CN112244033B - 一种用于松材线虫病防治的长效固体打孔颗粒剂及其应用 - Google Patents

一种用于松材线虫病防治的长效固体打孔颗粒剂及其应用 Download PDF

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CN112244033B
CN112244033B CN202011278978.6A CN202011278978A CN112244033B CN 112244033 B CN112244033 B CN 112244033B CN 202011278978 A CN202011278978 A CN 202011278978A CN 112244033 B CN112244033 B CN 112244033B
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吴学民
徐勇
郭鑫宇
商洪溢
于海英
张秋梅
蒋丽雅
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China Agricultural University
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种用于松材线虫病防治的新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂及其应用。所述长效固体打孔颗粒剂的质量百分比组成：杀线虫药剂0.5～10％；杀天牛药剂0.5～10％；植物生长调节剂0.1～5％；润湿剂0.5～5％；分散剂0.5～5％；渗透传导剂0.2～2％；余量的载体填料，载体填料为γ‑环糊精与有机膨润土的复配物。本发明选择固体颗粒剂进行松树树干打孔，使用γ‑环糊精作为载体填料，将药物包覆在γ‑环糊精分子孔洞中，起到缓释、长效的作用。本发明长效固体打孔颗粒剂打孔季节在松树树脂旺盛季节(5月‑6月)，颗粒剂填入后与树体流胶相结合，通过渗透传导剂将有效成分随着树胶传导至树体全身；本发明对松材线虫的杀灭、天牛幼虫的杀灭以及松树健康情况的恢复有着十分明显的效果。

Description

一种用于松材线虫病防治的长效固体打孔颗粒剂及其应用
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于松材线虫病防治的长效固体打孔颗粒剂及其应用，属于农药技术领域。
背景技术
2018年2月，全国森林面积达到31.2亿亩，森林覆盖率达到21.66％，森林蓄积量达到151.37亿立方米，包括东北大兴安岭、小兴安岭、西北林区以及南方林区等森林资源。但是在林业生产中存在的弊端也在日益凸显，根据最新统计，中国林业有害生物的种类达到6201种，最近两年年均发生面积突破1.8亿亩，致死树木4000多万株，间接经济损失856亿元。其中松材线虫病被称为松树“癌症”，属于国家重大生态灾害，是全球森林生态系统中最具危险性、毁灭性的病害，具有极强的扩散性和破坏性，对近9亿亩松林安全构成严重威胁，是十分严重的森林病害之一。
打孔注药技术于20世纪初形成，在美国、法国、罗马尼亚、韩国用乙酰甲胺磷、乐果、磷胺等药剂进行树干注药，防治球果花蝇、卷叶蛾、黑松蚧虫、瘿蚊,均取得了较好的防治效果。日本研制的第三代防治松材线虫注入剂已取得很大的进展，如获得成功，将促进松材线虫病的防治。我国自20世纪60年代开始，即有人利用“1059、3911”等内吸性杀虫剂，采取树干涂环和干基打孔防治林果害虫，但效果不稳定。山东省自20世纪60年代。时连同等人利用氟乙酰胺涂环、打孔防治日本松干蚧,其中打孔效果不甚理想；80年代开始，刘建新、李洪敬等人利用氧化乐果、久效磷等内吸农药，于树干基部打孔注药防治泡桐大袋蛾和杨树食叶害虫获得成功。
目前，对松材线虫病的防治十分依赖于对其媒介昆虫松墨天牛的间接防治，防治手段主要有化学防治、诱杀防治、生物防治和疫木除治，而对松材线虫病的直接防治目前只有打孔注药一种方式。因此打孔注药是现阶段直接杀死松材线虫的有效手段。然而对于松墨天牛的防治是阻止松材线虫的扩散，而对松材线虫的杀灭是阻止松材线虫的侵染，因此对于松材线虫的防治有着极其重要的意义。
打孔注药技术在松材线虫病防治中的应用目前有很多难点，如松树表皮厚，木质部致密，药液难以渗透；并且松科植物油脂分泌旺盛，有效成分能否进入树体内以及在树体内部的渗透和传导是否高效直接影响了对松材线虫病的防治效果。打孔药剂持效期短，多次打孔对树体造成损伤。
目前所使用的防治松材线虫病害打孔药剂均需要在冬季和初春进行施药，其目的是防止夏季松脂流动旺盛将药剂瓶堵塞，然而冬季和初春树内松脂流动缓慢也会导致药剂在树体内难以向上传导，造成了药剂的流失。因此，需要提供一种新型的防治松材线虫病害打孔药剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种用于松材线虫病防治的新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂，具有优良的渗透性能和传导性能，有机膨润土载药体系与松脂兼容性高，有效成分通过载体γ-环糊精的包覆能够缓慢释放并传导至松树全身，对松材线虫病有着持久的防治效果。
本发明将打孔药剂制成固体颗粒剂具有长效、环保、方便运输、制剂稳定的优点，并且兼具杀天牛幼虫和促进松树生长、增绿、恢复的效果。
本发明所提供的用于松材线虫病防治的长效固体打孔颗粒剂，其质量百分比组成如下：
Figure BDA0002780078060000021
余量的载体填料。
所述长效固体打孔颗粒剂的组成优选为：
Figure BDA0002780078060000022
余量的载体填料。
具体地，所述杀线虫药剂可为氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、氟吡菌酰胺或阿维菌素，优选氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐。
具体地，所述杀天牛药剂可为吡虫啉、噻虫啉、噻虫胺或噻虫嗪，优选噻虫啉。
具体地，所述植物生长调节剂的质量百分含量优选为0.1～2％；所述植物生长调节剂可为芸苔素内酯、萘乙酸钠或赤霉素，优选芸苔素内酯。
具体地，所述润湿剂可为十二烷基硫酸钠或Morwet EFW。
具体地，所述分散剂可为木质素磺酸钠、烷基萘磺酸盐甲醛缩聚物、羧酸盐高分子聚合物、EO-PO嵌段共聚物、Morwet D-425或Terspense-2500。
具体地，所述渗透传导剂的质量百分含量优选为1～2％；所述透传导剂可为油基改性聚醚类，具体可为脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(如渗透剂JFC)或硅氧烷聚氧乙烯醚(如silwet-625)；
所述载体填料可为γ-环糊精与有机膨润土的复配物，其中，所述γ-环糊精用于包覆有效成分，相比对于α-环糊精和β-环糊精，其载药量最大，使有效成分能够缓慢的释放，增加药剂的持效期；所述有机膨润土经过亲酯基团改性可以有效地亲和松脂，防止被松树流胶堵塞，增加药剂在松树体内的渗透和传导的能力；
所述复合物中，所述γ-环糊精的质量百分含量可为50％～80％，具体可为50～70％、50～65％、50％、60％、65％或70％。
利用所述长效固体打孔颗粒剂防治松材线虫，可按照下述步骤进行：
5～6月份，在距离松树基部40～80cm(如50cm)斜向下钻孔；然后将所述长效固体打孔颗粒剂加入钻孔中，压实后封闭钻孔开口，如可塞入橡皮塞；
具体地，可采用支罗钻进行钻孔；
斜向下40～50°进行钻孔，优选45°；
钻取深度为5～10cm的孔，优选8cm；
将一锥形槽插入钻孔中，然后将所述长效固体打孔颗粒剂加入所述锥形槽中；
所述长效固体打孔颗粒剂的施药量可为5g/20～30cm胸径。
本发明选择固体颗粒剂进行松树树干打孔，使用γ-环糊精作为载体填料，将药物包覆在γ-环糊精分子孔洞中，起到缓释、长效的作用。本发明新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂打孔季节在松树树脂旺盛季节(5月-6月)，颗粒剂填入后与树体流胶相结合，通过渗透传导剂将有效成分随着树胶传导至树体全身。本发明含有杀线虫剂、杀天牛剂以及植物生长调节剂三种有效成分，对松材线虫的杀灭、天牛幼虫的杀灭以及松树健康情况的恢复有着十分明显的效果。
具体实施方式
下述实施例中所使用的实验方法如无特殊说明，均为常规方法。
下述实施例中所用的材料、试剂等，如无特殊说明，均可从商业途径得到。
实施例1、新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂
质量百分比组成如下：
Figure BDA0002780078060000031
Figure BDA0002780078060000041
实施例2、新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂
质量百分比组成如下：
Figure BDA0002780078060000042
实施例3、新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂
质量百分比组成如下：
Figure BDA0002780078060000043
实施例4、新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂
质量百分比组成如下：
Figure BDA0002780078060000044
实施例5、新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂
质量百分比组成如下：
Figure BDA0002780078060000051
实施例6、新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂
质量百分比组成如下：
Figure BDA0002780078060000052
实施例7、新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂
质量百分比组成如下：
Figure BDA0002780078060000053
实施例8、新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂
Figure BDA0002780078060000054
Figure BDA0002780078060000061
实施例9、新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂的传导性能评价
实施例1-8接受在树体流胶旺盛时期(5-6月份)对松树进行打孔注干试验，60天后将松树伐倒分段取样检测，使用HPLC测定了松树不同部位中甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的含量，使用市售5％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水分散粒剂进行对比。结果如表1所示。
按照下述步骤进行打孔注药：
(1)使用10mm支罗钻在松树基部50cm左右斜向下45°钻深度8cm左右孔；
(2)称取2.5g左右新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂，使用锥形铝箔片槽(长15cm，短边宽1cm，长边宽3cm，高1cm)将短边孔插入钻孔。
(4)使用钥匙将新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂加入槽中，顺入钻孔中，施药量：5g/20～30cm胸径。
(5)压实，塞入橡皮塞。
表1新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂传导性能评价结果(60天)
Figure BDA0002780078060000062
Figure BDA0002780078060000071
从传导性能结果可以看出，各实施例药剂均能有效地传导至松树上部，而市售产品基本无法被树体所吸收。
实施例10、新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂对松材线虫病的防治效果
试验药剂：实施例1新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂。
对照药剂：5％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水分散粒剂、10％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐·吡虫啉可溶液剂。
试验对象：黑松。
试验方法：使用上述打孔注药方法对50棵松材线虫病疫区内黑松进行打孔注药，并且对照药剂1水分散粒剂使用同种方法进行打孔注药试验，试验树50棵。对照药剂2微乳剂使用常规打孔方法进行注药，试验树50棵。设置不注药组作为空白对照，试验树50棵。试验时间2年，监测每年试验组、对照组1、对照组2和空白对照的松材线虫病发病情况。发病率计算方法如下：
Figure BDA0002780078060000072
A：当年发病树数量；
S：该组试验树总数。
试验结果：见表2，与空白对照相比新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂对松材线虫病有很好的防治效果，而对照药剂1由于其难以传导，防效不佳，对照药剂2持效期过短，第二年药效便开始降低，难以对松材线虫病进行长期的防治。
表2新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂对松材线虫病防治效果
Figure BDA0002780078060000081
实施例11、新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂对对天牛的防治效果
试验药剂：实施例4新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂。
对照药剂：5％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水分散粒剂、10％甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐·吡虫啉可溶液剂。
试验对象：黑松。
试验方法：使用上述注药方法对5棵松材线虫病疫区内已经感病的黑松进行打孔注药，并且对照药剂1水分散粒剂使用同种方法进行打孔注药试验，试验树的选择与试验组相同，数量5棵。对照药剂2可溶液剂使用常规打孔方法进行注药，试验树的选择与试验组相同，数量5棵。设置不注药组作为空白对照，试验树的选择与试验组相同，数量5棵。注药60天后将所有组别树伐倒劈开，统计树内天牛幼虫死亡情况。松墨天牛死亡率计算方法如下：
Figure BDA0002780078060000082
D：松墨天牛幼虫死亡数；
M：该组共发现松墨天牛幼虫总数。
试验结果：见表3，与空白对照相比本发明的新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂对松树内部松墨天牛杀灭效果显著，防效接近95％。而对照药剂1由于无法有效在树体内传导，对树体内松墨天牛基本无明显防效，对照药剂2由于被松脂所堵塞，传导效率低，防效较差。
表3新型长效固体打孔颗粒剂对松墨天牛防治效果
Figure BDA0002780078060000091

Claims (4)

1.一种用于松材线虫病防治的长效固体打孔颗粒剂，其质量百分比组成如下：
杀线虫药剂0.5~10%；
杀天牛药剂0.5~10%；
植物生长调节剂0.1~2%；
润湿剂0.5~5%；
分散剂0.5~5%；
渗透传导剂1~2%；
余量的载体填料；
所述杀线虫药剂为氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐；
所述杀天牛药剂为吡虫啉、噻虫啉、噻虫胺或噻虫嗪；
所述植物生长调节剂为芸苔素内酯、萘乙酸钠或赤霉素；
所述润湿剂为十二烷基硫酸钠或Morwet EFW；
所述分散剂为MorwetD-425或Terspense-2500；
所述渗透传导剂为油基改性聚醚类，具体为脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚或硅氧烷聚氧乙烯醚；
所述载体填料为γ-环糊精与有机膨润土的复配物，所述复配物中，所述γ-环糊精的质量百分含量为50%~70%。
2.利用权利要求1所述长效固体打孔颗粒剂防治松材线虫的方法，包括如下步骤：
在距离松树基部40~80cm斜向下钻孔；然后将所述长效固体打孔颗粒剂加入钻孔中，压实后封闭钻孔开口。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于：采用支罗钻进行钻孔；
斜向下40~50°行钻孔；
钻取深度为5~10cm的孔；
将一锥形槽插入钻孔中，然后将所述长效固体打孔颗粒剂加入所述锥形槽中；
所述长效固体打孔颗粒剂的施药量为5g/20~30cm胸径。
4.权利要求1所述长效固体打孔颗粒剂在防治松材线虫和/或树内松墨天牛幼虫中的应用。
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