CN112227647A - Production process of wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor - Google Patents
Production process of wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor Download PDFInfo
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- CN112227647A CN112227647A CN202010965590.7A CN202010965590A CN112227647A CN 112227647 A CN112227647 A CN 112227647A CN 202010965590 A CN202010965590 A CN 202010965590A CN 112227647 A CN112227647 A CN 112227647A
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
- E04F15/00—Flooring
- E04F15/02—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements
- E04F15/10—Flooring or floor layers composed of a number of similar elements of other materials, e.g. fibrous or chipped materials, organic plastics, magnesite tiles, hardboard, or with a top layer of other materials
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D7/00—Producing flat articles, e.g. films or sheets
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/10—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of paper or cardboard
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B29/00—Layered products comprising a layer of paper or cardboard
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B33/00—Layered products characterised by particular properties or particular surface features, e.g. particular surface coatings; Layered products designed for particular purposes not covered by another single class
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/12—Coating on the layer surface on paper layer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
- B32B2255/20—Inorganic coating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
- B32B2307/306—Resistant to heat
- B32B2307/3065—Flame resistant or retardant, fire resistant or retardant
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/554—Wear resistance
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2419/00—Buildings or parts thereof
- B32B2419/04—Tiles for floors or walls
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Floor Finish (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses the technical field of vinyl polymer stone-plastic floors, and particularly discloses a production method of a super-wear-resistant fireproof stone-plastic floor for tools or home decoration. The production process of the invention specifically comprises the following steps: spraying, gum dipping, gum applying, hot pressing, curing, tempering, and die-cutting forming to obtain a finished product. The invention has the advantages of high wear resistance (more than or equal to 6000 revolutions), apparent cigarette burning resistance (grade 5), environmental protection, no formaldehyde and better comprehensive physical properties than common stone-plastic floors, so that companies decide to develop the super wear-resistant fireproof stone-plastic floors.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of vinyl polymer stone-plastic floors, and particularly relates to an integral structure of a super-wear-resistant fireproof stone-plastic floor for tools or home decoration and a production method thereof.
Background
In recent years, the traditional floor products wait for the first solid wood floor, the reinforced floor to the stone plastic floor and the functional floor which are produced in a large range at present, and the updating of the products and the improvement of the product performance are very fast. At present, most floor manufacturers in the industry produce SPC, WPC, LVT and other common stone-plastic floor products, compared with the reinforced floor, the environment-friendly performance of the stone-plastic floor is more superior, but the super wear-resisting performance of the surface of the reinforced floor is incomparable with that of the common stone-plastic floor. Therefore, it is very urgent to develop a new floor product and its manufacturing technology which can satisfy the environmental protection and wear resistance at the same time. The common stone plastic products in the current market use semitransparent PVC wear-resistant layers, the whole wear-resistant and scratch-resistant performances of the stone plastic products are poor, and the appearance is easily scratched and blurred during use.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide a production process of an environment-friendly formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor with a special structure and excellent surface wear resistance. The floor has the advantages that the wear-resistant revolution number can reach the European standard AC5 level (the wear-resistant revolution number is more than or equal to 6000), and the floor has the excellent characteristics of environmental protection, no formaldehyde and smoke head scalding resistance on the surface.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the production process of the wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) spraying: spraying powdery aluminum oxide on the surface of the pure wood pulp base paper, and controlling the mesh number of the powder to be 180-mesh and 300-mesh;
(2) gum dipping: performing gum dipping treatment on the base paper after spraying, wherein the main components of the glue are melamine glue and urea glue, the proportion of the melamine glue is between 90 and 97 percent, and the proportion of the urea glue is between 3 and 10 percent; the gum dipping amount is controlled to be 60-80g/m2；
(3) Pressing and pasting: carrying out hot-pressing laminating treatment on the base paper subjected to gum dipping treatment and a vinyl resin material; the hot pressing temperature in the treatment process is controlled at 140 ℃ and 170 ℃, the pressure of the press is controlled at 6.0-12.0Mpa, and the pressing time is 40-50 minutes; the cooling pressure is controlled to be 10-17Mpa, and the cooling time is set to be 30-40 minutes;
(4) tempering: and tempering the pressed floor product. The tempering temperature is controlled at 140 ℃ and the speed is controlled at 4.0-8.0 m/min;
(5) punching and slotting: and carrying out punching and slotting treatment on the tempered floor product.
Preferably, the impregnation in the step (2) of the production process of the wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor is divided into two times of impregnation;
(21) primary gum dipping: the base paper after being sprayed is dipped in glue in 60-80g/m2；
(22) And (3) secondary gum dipping: after the treatment of the step (21), gum dipping treatment is carried out, and the amount of the second gum dipping is controlled to be 40-60g/m2；
Preferably, after the step (22) of the production process of the wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor, gum treatment is carried out, wherein the glue for gum treatment is polyurethane glue, and the gum amount is controlled to be 20-30g/m 2.
In the present application, the polyurethane glue for the gum treatment comprises the following components in parts by weight: 75-80 parts of 65-70% solid content aqueous polyurethane dispersoid, 0.05-0.8 part of organic silicon defoamer or polyether defoamer, 0.1-1.0 part of sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium methylene dinaphthalene sulfonate wetting dispersant, 0.1-0.7 part of KOH or NaOH used as pH value regulator, 0.3-1.0 part of polyurethane thickener and 0.01-0.8 part of conventional bactericide; wherein the average molecular weight of the wetting dispersant is 1000-2000; the wetting agent can also adopt methylene sodium bis (methyl naphthalene) sulfonate or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
Preferably, after the step (3) of the production process of the wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor is pressed, the floor is subjected to curing treatment, wherein the indoor set temperature in the curing treatment process is 20-25 ℃, and the humidity is set to be 40-60%.
Preferably, after the tempering in the step (4) of the production process of the wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor, the tempering is performed again, wherein the tempering setting temperature is 130-.
Preferably, after the tempering in the step (4) of the production process of the wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor, the product is subjected to curing treatment under the following conditions: setting the temperature in the curing room to be 20-25 ℃ and setting the humidity to be 40-60%, and standing for more than 20 hours.
Preferably, the step (5) of the production process of the wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor is followed by painting and packaging.
Preferably, in the step (1) of the production process of the wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor, the powdery aluminum oxide refers to a mixture with aluminum trioxide as a main component: 25 parts of aluminum oxide, 5 parts of borax, 3 parts of nano silver, 10 parts of nano zinc, 1 part of sodium fluosilicate and 40 parts of deionized water. The pasty liquid has the characteristics of anions in microcosmic view, is easier to bond, and has better firmness and wear-resisting effect.
The invention also aims to provide the super-wear-resistant fireproof stone-plastic floor for tools or home decoration, which is produced by the production process.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the super wear-resistant fireproof stone-plastic floor for tools or home decoration produced by the invention has high wear resistance (more than or equal to 6000 revolutions), apparent cigarette burning resistance (5 levels), environmental protection, no formaldehyde and better comprehensive physical properties than common stone-plastic floors, and therefore, companies decide to develop the super wear-resistant fireproof stone-plastic floor.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the production process of the present invention
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following embodiments.
The invention also provides an integral structure of the super-wear-resistant fireproof stone-plastic floor for tools or home decoration and a production method thereof, which are implemented according to the following steps:
step 1, spraying: spraying powder aluminum oxide with the mesh number of 180-300 on the surface of pure wood pulp base paper with the width of 1250 mm;
step 2, gum dipping: and (3) performing gum dipping treatment on the wood pulp paper after spraying, wherein the gum dipping amount of the first time is controlled to be 60-80g, and the gum dipping amount of the second time is controlled to be 40-60 g.
Step 3, back coating: and (4) carrying out back coating polyurethane glue treatment on the gummed paper subjected to secondary gum dipping, wherein the gum amount is controlled to be 20-30 g.
Step 4, pressing and pasting: and carrying out hot-pressing laminating treatment on the base paper subjected to the three back glue treatments and the vinyl resin material, wherein the hot-pressing temperature is controlled at 140-170 ℃, the press pressure is controlled at 6.0-12.0Mpa, and the laminating time is 40-50 minutes. The cooling pressure is controlled at 10-17MPa, and the cooling time is set at 30-40 minutes.
The spraying paper used for the super-abrasion-resistant stone-plastic floor is sprayed with a large amount of aluminum oxide (commonly called artificial corundum) on the surface, so that the abrasion resistance of the spraying paper is far superior to that of a PVC (polyvinyl chloride) abrasion-resistant layer used for a common stone-plastic floor, the apparent definition of the spraying paper cannot be influenced, and the service life of a floor product can be greatly prolonged in the actual use process.
The melamine glue used in the method has the main effect that aluminum oxide is tightly attached to the surface of the sprayed paper through the hot-pressing curing process, and meanwhile, the wear resistance of the surface of the product is improved to a certain extent. The polyurethane glue used for back coating mainly has the function that the gummed paper and the vinyl resin base material are combined together through hot pressing, and the adhesive strength of the gummed paper and the base material is directly influenced by the amount of the glue, so that the proper amount of the back glue needs to be selected.
TABLE 1 Main characteristics for super wear-resistant fireproof stone-plastic flooring
| Serial number | Item | Unit of | Test method | Standard of merit |
| 1 | Shrinkage of 80 ℃/6h heating size test | ％ | IS023999 | ≦0.25 |
| 2 | Warping at 80 ℃/6h | mm | ISO23999 | ≦2.0mm |
| 3 | Wear resistance | Rotating (R) | EN 13329 | ≧6000R |
| 4 | Cigarette burning resistance | Stage | EN1399 | ≥5 |
| 5 | Non-skid property | Stage | DIN51130 | ≥R9 |
The invention also provides the super wear-resistant fireproof stone-plastic floor prepared by the preparation method
Example 1
A production method of a super wear-resistant fireproof stone-plastic floor for tools or home decoration is implemented according to the following steps: the wood pulp base paper sprayed with 180-mesh 300-mesh powdered aluminum oxide is subjected to two gum dipping treatments and one gum dipping treatment, wherein the total gum dipping amount is 120g, 80g and 40g are respectively subjected to gum dipping treatment, the gum dipping treatment is 20g, the drying temperature is set at 100 ℃, and the gum dipping amount is 20 g. And carrying out hot-pressing lamination on the sprayed paper subjected to gum dipping and gum treatment and the vinyl resin base material, wherein the hot-pressing temperature is controlled at 120 ℃, the pressure is controlled at 6Mpa for 30min, the cooling temperature is 25 ℃, the pressure is controlled at 12Mpa for 20min, and after the product lamination is finished, standing at 25 +/-2 ℃ for curing for 24H. And (3) tempering the product after the health preservation, wherein the tempering setting temperature is 140 ℃, the product outlet temperature is controlled to be 100 ℃, and the tempering speed is set to be 4 m/min. And standing the tempered product again at 25 +/-2 ℃ for curing for 24H, and then carrying out forming processing.
Example 2
A production method of a super wear-resistant fireproof stone-plastic floor for tools or home decoration is implemented according to the following steps: the wood pulp base paper sprayed with 180-mesh 300-mesh powdered aluminum oxide is subjected to two gum dipping treatments and one gum application treatment, wherein the total gum dipping amount is 130g, the drying temperature is set at 110 ℃, and the gum application amount is 25 g. And carrying out hot-pressing lamination on the sprayed paper subjected to gum dipping and gum treatment and the vinyl resin base material, wherein the hot-pressing temperature is controlled at 140 ℃, the pressure is controlled at 8Mpa for 35min, the cooling temperature is 25 ℃, the pressure is controlled at 14Mpa for 30min, and after the product lamination is finished, standing at 25 +/-2 ℃ for curing for 24H. And (3) tempering the product after the health preservation, wherein the tempering setting temperature is 160 ℃, the product outlet temperature is controlled to be 110 ℃, and the tempering speed is set to be 5 m/min. And standing the tempered product again at 25 +/-2 ℃ for curing for 24H, and then carrying out forming processing.
Example 3
A production method of a super wear-resistant fireproof stone-plastic floor for tools or home decoration is implemented according to the following steps: the wood pulp base paper sprayed with 180-mesh 300-mesh powdered aluminum oxide is subjected to two gum dipping treatments and one gum application treatment, wherein the total gum dipping amount is 140g, the drying temperature is set at 120 ℃, and the gum application amount is 25 g. And carrying out hot-pressing lamination on the sprayed paper subjected to gum dipping and gum treatment and the vinyl resin base material, wherein the hot-pressing temperature is controlled at 145 ℃, the pressure is controlled at 9.5Mpa for 40min, the cooling temperature is controlled at 25 ℃, the pressure is controlled at 15Mpa for 30min, and after the product lamination is finished, standing is carried out at 25 +/-2 ℃ for curing for 24H. And (3) tempering the product after the health preservation, wherein the tempering setting temperature is 140 ℃, the product outlet temperature is controlled to be 120 ℃, and the tempering speed is set to be 6 m/min. And standing the tempered product again at 25 +/-2 ℃ for curing for 24H, and then carrying out forming processing.
The floor prepared by the method can show better wear resistance than the existing floor through tests under various conditions, and the whole product does not contain formaldehyde because the formaldehyde-containing raw material is not used in the production process based on the method, so that the product is more environment-friendly and safer; due to the improvement of the process, the obtained product has firmer bonding force and longer service life.
Example 4
On the basis of example 1, the mixture of aluminum trioxide as a main component in the powdery aluminum oxide in the step (1) is adopted: 25 parts of aluminum oxide, 5 parts of borax, 3 parts of nano silver, 10 parts of nano zinc, 1 part of sodium fluosilicate and 40 parts of deionized water. The pasty liquid has the characteristics of anions in microcosmic view, is easier to bond, and has better firmness and wear-resisting effect.
Claims (8)
1. The production process of the wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) spraying: spraying powdery aluminum oxide on the surface of the pure wood pulp base paper, and controlling the mesh number of the powder to be 180-mesh and 300-mesh;
(2) gum dipping: performing gum dipping treatment on the base paper after spraying, wherein the main components of the glue are melamine glue and urea glue, the proportion of the melamine glue is between 90 and 97 percent, and the proportion of the urea glue is between 3 and 10 percent; the gum dipping amount is controlled to be 60-80g/m2；
(3) Pressing and pasting: carrying out hot-pressing laminating treatment on the base paper subjected to gum dipping treatment and a vinyl resin material; the hot pressing temperature in the treatment process is controlled at 140 ℃ and 170 ℃, the pressure of the press is controlled at 6.0-12.0Mpa, and the pressing time is 40-50 minutes; the cooling pressure is controlled to be 10-17Mpa, and the cooling time is set to be 30-40 minutes;
(4) tempering: tempering the pressed floor product, wherein the tempering temperature is controlled at 140 ℃ and the tempering speed is controlled at 4.0-8.0 m/min;
(5) punching and slotting: and carrying out punching and slotting treatment on the tempered floor product.
2. The production process of the wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the impregnation in the step (2) is divided into two impregnations;
(21) primary gum dipping: the base paper after being sprayed is dipped in glue in 60-80g/m2；
(22) And (3) secondary gum dipping: after the treatment of the step (21), gum dipping treatment is carried out, and the amount of the second gum dipping is controlled to be 40-60g/m2。
3. The process for manufacturing a wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor as claimed in claim 2, wherein the step (22) is followed by a back-gluing treatment, wherein the glue used in the back-gluing treatment is polyurethane glue, and the amount of the back-gluing glue is controlled to be 20-30g/m2。
4. The production process of the wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor as claimed in claim 1, wherein after the pressing in step (3), a curing treatment is performed, and the indoor set temperature in the curing treatment process is 20-25 ℃ and the humidity is set to 40-60%.
5. The process for manufacturing a wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tempering in step (4) is performed again, wherein the tempering temperature is set at 130-.
6. The production process of the wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor as claimed in claim 1, wherein after the tempering in the step (4), the product is subjected to curing treatment under the following conditions: setting the temperature in the curing room to be 20-25 ℃ and setting the humidity to be 40-60%, and standing for more than 20 hours.
7. The process for producing a wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step (5) is followed by painting and packaging.
8. The production process of the wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the powdered aluminum oxide in the step (1) is a mixture containing aluminum trioxide as a main component: 25 parts of aluminum oxide, 5 parts of borax, 3 parts of nano silver, 10 parts of nano zinc, 1 part of sodium fluosilicate and 40 parts of deionized water.
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| CN202010965590.7A CN112227647A (en) | 2020-09-15 | 2020-09-15 | Production process of wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor |
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| CN202010965590.7A CN112227647A (en) | 2020-09-15 | 2020-09-15 | Production process of wear-resistant formaldehyde-free stone-plastic floor |
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| WO2010088769A1 (en) * | 2009-02-03 | 2010-08-12 | Clausi Robert N | Sound attenuating laminate materials |
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| CN109763382A (en) * | 2019-01-29 | 2019-05-17 | 成都市美康三杉木业有限公司 | A kind of anion impregnated paper/anion face artificial board substrate/anion face artificial board production method |
| CN109808284A (en) * | 2019-02-22 | 2019-05-28 | 龙岩市锐美家装饰材料有限公司 | A kind of super scratch resistance cork flooring and its manufacture craft that aluminum oxide is modified |
-
2020
- 2020-09-15 CN CN202010965590.7A patent/CN112227647A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TWI228077B (en) * | 1998-12-08 | 2005-02-21 | Lg Chemical Ltd | Method of manufacturing decorative melamine sheet laminated floor covering |
| CN1912246A (en) * | 2006-09-04 | 2007-02-14 | 郑良兴 | Immersion decoration paper with anti-wear performance |
| WO2010088769A1 (en) * | 2009-02-03 | 2010-08-12 | Clausi Robert N | Sound attenuating laminate materials |
| CN103882779A (en) * | 2014-04-02 | 2014-06-25 | 湖北益嘉林业发展有限公司 | Aldehyde-removing antibacterial impregnated paper wood laminate floor and method for preparing wear resistant paper thereof |
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| CN109763382A (en) * | 2019-01-29 | 2019-05-17 | 成都市美康三杉木业有限公司 | A kind of anion impregnated paper/anion face artificial board substrate/anion face artificial board production method |
| CN109808284A (en) * | 2019-02-22 | 2019-05-28 | 龙岩市锐美家装饰材料有限公司 | A kind of super scratch resistance cork flooring and its manufacture craft that aluminum oxide is modified |
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