CN112244780A - Bone density measuring device and method based on photoacoustic signals - Google Patents

Bone density measuring device and method based on photoacoustic signals Download PDF

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CN112244780A
CN112244780A CN202011151377.9A CN202011151377A CN112244780A CN 112244780 A CN112244780 A CN 112244780A CN 202011151377 A CN202011151377 A CN 202011151377A CN 112244780 A CN112244780 A CN 112244780A
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bone
ultrasonic
bone density
laser
measurement
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刘成成
他得安
李颖
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Fudan University
Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Research Institute
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Fudan University
Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Research Institute
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/45—For evaluating or diagnosing the musculoskeletal system or teeth
    • A61B5/4504—Bones
    • A61B5/4509—Bone density determination
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0093—Detecting, measuring or recording by applying one single type of energy and measuring its conversion into another type of energy
    • A61B5/0095—Detecting, measuring or recording by applying one single type of energy and measuring its conversion into another type of energy by applying light and detecting acoustic waves, i.e. photoacoustic measurements

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of bone density detection, and particularly relates to a bone density measuring device and method based on photoacoustic signals. The device comprises a computer, a laser, a transmitting control circuit, a translation controller, an ultrasonic transducer, a signal amplifier and an analog-to-digital converter; the computer controls the laser to emit pulse laser through the emission control circuit and the translation controller and moves in the horizontal direction, so that the pulse laser irradiates the bone tissue to be measured, the ultrasonic transducer receives ultrasonic signals generated by the photoacoustic effect, and the ultrasonic signals are stored in the computer through the signal amplifier and the analog-to-digital converter and are used for analyzing and calculating bone density information. The invention obtains the bone density information between two measuring areas by comparing and analyzing the photoacoustic signals of different positions of the bone tissue. The invention has the advantages of no wound, no radiation, no interference by skin soft tissue and the like, and can provide the detailed information of the bone density at different positions.

Description

Bone density measuring device and method based on photoacoustic signals
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of bone density detection, and particularly relates to a bone density measuring device and method based on photoacoustic signals.
Background
Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic disease of the skeleton, mainly manifested by loss of bone mass and deterioration of microstructure, leading to increased risk of fracture. More than 2 hundred million people are troubled by osteoporosis in the world, and the osteoporosis is more and more valued due to the aging aggravation of the modern society. Osteoporosis seriously affects the quality of life of the public, and osteoporotic fracture imposes a great economic burden on society. Therefore, the early diagnosis and timely treatment of osteoporosis are of great significance.
Currently, bone density evaluation is mainly based on X-ray bone density absorption measurement techniques, such as X-ray film, single and double photon absorption, quantitative CT, and dual energy X-ray (DXA) methods. X-ray bone mineral density absorption measurement devices are bulky, have radioactive damage, provide only Bone Mineral Density (BMD), and do not comprehensively reflect bone mineral density information. The ultrasonic bone densitometer is equipment for evaluating bone density based on a quantitative ultrasonic technology (QUS), mainly adopts an ultrasonic transmission method, an ultrasonic backscattering method, an ultrasonic axial transmission method and the like, and indirectly reflects bone density information by analyzing characteristics of ultrasonic propagation, attenuation, scattering and the like in bone tissues. The ultrasonic bone densitometer has the advantages of safety, no damage, no ionizing radiation, portability and the like, and is mainly used for measuring calcaneus, shinbones, phalanges and the like. Patent 1 ultrasonic bone density measurement and analysis system (CN101401732A) is based on ultrasonic transmission method, and is used for measuring thickness of calcaneus, ultrasonic propagation speed and broadband ultrasonic attenuation of a measured person, and calculating bone intensity index and bone density; patent 2 "a bone density analyzer and its control circuit" (CN111265249A) adopts an ultrasonic axial transmission method to measure the ultrasonic sound velocity of bone tissue, and obtains the bone density of the bone to be detected; in patent 3, the ultrasonic probe for quantitatively measuring the bone mineral density (CN1969762A) measures the propagation speed of ultrasonic transverse waves in bones through a measuring probe and two positioning probes to reflect bone mineral density information; patent 4 "method and apparatus for bone noninvasive evaluation" (CN1596084A) adopts ultrasonic guided wave method to measure information such as cortical thickness, bone density and bone elastic constant, and evaluate bone condition; the patent 5 "a backscattering ultrasonic bone diagnosis system" (CN105796131A) adopts an ultrasonic backscattering method to analyze ultrasonic scattering characteristics to evaluate the bone condition. Patents 1-5 are bone density diagnostic devices and methods based on quantitative ultrasound technology, which can only provide the average bone density of bone tissue of an ultrasound conduction path, and the measurement is easily interfered by soft tissues such as skin.
The photoacoustic technology is an emerging safe ionizing radiation-free bone mineral density evaluation technology. The photoacoustic technology utilizes the thermal elastic expansion of biological tissues such as bones and the like under the irradiation of pulse laser to generate ultrasonic signals to reflect the bone condition. The photoacoustic technology is more sensitive to chemical components (such as ossein) of bone tissues, mainly analyzes the spectrum and energy of photoacoustic signals of the bone tissues and reflects the bone density condition. Patent 6 "a photoacoustic and ultrasonic dual-mode osteoporosis detection method and apparatus" (CN106037818A) proposes that the photoacoustic technology measures bone collagen and the ultrasonic technology measures bone density, so as to improve the evaluation capability of bone quality; patent 7 "a method for evaluating bone elastic modulus using photoacoustic time domain signal" (CN111110190A) evaluates bone elastic modulus information of cancellous bone according to a theoretical relationship between photoacoustic time domain signal and cancellous bone elastic modulus; U.S. Pat. No. 8 Detection, diagnosis and monitoring of osteoporotosis by a photo-acoustic method (US9833187B2) generates ultrasonic signals by photoacoustic technique, and analyzes the characteristics of the transmitted ultrasonic signals in long bones to reflect the status of bone density and bone quality. The photoacoustic technology described in the patents 6-8 is single-position measurement and analysis, and is easily influenced and interfered by the coupling of soft tissues such as photoacoustic signal conduction path bone tissue and skin, so that the problems of inaccurate bone density measurement and the like are caused.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a noninvasive and radiationless bone density measuring device and method based on photoacoustic signals, and aims to 1) realize the measurement of the bone density of any interested bone position and provide detailed information of the bone density; 2) the coupling influence interference of the photoacoustic signal conducting path skeleton and soft tissue is eliminated, and the accuracy of bone density measurement is improved.
The invention provides a bone density measuring device based on photoacoustic signals, which comprises a computer, a laser, an emission control circuit, a translation controller, an ultrasonic transducer, a signal amplifier and an analog-to-digital converter, wherein the laser is used for emitting light; wherein:
the laser is used for emitting pulse laser;
the emission control circuit is used for controlling the laser to emit pulse laser;
the translation controller is used for controlling the laser to translate in the horizontal direction, so that the pulse laser irradiates different positions of the bone tissue in the horizontal direction;
the ultrasonic transducer is used for receiving an ultrasonic signal generated by the photoacoustic effect; the ultrasonic transducer is positioned at the lateral horizontal position of the bone tissue to be measured, and the measuring direction of the ultrasonic transducer is consistent with the translation direction of the laser;
the computer controls the laser to emit pulse laser through the emission control circuit and the translation controller and moves in the horizontal direction, so that the pulse laser irradiates the bone tissue to be measured, the ultrasonic transducer receives ultrasonic signals generated by the photoacoustic effect, and the ultrasonic signals are stored in the computer through the signal amplifier and the analog-to-digital converter and are used for analyzing and calculating bone density information.
The invention provides a bone density measuring method based on photoacoustic signals, which firstly measures ultrasonic signals (marked as S) at a certain position A of bone tissues by the deviceA) Then, the pulse laser is moved horizontally by the translation controller, and the ultrasonic signal (marked as S) at the position B adjacent to the bone tissue is measuredB) And comparing and analyzing the ultrasonic signals of the two measurement positions to obtain the bone density information of the A-B measurement area.
In the above method, the normalized broadband ultrasound attenuation (nBUA) of the bone tissue in the a-B measurement region is calculated as follows:
Figure BDA0002741416810000021
wherein S isA(f) And SB(f) Ultrasonic signal amplitude spectra, d, for two measurement positions A and B, respectivelyABFor the distance of two measurement positions AB, [ f1，f2]Is the effective frequency range of the ultrasonic transducer.
In the method, the ultrasonic sound velocity (SOS) of the bone tissue in the A-B measurement region is calculated according to the following formula:
Figure BDA0002741416810000031
wherein d isABDistance between points AB, TAAnd TBThe arrival time of the ultrasonic signal at the two measurement positions A and B is respectively.
In the above method, the a-B measurement region bone density information (BD) can be evaluated by normalizing the linear combination parameters of the broadband ultrasound attenuation nBUA and the ultrasound sound velocity SOS, that is:
BD＝k1·nBUA+k2·SOS+k3
wherein BD is the bone density value k of the bone tissue1，k2，k3For undetermined coefficients, specific values can be obtained by multiple linear regression analysis (bone density as a dependent variable, nBUA and/or SOS as independent variables).
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following remarkable advantages:
(1) the bone density absorption and measurement method has no wound and ionizing radiation, and is safer than the traditional X-ray bone density absorption and measurement;
(2) the method provides detailed information of the bone density, and compared with the quantitative ultrasonic technology, the method can realize the measurement of the bone density of any interested bone position;
(3) compared with the photoacoustic technology of unit measurement, the method has the advantages that the coupling influence of the bone tissue and the soft tissue of an ultrasonic conduction path is eliminated by comparing the photoacoustic signals of the two adjacent positions, and the accuracy of bone density measurement is obviously improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing the structure of a bone density measuring apparatus based on photoacoustic signals according to the present invention.
Reference numbers in the figures: the device comprises a computer 1, a transmission control circuit 2, a translation controller 3, a laser 4, a bone tissue to be measured 5, an ultrasonic transducer 6, a signal amplifier 7 and an analog-to-digital converter 8.
Detailed Description
In order that the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood, the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in figure 1, the bone density measuring device based on the photoacoustic signal comprises a computer (1), an emission control circuit (2), a translation controller (3), a laser (4), bone tissue to be measured (5), an ultrasonic transducer (6), a signal amplifier (7) and an analog-to-digital converter (8).
The device requires that the translation controller (3) can control the laser (4) to translate in the horizontal direction, so that the pulse laser irradiates different positions of the bone tissue (5) in the horizontal direction.
The device requires that the ultrasonic transducer (6) is positioned at the lateral horizontal position of the bone tissue (5) to be measured, and the measuring direction of the ultrasonic transducer (6) is consistent with the translation direction of the laser (4).
The invention relates to a measuring method of a bone density measuring device based on photoacoustic signals, which comprises the following steps:
the computer (1) controls the laser (4) to emit pulse laser through the emission control circuit (2) and the translation controller (3), the laser has the wavelength of 800nm in the near infrared region, the pulse width of 5ns, the pulse repetition frequency of 20Hz, and the spot diameter of 2 mm. The pulse laser irradiates a measurement position A of a bone tissue (5) to be measured, the bone tissue absorbs the laser to generate thermoelastic expansion mechanical vibration (ultrasonic wave is mechanical vibration wave), and the ultrasonic wave is generated through a photoacoustic effect. An ultrasonic transducer (6) with the center frequency of 5MHz is adopted to receive ultrasonic signals, the ultrasonic signals are amplified by 20dB through a signal amplifier (7), an analog-to-digital converter (8) collects data and stores the data into a computer (1), and the ultrasonic signals at the position A are recorded as SA。
Then, the laser (4) is moved for a small distance in the horizontal direction through the translation controller (3), and the ultrasonic signal of the bone tissue at the position close to the position B is measured and recorded as SBAnd comparing and analyzing the ultrasonic signals of the two measurement positions to obtain the bone density information of the A-B measurement area.
Photoacoustic signal (S) of bone tissueAOr SB) Mainly depending on: the characteristics of emitted laser (spectrum, energy and the like), the bone properties (bone structure and components) of a laser irradiation region (position A or position B), ultrasonic propagation coupling effects such as reflection, scattering and absorption of bone tissues and soft tissues on an ultrasonic conduction path, the signal receiving characteristics of an ultrasonic transducer and the like.
Considering that A and B are two adjacent measurement points and the bone density in the micro area has continuity, i.e. assuming that the bone properties of A and B measurement positions are consistent and the characteristics of the transmitting laser and the receiving ultrasonic transducer are the same, A, B two measurement position signals S are A, BAAnd SBThe difference in (A) is mainly due to the difference in attenuation coupling effect on the ultrasonic conduction path (mainly due to the difference in distance between the coupling path, namely, the distance d between two points ABAB)。
From the above, the normalized broadband ultrasound attenuation (nBUA) of bone tissue in the a-B measurement region is:
Figure BDA0002741416810000041
wherein S isA(f) And SB(f) Ultrasonic signal amplitude spectra, d, for two measurement positions A and B, respectivelyABFor the distance of two measurement positions AB, [ f1，f2]Is the effective frequency range of the ultrasonic transducer.
From the above, the ultrasonic sound velocity (SOS) of the bone tissue in the a-B measurement region is:
Figure BDA0002741416810000042
wherein d isABDistance between points AB, TAAnd TBThe arrival time of the ultrasonic signal at the two measurement positions A and B is respectively.
Within a certain range, the normalized broadband ultrasonic attenuation nBUA and the ultrasonic sound velocity SOS both have positive correlation with the bone density: i.e., the greater the bone density, the greater both nBUA and SOS. Therefore, the bone density information of the measurement area can be reflected by nBUA and/or SOS parameter values.
The invention proposes that the nBUA and/or SOS combined parameters evaluate a-B measurement area bone density information (BD),
BD＝k1·nBUA+k2·SOS+k3
wherein BD is the measurement of bone density of bone tissue, k1，k2，k3For undetermined coefficients, the specific values can be obtained by multiple linear regression analysis (bone density is the dependent variable, nBUA and/or SOS is the independent variable), k1，k2The value cannot be 0, k at the same time3For a constant term, a value of 0 may be taken.
The invention discloses a bone density measuring device and method based on photoacoustic signals, which reflect bone density information of a measured bone region through comparison of photoacoustic signals of two adjacent measuring positions, not only realize the detailed measurement of the bone density of any interested bone position, but also eliminate the coupling influence of bone tissues and soft tissues of an ultrasonic conduction path, and remarkably improve the accuracy of the bone density measurement.
The above description is only an example of the present invention and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the present invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like made on the basis of the technical scope and technical solutions disclosed in the present invention should be included in the scope of the present invention.

Claims (3)

1. A bone density measuring device based on photoacoustic signals is characterized by comprising a computer, a laser, an emission control circuit, a translation controller, an ultrasonic transducer, a signal amplifier and an analog-to-digital converter; wherein:
the laser is used for emitting pulse laser;
the emission control circuit is used for controlling the laser to emit pulse laser;
the translation controller is used for controlling the laser to translate in the horizontal direction, so that the pulse laser irradiates different positions of the bone tissue in the horizontal direction;
the ultrasonic transducer is used for receiving an ultrasonic signal generated by the photoacoustic effect; the ultrasonic transducer is positioned at the lateral horizontal position of the bone tissue to be measured, and the measuring direction of the ultrasonic transducer is consistent with the translation direction of the laser;
the computer controls the laser to emit pulse laser through the emission control circuit and the translation controller and moves in the horizontal direction, so that the pulse laser irradiates the bone tissue to be measured, the ultrasonic transducer receives ultrasonic signals generated by the photoacoustic effect, and the ultrasonic signals are stored in the computer through the signal amplifier and the analog-to-digital converter and are used for analyzing and calculating bone density information.
2. A bone density measuring method based on the device of claim 1 is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
first, the ultrasonic signal at a certain position A of the bone tissue is measured, denoted SA；
Then, the pulse laser is moved horizontally by the translation controller to a position B adjacent to the position A, and the ultrasonic signal of the bone tissue at the position B is measured and recorded as SB；
And comparing and analyzing the ultrasonic signals of the two measurement positions to obtain the bone density information of the A-B measurement area.
3. The bone density measurement method according to claim 2, wherein the bone density information of the a-B measurement region is calculated as follows:
calculating normalized broadband ultrasound attenuation nBUA of bone tissue in the a-B measurement region:
Figure FDA0002741416800000011
wherein S isA(f) And SB(f) Ultrasonic signal amplitude spectra, d, for two measurement positions A and B, respectivelyABFor the distance of two measurement positions AB, [ f1，f2]Is the effective frequency range of the ultrasonic transducer;
calculating the ultrasonic sound velocity SOS of the bone tissue in the A-B measurement region:
Figure FDA0002741416800000012
wherein d isABDistance between points AB, TAAnd TBThe arrival time of the ultrasonic signals at the A and B measuring positions is respectively;
calculating A-B measurement region bone density information BD:
BD＝k1·nBUA+k2·SOS+k3
wherein k is1,k2,k3The BD is the bone density value of the measured bone tissue.
CN202011151377.9A 2020-10-25 2020-10-25 Bone density measuring device and method based on photoacoustic signals Pending CN112244780A (en)

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