is effectively pressed open, and the fracturing condition in actual construction is well simulated.
Moreover, the included angle of two adjacent perforation holes on one side in the section of the simulated shaft is 30-45 degrees, namely the phase angle is 30-45 degrees; the angle between the perforation direction of two adjacent perforation holes and the maximum principal stress direction is 30-45 degrees, and relative to the oriented perforation and the spiral perforation, the hydraulic fracture has certain extension length, and the fracture can deflect in the expansion process, so that the complex fracture is formed. The phase angle of two adjacent perforation holes is 30-45 degrees, stress interference in the hydraulic fracture expansion process is reduced, and the problem of near-wellbore fracture communication can be effectively avoided.
The angle adjusting range of the second perforation hole 22 is 0-15 degrees, the parameter setting of the perforation azimuth angle and the perforation phase angle between different perforation sections of the same rock test piece can be realized, and the stratum actual condition can be simulated in a more targeted manner.
By controlling the parameter combination of the perforation hole groups, the problem of stress interference among the expansion of each perforation crack is reduced, and the perforation crack can be extended to a sufficiently long distance while deflection is ensured in the crack expansion process.
The perforation direction of the perforation hole group is determined, namely the perforation range is determined, and the actual condition of the stratum can be fractured in a more targeted manner.
It should be understood that the above-described embodiments of the present invention are merely examples for clearly illustrating the present invention, and are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present invention. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. And are neither required nor exhaustive of all embodiments. Any modification, equivalent replacement, and improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforation horizontal well hydraulic fracturing physical simulation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, manufacturing a simulated shaft, wherein the simulated shaft is provided with a plurality of perforation hole groups along the axial direction, each perforation hole group corresponds to one liquid injection pipe (3), each perforation hole group comprises a plurality of perforation holes, paper is used for manufacturing perforation tunnels, and the perforation tunnels are inserted into the perforation holes;
s2, placing the simulated shaft in a mold, pouring a mixture of cement and quartz sand into the mold, and removing the mold after drying to obtain an artificial core test piece;
s3, placing the test piece and the simulation shaft into a loading chamber of a true triaxial physical simulation testing machine;
s4, connecting the liquid injection pump to a liquid injection pipe (3) of the simulated well bore;
s5, loading the crustal stress in three directions of X, Y and Z of the test piece, injecting the fracturing fluid into the simulated shaft, synchronously acquiring data, and removing the crustal stress of the test piece;
s6, connecting the injection pump to the next injection pipe (3) of the simulated shaft, then repeating the step S5 until all the injection pipes (3) are injected, and then carrying out the step S7;
and S7, sectioning the fractured test piece, observing a fluid migration channel in the test piece, and obtaining a hydraulic fracture expansion rule.
2. The method for physically simulating hydraulic fracturing of a horizontal well with fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforations according to claim 1, wherein in the step S5, the step of loading the test piece with the ground stress comprises the following steps:
s51, loading ground stress in the Z direction;
s52, loading the ground stress in the Y direction;
s53, stress loaded in the X direction.
3. The method for physically simulating hydraulic fracturing of a horizontal well with fixed-area controllable staggered and oriented perforations according to claim 2, wherein the step S5 of removing the ground stress on the test piece comprises the following steps:
s54, removing the ground stress of the test piece in the X direction;
s55, removing the ground stress of the test piece in the Y direction;
and S56, relieving the ground stress of the test piece in the Z direction.
4. The method for physically simulating hydraulic fracturing of a horizontal well with zonal controllable staggered and oriented perforations according to claim 1, further comprising the following steps before step S7:
and S61, disassembling the test piece, and observing and recording all loading surfaces of the test piece.
5. The method for performing physical hydraulic fracturing on a horizontal well with staggered directional perforations and controllable areas according to claim 1, wherein in step S5, when the pressure of the fracturing fluid injected into the simulated wellbore drops suddenly and is maintained at a constant pressure value or when the pressure of the fracturing fluid leaks from a loading chamber of a true triaxial physical simulation testing machine, the injection of the fracturing fluid into the simulated wellbore is stopped.
6. The method for physically simulating hydraulic fracturing of a horizontal well with staggered directional perforations and controllable fixed areas according to claim 1, wherein the included angle of two adjacent perforations on one side in the cross section of the simulated wellbore is 30-45 degrees.
7. The method for physical simulation of hydraulic fracturing of a horizontal well with staggered directional perforations and controllable fixed areas according to claim 1, wherein the perforations comprise a first perforation (21) and a second perforation (22), wherein the angle of the second perforation (22) is adjustable in the cross section of the simulated wellbore, and the angle adjustment range is 0-15 degrees.
8. The method for physically simulating hydraulic fracturing of a horizontal well with fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforations according to claim 1, wherein the interval distance between two adjacent perforation holes in the axial direction of the simulated wellbore is 10 mm; the distance between two adjacent perforation groups is 30mm-50 mm.
9. The method for physically simulating hydraulic fracturing of the horizontal well with the fixed-area controllable staggered directional perforations according to claim 1, wherein the lengths of the liquid injection pipes (3) extending into the simulated wellbore are different.
10. The method for physically simulating hydraulic fracturing of a horizontal well with fixed area, controllable staggered and oriented perforations according to claim 1, is characterized in that the simulated wellbore comprises a wellbore head (1) and a wellbore (2) which are connected with each other, and the perforation holes are arranged on the wellbore (2);
the outer diameter of the well barrel head (1) is 20mm, the inner diameter is 18mm, and the height is 30 mm; the well bore (2) has an outer diameter of 14mm, an inner diameter of 12.8mm and a length of 230 mm.
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