CN112218261A - Intelligent monitoring system for dangerous gas of factory - Google Patents
Intelligent monitoring system for dangerous gas of factory Download PDFInfo
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- CN112218261A CN112218261A CN202011127048.0A CN202011127048A CN112218261A CN 112218261 A CN112218261 A CN 112218261A CN 202011127048 A CN202011127048 A CN 202011127048A CN 112218261 A CN112218261 A CN 112218261A
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- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 98
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
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- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 which are flammable Substances 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/30—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes
- H04W4/38—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes for collecting sensor information
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M3/00—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures
- G01M3/02—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum
- G01M3/04—Investigating fluid-tightness of structures by using fluid or vacuum by detecting the presence of fluid at the leakage point
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
- G01N33/0036—Specially adapted to detect a particular component
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
- G01N33/0036—Specially adapted to detect a particular component
- G01N33/004—Specially adapted to detect a particular component for CO, CO2
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
- G01N33/0036—Specially adapted to detect a particular component
- G01N33/0047—Specially adapted to detect a particular component for organic compounds
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
- G01N33/0036—Specially adapted to detect a particular component
- G01N33/005—Specially adapted to detect a particular component for H2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
- G01N33/0062—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the measuring method, e.g. intermittent, or the display, e.g. digital
- G01N33/0063—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the measuring method, e.g. intermittent, or the display, e.g. digital using a threshold to release an alarm or displaying means
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- G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
- G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B21/00—Alarms responsive to a single specified undesired or abnormal condition and not otherwise provided for
- G08B21/02—Alarms for ensuring the safety of persons
- G08B21/12—Alarms for ensuring the safety of persons responsive to undesired emission of substances, e.g. pollution alarms
- G08B21/16—Combustible gas alarms
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B25/00—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems
- G08B25/01—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium
- G08B25/10—Alarm systems in which the location of the alarm condition is signalled to a central station, e.g. fire or police telegraphic systems characterised by the transmission medium using wireless transmission systems
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Abstract
The invention provides an intelligent monitoring system for dangerous gas in a factory, which comprises a monitoring module, a data transmission module, a monitoring module and an alarm module, wherein the monitoring module is used for monitoring the dangerous gas in the factory; the monitoring module comprises a wireless sensor node, and the wireless sensor node is used for monitoring concentration data of dangerous gas in a factory and sending the concentration data to the data transmission module; the data transmission module is used for transmitting the concentration data to the monitoring module; the monitoring module is used for judging whether dangerous gas leakage occurs or not according to the concentration data, and if so, the type and the leakage position of the leaked gas are sent to the alarm module; the alarm module is used for displaying the gas leakage position and the type of leaked gas in a preset three-dimensional model of the factory and sending an alarm prompt to a worker. Compared with the traditional wired monitoring mode, the invention has the advantages of flexible position adjustment and convenient maintenance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of monitoring, in particular to an intelligent monitoring system for dangerous gas in a factory.
Background
Hazardous gases, which are flammable, explosive or toxic, are often used in industrial processes. In the prior art, monitoring of hazardous gas is generally performed through a wired sensor, and when the position of the sensor needs to be adjusted, the monitoring is very inconvenient.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above problems, the present invention provides an intelligent monitoring system for hazardous gas in a factory, which comprises a monitoring module, a data transmission module, a monitoring module and an alarm module;
the monitoring module comprises a wireless sensor node, and the wireless sensor node is used for monitoring concentration data of dangerous gas in a factory and sending the concentration data to the data transmission module;
the data transmission module is used for transmitting the concentration data to the monitoring module;
the monitoring module is used for judging whether dangerous gas leakage occurs or not according to the concentration data, and if so, the type and the leakage position of the leaked gas are sent to the alarm module;
the alarm module is used for displaying the gas leakage position and the type of leaked gas in a preset three-dimensional model of the factory and sending an alarm prompt to a worker.
Preferably, the data transmission module comprises a sink node, and the sink node is used for transmitting the hazardous gas concentration data from the wireless sensor node to the monitoring module in a wired transmission or wireless transmission manner.
Preferably, the monitoring module comprises a receiving unit, a judging unit and a storage unit;
the receiving unit is used for receiving the concentration data of the dangerous gas from the data transmission module;
the judgment unit is used for judging whether dangerous gas leakage occurs according to the concentration data and a set dangerous gas concentration threshold value to obtain a judgment result;
the storage unit is used for storing the judgment result.
Preferably, the alarm module comprises an alarm unit and a display unit, wherein the alarm unit is used for prompting personnel in the factory that the dangerous gas leakage occurs through alarm sound and alarm light;
the display unit is used for displaying the position of gas leakage and the type of the leaked gas in a preset three-dimensional model of the factory.
Preferably, the wireless sensor node comprises one or more of a carbon monoxide concentration sensor, a hydrogen concentration sensor, a methane concentration sensor and an ethylene concentration sensor.
Preferably, the wireless sensor node further comprises one or more of a ZigBee communication device, a wireless cellular network communication device, a WiFi communication device.
Preferably, the determining whether the dangerous gas leakage occurs according to the concentration data and a set dangerous gas concentration threshold value to obtain a determination result includes:
if the concentration data is larger than a set dangerous gas concentration threshold value, judging that dangerous gas leakage occurs;
and if the concentration data is smaller than the set dangerous gas concentration threshold, judging that no dangerous gas leakage occurs.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
the invention monitors the dangerous gas in the factory by arranging the wireless sensor node, and has the advantages of flexible position adjustment and convenient maintenance compared with the traditional wired monitoring mode.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated by means of the attached drawings, but the embodiments in the drawings do not constitute any limitation to the invention, and for a person skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained on the basis of the following drawings without inventive effort.
Fig. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an intelligent monitoring system for hazardous gases in a plant according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements or elements having the same or similar function throughout. The embodiments described below with reference to the accompanying drawings are illustrative only for the purpose of explaining the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
The invention provides an intelligent monitoring system for dangerous gas in a factory, which comprises a monitoring module 1, a data transmission module 2, a monitoring module 3 and an alarm module 4;
the monitoring module 1 comprises a wireless sensor node, and the wireless sensor node is used for monitoring concentration data of dangerous gas in a factory and sending the concentration data to the data transmission module 2;
the data transmission module 2 is used for transmitting the concentration data to the monitoring module 3;
the monitoring module 3 is used for judging whether dangerous gas leakage occurs according to the concentration data, and if so, the type and the leakage position of the leaked gas are sent to the alarm module 4;
the alarm module 4 is used for displaying the position of gas leakage and the type of leaked gas in a preset three-dimensional model of the factory and sending an alarm prompt to a worker.
The concentration data comprises position information of the wireless sensor nodes, so that when dangerous gas leakage is monitored, the leakage position can be accurately positioned.
In one embodiment, the data transmission module 2 includes a sink node, and the sink node is configured to transmit the hazardous gas concentration data from the wireless sensor node to the monitoring module 3 by wired transmission or wireless transmission.
In an embodiment, the sink node is further configured to classify the wireless sensor nodes according to turns, divide the wireless sensor nodes into cluster head nodes and member nodes, and notify the classification result to each wireless sensor node in a broadcast manner.
In one embodiment, the member nodes are configured to monitor concentration data of a hazardous gas in a plant and send the concentration data to a cluster head node, and the cluster head node is configured to transmit the concentration data to a sink node.
In one embodiment, the sink node classifies the wireless sensor nodes by:
the sink node broadcasts a clustering instruction to the wireless sensor nodes and receives state data from each wireless sensor node;
calculating the clustering index of each wireless sensor node according to the state data;
in the formula, rand represents a random number generated by the sink node, numuf represents a current clustering wheel number, eres (c) represents a current remaining energy of the wireless sensor node c, ein (c) represents an initial energy of the wireless sensor node c, and d (c) represents a distance between the wireless sensor node c and the sink node;
sorting the clustering indexes of the wireless sensor nodes from large to small, and taking the wireless sensor nodes corresponding to the top numofcw (r) clustering indexes which are ranked at the top as cluster head nodes.
The traditional clustering protocol does not always consider the energy and position relation of the nodes, and the survival time of the wireless sensor network is easily shortened after clustering.
In one embodiment, the number of cluster heads for each round, numufcw (r), is calculated as follows:
in the formula, numofh represents the total number of cluster head nodes in the previous round, Eh represents a signal propagation loss coefficient, length represents the average length of concentration data, Ea represents the average energy consumption of the wireless sensor nodes for receiving unit length data, Eb represents the average energy consumption of the wireless sensor nodes for transmitting unit length data, S represents the coverage range of all the wireless sensor nodes, distma represents the farthest distance between the cluster head nodes in the previous round and the sink node, and distmi represents the closest distance between the cluster head nodes in the previous round and the sink node.
By setting different cluster head numbers for different turns, the total number of cluster head nodes in each turn can be determined in a self-adaptive manner according to the actual energy consumption condition, and the shortening of the service life of the wireless sensor network due to too many cluster head nodes is avoided. Meanwhile, the influence of the total number of the cluster head nodes in the previous round on the next round, the average length of data, the average consumption during data transmission and other factors are considered, and the reasonable number of the cluster heads is determined.
In an embodiment, the monitoring module 3 is further configured to detect the monitoring accuracy of the member node by using the time interval T, and if the detection fails, notify the relevant staff to perform maintenance processing on the member node:
the monitoring accuracy detection is carried out by the following method:
and for the member node, predicting the concentration data of the dangerous gas collected next time according to the concentration data of the dangerous gas collected by the member node:
ycn+1＝a×xn+(1-a)(ycn+bn)
bn＝e(xn-xn-1)+(1-e)bn-1
in the formula, ycn+1A predicted value representing the concentration data of the hazardous gas collected for the (n + 1) th time, a represents a set regulation coefficient, and xnReal value, yc, representing the concentration data of the hazardous gas acquired nnA predicted value, x, representing the concentration data of the hazardous gas acquired for the nth timen-1True value representing concentration data of hazardous gas acquired n-1 th time, bnAnd bn-1Respectively representing error compensation values for the concentration data of the hazardous gas acquired at the n-th and n-1-th times,
calculating the true value x of the concentration data of the dangerous gas collected at the (n + 1) th timet+1And ycn+1Error ec between:
ec＝|xt+1-ycn+1|
judging whether the error is greater than a set error threshold value ecthre, if so, further detecting the monitoring accuracy of the member node, and if not, detecting the member node by the monitoring accuracy;
further, the monitoring accuracy detection is carried out on the member nodes, as follows:
the true value x of the concentration data of the dangerous gas collected at the n +1 th timet+1Comparing with a reference value if xt+1If the absolute value of the difference value between the member node and the reference value is smaller than the set absolute value threshold value jdthre, the member node passes the monitoring accuracy detection, otherwise, the member node does not pass the monitoring accuracy detection;
if the member node passes the monitoring accuracy detection, updating the time interval for carrying out the monitoring accuracy detection on the member node in the following mode:
t 'is T × 2, where T' represents the updated time interval,
if the time interval T reaches the preset maximum time interval, the time interval T is not updated any more;
if the member node fails to pass the monitoring accuracy detection, updating the time interval for performing the monitoring accuracy detection on the member node by the following method:
and if the time interval T reaches the preset minimum time interval, not updating the time interval T.
According to the embodiment of the invention, the member nodes are monitored at the self-adaptive time intervals, so that inaccurate monitoring data acquisition caused by faults of the member nodes can be avoided, and the accuracy of the intelligent hazardous gas monitoring system is improved. Specifically, when the monitoring accuracy of the member node is detected, the concentration data of the dangerous gas historically collected by the member node is considered, the concentration data of the dangerous gas collected at the (n + 1) th time of the member node is predicted, and the predicted value and the true value are compared, so that whether the member node passes the monitoring accuracy detection or not is judged. When the predicted value is calculated, the error compensation value is added, so that the accuracy of prediction can be improved. It is worth mentioning that the present application does not compare the real value of the detection with a fixed standard value as the conventional accuracy detection, which obviously cannot adapt to the change of the concentration of the hazardous gas in the actual environment. According to the method and the device, after the real value and the predicted value are compared, the monitoring accuracy of the member node is further detected, so that the situation that the monitored real value is mistakenly used as an error numerical value when gas leakage really occurs can be prevented. Since the concentration of the gas may rise rapidly when a gas leak occurs, it is obviously judged as inaccurate data in the conventional judgment manner, which is obviously not suitable. Therefore, the accuracy of the dangerous gas intelligent monitoring system can be obviously improved. The probability of the false alarm and the false alarm of the leakage of the dangerous gas is effectively reduced.
In one embodiment, the reference value is calculated by:
in the formula, czn+1(mem) represents a reference value, cu, of the concentration data of the dangerous gas collected at the n +1 th time of the member node memmemRepresenting the set of all other member nodes whose distance from the member node mem is less than a set distance threshold, dthre, d (mem, z) representing the member nodes mem and cumemThe distance between the member node in (1) and z, dfcRepresentation cumemStandard deviation of distances between all member nodes in (x) and zn+1(mem) and xn+1(z) true values, x, representing concentration data of the hazardous gas collected at the member nodes mem and z +1 th time, respectivelyfcRepresentation cumemAnd (3) the standard deviation of all member nodes in the system from the true value of the concentration data of the dangerous gas of the n +1 th acquired time z.
The reference value is not simply averaged but rather calculated according to cumemThe member nodes and the member nodes mem in the system perform weighted calculation on the real gas concentration condition according to the difference between the space distance and the real value of the acquired concentration data of the dangerous gas, so that a more accurate real gas concentration condition can be obtained. Because the member nodes are not simply arranged in the same narrow range, and the collected gas concentrations are different in different places, the gas concentrations are easily underestimated due to simple weighted averaging, and therefore the accuracy of the intelligent hazardous gas monitoring system is insufficient, but the problem can be well solved by the embodiment of the invention.
In one embodiment, the monitoring module 3 includes a receiving unit, a judging unit and a storing unit;
the receiving unit is used for receiving the concentration data of the dangerous gas from the data transmission module 2;
the judgment unit is used for judging whether dangerous gas leakage occurs according to the concentration data and a set dangerous gas concentration threshold value to obtain a judgment result;
the storage unit is used for storing the judgment result.
In one embodiment, the alarm module 4 comprises an alarm unit and a display unit, wherein the alarm unit is used for prompting personnel in the factory that the dangerous gas leakage occurs through alarm sound and alarm light;
the display unit is used for displaying the position of gas leakage and the type of the leaked gas in a preset three-dimensional model of the factory.
In one embodiment, the wireless sensor node comprises one or more of a carbon monoxide concentration sensor, a hydrogen concentration sensor, a methane concentration sensor, and an ethylene concentration sensor.
In one embodiment, the wireless sensor node further comprises one or more of a ZigBee communication device, a wireless cellular network communication device, a WiFi communication device.
In one embodiment, the determining whether the dangerous gas leakage occurs according to the concentration data and the set dangerous gas concentration threshold value to obtain the determination result comprises:
if the concentration data is larger than a set dangerous gas concentration threshold value, judging that dangerous gas leakage occurs;
and if the concentration data is smaller than the set dangerous gas concentration threshold, judging that no dangerous gas leakage occurs.
While embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to the embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (7)
1. An intelligent monitoring system for dangerous gas in a factory is characterized by comprising a monitoring module, a data transmission module, a monitoring module and an alarm module;
the monitoring module comprises a wireless sensor node, and the wireless sensor node is used for monitoring concentration data of dangerous gas in a factory and sending the concentration data to the data transmission module;
the data transmission module is used for transmitting the concentration data to the monitoring module;
the monitoring module is used for judging whether dangerous gas leakage occurs or not according to the concentration data, and if so, the type and the leakage position of the leaked gas are sent to the alarm module;
the alarm module is used for displaying the gas leakage position and the type of leaked gas in a preset three-dimensional model of the factory and sending an alarm prompt to a worker.
2. The intelligent monitoring system for the hazardous gas in the factory according to claim 1, wherein the data transmission module comprises a sink node, and the sink node is used for transmitting the hazardous gas concentration data from the wireless sensor node to the monitoring module through wired transmission or wireless transmission.
3. The intelligent monitoring system for the dangerous gas in the factory according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring module comprises a receiving unit, a judging unit and a storing unit;
the receiving unit is used for receiving the concentration data of the dangerous gas from the data transmission module;
the judgment unit is used for judging whether dangerous gas leakage occurs according to the concentration data and a set dangerous gas concentration threshold value to obtain a judgment result;
the storage unit is used for storing the judgment result.
4. The intelligent monitoring system for the dangerous gas in the factory according to claim 1, wherein the alarm module comprises an alarm unit and a display unit, the alarm unit is used for prompting personnel in the factory that the dangerous gas leakage occurs through alarm sound and alarm light;
the display unit is used for displaying the position of gas leakage and the type of the leaked gas in a preset three-dimensional model of the factory.
5. The intelligent monitoring system for hazardous gases in plant according to claim 1, wherein said wireless sensor node comprises one or more of a carbon monoxide concentration sensor, a hydrogen concentration sensor, a methane concentration sensor and an ethylene concentration sensor.
6. The intelligent monitoring system for dangerous gases in factory according to claim 5, wherein said wireless sensor node further comprises one or more of ZigBee communication device, wireless cellular network communication device, WiFi communication device.
7. The intelligent monitoring system for dangerous gas in factory according to claim 3, wherein judging whether dangerous gas leakage occurs according to said concentration data and set dangerous gas concentration threshold value, and obtaining judgment result, comprises:
if the concentration data is larger than a set dangerous gas concentration threshold value, judging that dangerous gas leakage occurs;
and if the concentration data is smaller than the set dangerous gas concentration threshold, judging that no dangerous gas leakage occurs.
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113971873A (en) * | 2021-08-20 | 2022-01-25 | 广州杰赛科技股份有限公司 | Dangerous chemical substance detection method and device based on wireless sensor network and storage medium |
| CN115032328A (en) * | 2021-03-04 | 2022-09-09 | 郑州宇通客车股份有限公司 | False alarm prevention control system and control method for gas leakage detection in vehicle |
| CN115508258A (en) * | 2022-09-20 | 2022-12-23 | 格瑞利(江苏)智能科技有限公司 | Raise dust monitoring method and system for construction site area |
| CN116164243A (en) * | 2023-04-26 | 2023-05-26 | 北京理工大学 | Hydrogen leakage detection positioning system and method |
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| CN116164243A (en) * | 2023-04-26 | 2023-05-26 | 北京理工大学 | Hydrogen leakage detection positioning system and method |
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