CN107912453A - 一种松树松材线虫病的防治方法 - Google Patents

一种松树松材线虫病的防治方法 Download PDF

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CN107912453A
CN107912453A CN201710974326.8A CN201710974326A CN107912453A CN 107912453 A CN107912453 A CN 107912453A CN 201710974326 A CN201710974326 A CN 201710974326A CN 107912453 A CN107912453 A CN 107912453A
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bursaphelenchus xylophilus
pine tree
monochamus alternatus
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陶君
钟春城
莫曲红
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Yao Autonomous County Of Jinxiu Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Research Institute Of Scientific-Technical Information
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种松树松材线虫病的防治方法,它是通过在每年的4~5月份、7~8月份及11~12月份用热烟雾技术进行松树松材线虫病的防治;每个区间防治2~3次;在每年的12月份用热烟雾技术防治完毕以后,用注射剂防治松材线虫和传播媒介松褐天牛,本发明应用于松树松材线虫的防治方案,在试验区域松材线虫得到了良好控制,并未形成大面积的传播和扩散,可以将该技术应用于防治松树松材线虫领域,让其价值得到更大的应用和推广,造福人类和社会。

Description

一种松树松材线虫病的防治方法
技术领域
本发明属于农药防治领域,具体涉及一种松树松材线虫病的防治方法。
背景技术
松材线虫(North American pinewood nematode;Bursaphelenchusxylophilus),属蠕形动物门、线虫纲、垫刃目、滑刃总科、伞刃属。松材线虫病又称松枯萎病,是一种毁灭性虫害。它是通过松褐天牛等媒介昆虫传播于松树体内,从而引发松树病害。被松材线虫感染后的松树,针叶黄褐色或红褐色,萎蔫下垂,树脂分泌停止,树干可观察到天牛侵入孔或产卵痕迹,病树整株干枯死亡,最终腐烂。引入扩散原因和危害:1982年在南京中山陵首次发现,以后相继在江苏、安徽、广东和浙江等地成灾,几乎毁灭了在香港广泛分布的马尾松林。近距离传播主要靠媒介天牛,如松褐天牛,携带传播;远距离主要靠人为调运带疫(带松材线虫的天牛)的苗木、松材、松木包装箱及松木制品等进行传播。
近年来,我国广西境内的松树林中也发现有松材线虫的危害,松树属于松科松树属,发病症状与松树松材线虫一样,而且有增多趋势。目前,对于松材线虫尚无合理的治理方法,因为松材线虫藏匿于树体,且由松褐天牛携带传播,松褐天牛对常规农药的忍受力强,一般药剂对天牛防效很差。因此,对于松树松材线虫的防治必须引起重视,若不能采取有效、合理的防治方法,松树松材线虫的危害和传播就是前车之鉴。
发明人经检索,有如下针对松材线虫的资料:
1.中国专利:授权公告号CN103734132B,名称:松材线虫杀虫剂及其在松材线虫病防治中的应用。摘要:本发明涉及一种松材线虫杀虫剂及其在松材线虫病防治中的应用。目前还没有一种结构稳定、使用方便,防治效果显著的松材线虫杀虫剂及其在松材线虫病防治中的应用。本发明松材线虫杀虫剂的特点在于:它由重量分数为1~3份的香榧酯、10~20份的新枞酸和67~89份的有机溶剂组成。本发明的松材线虫杀虫剂在松材线虫病防治中的应用,其特征在于:将所述松材线虫杀虫剂置于含有松材线虫的松树中,所述香榧酯用量为5~15ul/m3松树体,本发明中的松材线虫杀虫剂的结构稳定,使用方便,防治效果显著。
2.中国专利:授权公告号为CN104365655B,名称:一种防治松材线虫的杀虫剂及使用方法。摘要:本发明属于农业生产领域,公开了一种防治松材线虫的杀虫剂及其使用方法,是针对引起松材线虫病的松材线虫,以乐果和克百威作为主要原料混合制得所述杀虫剂,将其涂抹在松树树皮上,或打孔注射入松树,或撒施在土壤中,能够有效防治松材线虫,且杀虫剂配方简单,使用方便,适于松木种植中松材线虫病的防治。
松材线虫之所以难以防治,主要原因有两点:一是因为松材线虫为检疫性害虫,目前缺乏对松材线虫有效药剂或有效化学成分的开发;二是因为松褐天牛为主要传播携带者,松褐天牛对一般的农药在常规使用浓度下有较强的耐受力,常规防治对松褐天牛效果较差。因此在熟悉掌握松褐天牛及松材线虫生物学特性的基础上,加强综合防治是有效防治松材线虫的方法。
发明内容
本发明是针对现有技术的不足,提供一种松树松材线虫的防治方法,它在综合研究松树松材线虫生物学特性的基础上,对有效药剂加以筛选,并以热烟雾和注干剂的方式有效解决了松树松材线虫和松褐天牛的危害。
本发明的技术方案是这样实现的:
一种松树松材线虫病的防治方法,具体为:
(1)在每年的4~5月份、7~8月份及11~12月份,采用热烟雾的方法,对松树松材线虫和松褐天牛进行防治;每个区间防治2~3次;所述热烟雾的方法具体为:用烟雾机将含有防治松材线虫和松褐天牛的热雾剂在松树林中使用,亩用制剂量为300~500ml,每次防治形成的烟雾弥漫时间不低于8h。
(2)在每年的12月份用热烟雾方法防治完毕以后,给每棵松树注射含有防治松材线虫和松褐天牛的注射剂,注射部位为:离地面10~15cm处的松树根茎部、直径大于3cm的枝条,每次注射量为50~80ml,每棵松树注射3~5支。
所述防治松材线虫的热雾剂由如下重量百分比的药剂组成:氟吡菌酰胺10~15%、芸苔素内酯2~5%、2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶5~10%、助剂补足100%;所述防治松褐天牛的热雾剂含有如下重量百分比的药剂组分:氯噻啉15~30%、水杨酸甲酯2~8%、川芎油15~30%、助剂补足100%。
所述防治松材线虫和松褐天牛的注射剂为同一配方,该配方由如下重量百分比的药剂组成:甲胺磷2.0~10.0%、氟吡菌酰胺1.5~5.5%、亚油酸乙酯5.0~8.0%、四氢糠醇10~15.0%、二甲基亚砜补足100%。
松材线虫的生物学特性分析:靠媒介昆虫松褐天牛的携带来完成。其生活周期可分为繁殖周期和扩散周期两部分。每年6~10月,繁殖型松材线虫寄生在健康松树木质部的树脂道,大约以4天1代的速度大量繁殖,并逐渐遍及全株,并导致树脂道薄壁细胞和上皮细胞的破坏和死亡,造成植株失水,蒸腾作用降低,树脂分泌急剧减少和停止。所表现出来的外部症状是在侧枝上可见松褐天牛啃食树皮的痕迹;针叶陆续失绿,变为黄褐色乃至红褐色,萎蔫,最后整株枯死。林间松材线虫病的初发病时间一般在6月初,7、8 月份是松材线虫病的发病高峰。被松材线虫侵染了的松树是松墨天牛产卵的对象。来年1~5月,松材线虫进入滞育,形成扩散型松材线虫。首先蜕皮形成扩散型三龄幼虫 (LIII),并聚集在松褐天牛蛹室周围,6月形成扩散型四龄幼虫 (LIV)并随着木质部松褐天牛的羽化出孔而被携带传播到新的健康松树,开始新一轮的侵染循环。LIV通过松褐天牛取食或产卵时在树皮上所造成的伤口进入树脂道,然后蜕皮形成成虫,这些雌、雄成虫交尾后产卵,卵孵化后变为繁殖型松材线虫并大量繁殖而使松树很快枯萎变黄再次成为松褐天牛产卵的对象,产卵孵化的松墨天牛幼虫又进入松材线虫病树内取食蛀道,形成蛹室。两者协调配合,为对方完成生活史提供所需条件,并利用对方创造的条件完成自身发育。基于此,发明人首先对防治松材线虫和松褐天牛的有效药剂进行筛选,得到如下结论:
首先,对寄生在松树上的松材线虫进行分离、提取、培养,将待筛选的有效成分制成母液,稀释后按照规定浓度滴入松材线虫培养液中,显微镜下观察防效。
表1 对松树松材线虫的几种药剂筛选
通过将化学农药制成毒土,将松褐天牛幼虫埋在毒土中观察其1~3天的死亡情况,得到如下结论:
表2 对松褐天牛的几种药剂筛选
根据上述结果,选定氟吡菌酰胺和甲胺磷作为松材线虫的备用药剂;甲胺磷、氯噻啉、阿维菌素和克百威为防治松褐天牛的备用药剂。
考虑到热烟雾方法由于将药剂制成热雾剂后,通过烟雾机的高温作用形成药剂烟雾颗粒在松树林中弥漫,甲胺磷、阿维菌素、克百威由于其毒性很高被淘汰,以氟吡菌酰胺为防治松材线虫的热雾剂主成分,以氯噻啉为防治松褐天牛的热雾剂主成分,而后,通过筛选合适的溶助剂确定了如下配方:
(1)松材线虫热雾剂:氟吡菌酰胺10~15%、芸苔素内酯2~5%、2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶5~10%、助剂补足100%。配方中芸苔素内酯不仅可以起到增强树势、提高松树免疫力的目的,同时对于氟吡菌酰胺的发烟效果有增效作用,2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶对氟吡菌酰胺防效有极高的增效作用,经试验发现,其对氟吡菌酰胺防治松材线虫的增效比值为9.8,与氟吡菌酰胺混配后共毒系数为217,有较强的增效作用。
(2)松褐天牛热雾剂:氯噻啉15~30%、水杨酸甲酯2~8%、川芎油15~30%、助剂补足100%。配方中的水杨酸甲酯和川芎油不仅对发烟效果有帮助,同时两者与氯噻林混配后的增效比值分别为5.44和6.12,与氯噻林混配后的共毒系数分别为156和187。
由于注射剂要求原药有较强的内吸传导性,发明人将几种药剂分别制成注射剂,在根茎部注射完毕后于30d、60d、90d和120d分别测试距地面5m处的枝干药剂浓度,通过测试几种入选成份的内吸性发现甲胺磷和氟吡菌酰胺具有较好的传导效果:
表3 几种入选药剂的内吸传导结果
表3数据可以看出,并不是所有的药剂都可以内吸传导,在入选的药剂中,氟吡菌酰胺和甲胺磷的内吸传导性能最好,因此将两者混配制成注射剂,可以同时防治松材线虫和松褐天牛,最终确定的配方为:甲胺磷2.0~10.0%、氟吡菌酰胺1.5~5.5%、亚油酸乙酯5.0~8.0%、四氢糠醇10~15.0%、二甲基亚砜补足100%。
本发明的有益效果为:
(1)本发明通过对松树松材线虫和松褐天牛的生物学特性研究,于特定时间内对其进行防治,可以达到最佳防治效果。由于对松材线虫和松褐天牛的有效化学药剂较少,通过筛选发现最合适药剂,并通过制剂加工和测试内吸传导性能,最大限度的降低对人的危害,提高对靶标害虫的效果。最终制定了以氟吡菌酰胺为主成分的热雾剂和以氯噻林为主成分的热雾剂来通过热烟雾方法防治潜伏期和爆发期的害虫,并配合以注射剂对松树进行注射防治,达到了显著的防效。
(2)本发明对松树松材线虫和松褐天牛同时进行防治,经多年验证实验证明,在试验区域松材线虫得到了良好控制,并未形成大面积的传播和扩散,可以将该方法应用于松树松材线虫领域,让其价值得到更大的应用和推广,造福人类和社会。
具体实施方式
实施例1 防治松材线虫热雾剂的配制
将氟吡菌酰胺100kg、芸苔素内酯20kg、2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶50kg、油酸甲酯补足1000kg,在搅拌机中以80转/分钟的速度搅拌10~15min,检测合格后,分装。
实施例2 防治松材线虫热雾剂的配制
将氟吡菌酰胺155kg、芸苔素内酯55kg、2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶100kg、油酸甲酯补足1000kg,在搅拌机中以80转/分钟的速度搅拌10~15min,检测合格后,分装。
实施例3 防治松材线虫热雾剂的配制
将氟吡菌酰胺125kg、芸苔素内酯75kg、2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶80kg、油酸甲酯补足1000kg,在搅拌机中以80转/分钟的速度搅拌10~15min,检测合格后,分装。
实施例4 防治松褐天牛热雾剂的配制
将氯噻啉150kg、水杨酸甲酯20kg、川芎油150kg、二甲亚砜300kg和油酸甲酯补足1000kg,在搅拌机中以80转/分钟的速度搅拌10~15min,检测合格后,分装。
实施例5 防治松褐天牛热雾剂的配制
将氯噻啉200kg、水杨酸甲酯50kg、川芎油200kg、二甲亚砜300kg和油酸甲酯补足1000kg,在搅拌机中以80转/分钟的速度搅拌10~15min,检测合格后,分装。
实施例6 防治松褐天牛热雾剂的配制
将氯噻啉300kg、水杨酸甲酯80kg、川芎油300kg、二甲亚砜400kg和油酸甲酯补足1000kg,在搅拌机中以80转/分钟的速度搅拌10~15min,检测合格后,分装。
实施例7 注射剂的配制
将甲胺磷20kg、氟吡菌酰15kg、亚油酸乙酯50kg、四氢糠醇100kg、二甲基亚砜补足1000kg。在搅拌机中以80转/分钟的速度搅拌10~15min,检测合格后,分装。
实施例8 注射剂的配制
将甲胺磷50kg、氟吡菌酰35kg、亚油酸乙酯60kg、四氢糠醇120kg、二甲基亚砜补足1000kg。在搅拌机中以80转/分钟的速度搅拌10~15min,检测合格后,分装。
实施例9 注射剂的配制
将甲胺磷100kg、氟吡菌酰55kg、亚油酸乙酯80kg、四氢糠醇150kg、二甲基亚砜补足1000kg。在搅拌机中以80转/分钟的速度搅拌10~15min,检测合格后,分装。
实施例10
一种松树松材线虫病的防治方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)根据松树松褐天牛的发生规律,选择在每年的4~5月份、7~8月份及11~12月份进行松树松材线虫病的防治;每个区间防治2次。
(2)在上述防治时期内使用热烟雾技术对松材线虫和松褐天牛进行防治,具体方法为:用实施例1和实施例4热雾剂配合使用,亩用制剂量为300ml,每次防治形成的烟雾弥漫时间不低于8h。
(3)在每年的12月份用热烟雾技术防治完毕以后,每棵松树需注射实施例8的注射剂,注射部位为:离地面10~15cm处的松树根茎部、直径大于3cm的枝条,每次注射量为50ml,每棵松树注射4支。
在第二年2月5日调查上述防治方法对松材线虫及松褐天牛的防效,对松材线虫防效高达95%,松褐天牛防效达98%。
实施例11
一种松树松材线虫病的防治方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)根据松树松褐天牛的发生规律,选择在每年的4~5月份、7~8月份及11~12月份进行松树松材线虫病的防治;每个区间防治3次。
(2)在上述防治时期内使用热烟雾技术对松材线虫和松褐天牛进行防治,具体方法为:用烟雾机将实施例2和实施例6的热雾剂混配使用,亩用制剂量为400ml,每次防治形成的烟雾弥漫时间不低于10h。
(3)在每年的12月份用热烟雾技术防治完毕以后,每棵松树需注射含有防治松材线虫和松褐天牛药剂的注射剂,注射部位为:离地面10~15cm处的松树根茎部、直径大于3cm的枝条,每次注射量为70ml,每棵松树注射3支。
在第二年3月10日调查上述防治方法对松材线虫及松褐天牛的防效,对松材线虫防效高达91.2%,松褐天牛防效达99%。
实施例12
一种松树松材线虫病的防治方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)根据松树松褐天牛的发生规律,选择在每年的4~5月份、7~8月份及11~12月份进行松树松材线虫病的防治;每个区间防治2次。
(2)在上述防治时期内使用热烟雾技术对松材线虫和松褐天牛进行防治,具体方法为:用烟雾机将实施例3和实施例5热雾剂配合使用,亩用制剂量为500ml,每次防治形成的烟雾弥漫时间不低于12h。
(3)在每年的12月份用热烟雾技术防治完毕以后,每棵松树需注射含有防治松材线虫和松褐天牛药剂的注射剂,注射部位为:离地面10~15cm处的松树根茎部、直径大于3cm的枝条,每次注射量为80ml,每棵松树注射5支。
在第二年2月10日调查上述防治方法对松材线虫及松褐天牛的防效,对松材线虫防效高达100%,松褐天牛防效达99%。

Claims (3)

1.一种松树松材线虫病的防治方法,其特征在于:
(1)在每年的4~5月份、7~8月份及11~12月份,采用热烟雾的方法,对松树松材线虫和松褐天牛进行防治;每个区间防治2~3次;所述热烟雾的方法具体为:用烟雾机将含有防治松材线虫和松褐天牛的热雾剂在松树林中使用,亩用制剂量为300~500ml,每次防治形成的烟雾弥漫时间不低于8h;
(2)在每年的12月份用热烟雾方法防治完毕以后,给每棵松树注射含有防治松材线虫和松褐天牛的注射剂,注射部位为:离地面10~15cm处的松树根茎部、直径大于3cm的枝条,每次注射量为50~80ml,每棵松树注射3~5支。
2.根据权利要求1所述的松树松材线虫病的防治方法,其特征在于:所述防治松材线虫的热雾剂由如下重量百分比的药剂组成:氟吡菌酰胺10~15%、芸苔素内酯2~5%、2-氯-6-(三氯甲基)吡啶5~10%、助剂补足100%;所述防治松褐天牛的热雾剂含有如下重量百分比的药剂组分:氯噻啉15~30%、水杨酸甲酯2~8%、川芎油15~30%、助剂补足100%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的松树松材线虫病的防治方法,其特征在于:所述防治松材线虫和松褐天牛的注射剂为同一配方,该配方由如下重量百分比的药剂组成:甲胺磷2.0~10.0%、氟吡菌酰胺1.5~5.5%、亚油酸乙酯5.0~8.0%、四氢糠醇10~15.0%、二甲基亚砜补足100%。
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Application publication date: 20180417