CN112216580B - Multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube based on tile-shaped waveguide - Google Patents

Multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube based on tile-shaped waveguide Download PDF

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CN112216580B
CN112216580B CN202011030507.3A CN202011030507A CN112216580B CN 112216580 B CN112216580 B CN 112216580B CN 202011030507 A CN202011030507 A CN 202011030507A CN 112216580 B CN112216580 B CN 112216580B
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tile
emission
shaped
waveguide
frequency structure
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CN112216580A (en
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蒋伟
刘云鹏
鲁朝轩
王建勋
蒲友雷
刘国
吴泽威
姚叶雷
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University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/34—Travelling-wave tubes; Tubes in which a travelling wave is simulated at spaced gaps
    • H01J25/42—Tubes in which an electron stream interacts with a wave travelling along a delay line or equivalent sequence of impedance elements, and with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field
    • H01J25/46—Tubes in which an electron stream interacts with a wave travelling along a delay line or equivalent sequence of impedance elements, and with a magnet system producing an H-field crossing the E-field the backward travelling wave being utilised
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
    • H01J23/04—Cathodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
    • H01J23/06—Electron or ion guns
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/36—Coupling devices having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube, for introducing or removing wave energy
    • H01J23/38—Coupling devices having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube, for introducing or removing wave energy to or from the discharge

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of vacuum electronic and high-power millimeter wave source devices, and particularly relates to a multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube based on a tile-shaped waveguide. The structure of the invention is based on the existing magnetic control injection electron gun, adopts the tile-shaped waveguide as a high-frequency structure, and makes adaptive improvement on the electron gun based on the high-frequency structure, so that the electron gun is adaptive to the high-frequency structure. Compared with the prior gyrotron traveling wave tube, the gyrotron traveling wave tube has simpler structure and is easy to manufacture. In the same frequency band, the tile-shaped waveguide has larger size and larger electron beam power capacity, so that higher-power microwave output can be realized. In a higher frequency band, the circular waveguide and the spiral corrugated waveguide are too small in size and difficult to process, and the tile-shaped waveguide also has a processing space.

Description

Multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube based on tile-shaped waveguide
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of vacuum electron and high-power millimeter wave source devices, in particular to a tile-shaped waveguide-based multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube.
Background
The gyrotron traveling wave tube is a microwave amplifier based on relativistic electron cyclotron stopple effect, and has the characteristics of large broadband, high power and high frequency in microwave, millimeter wave and submillimeter wave frequency bands. The method is widely applied to the fields of microwave communication, electronic countermeasure, radar imaging and the like. In recent years, with the development of technologies such as microwave communication, electronic countermeasure, radar imaging, etc., the requirements for the power and efficiency of the gyrotron traveling wave tube are higher and higher, and therefore, the high-frequency-band operation and high-power output of the gyrotron traveling wave tube become a hot spot of current research.
In principle, the gyrotron traveling wave tube transfers hollow gyrotron electron beam energy generated by an electron optical system to a high-frequency field in a high-frequency structure based on a relativistic electron gyrotron pulse plug instability mechanism, and the process is beam interaction; when the injection waves interact, the energy of the electron beam is absorbed through the microwaves, so that the microwave amplification is realized. It can be seen that the main factors affecting the high-frequency band operation and high power output of the gyrotron traveling wave tube are the generation of high-quality electron beams and the characteristics of the high-frequency structure.
In order to realize high-frequency band operation and high power output of the gyrotron traveling wave tube, a conventional method is to utilize a magnetic control injection electron gun to generate a circular gyrotron electron beam, and the circular gyrotron electron beam is inserted into a circular waveguide
Figure BDA0002703506750000011
The fields of the modes interact to achieve microwave amplification. The electron gun in this way can only provide a single electron beam and is therefore energy limited. On the other hand, as the working frequency of the circular waveguide serving as a high-frequency structure is increased, the radius of the waveguide is reduced, so that the power capacity of the circular waveguide is reduced, and the microwave output power is limited; meanwhile, the waveguide is small in size, the electron beam accommodated in the waveguide is small in size, repulsive force between electrons is aggravated, and space charge limitation is aggravated, so that the intensity of the accommodated electron beam is reduced, and the power capacity of the electron beam is limited.
The prior art discloses a multi-beam spiral corrugated waveguide cyclotron traveling wave tube, and an electron gun of the multi-beam spiral corrugated waveguide cyclotron traveling wave tube is different from an electron gun of a traditional cyclotron traveling wave tube. The electron gun can emit a plurality of large-convolution elliptical electron beams, the high-frequency structure of the electron gun is a spiral corrugated waveguide, the waveguide has the characteristic of insensitivity to electron beam discrete parameters, when the power of the electron beam is increased, the electron beam quality is reduced due to the fact that the speed is increased discretely, and the problem of electron beam quality reduction when the power is increased can be solved by the spiral corrugated waveguide when the power is output at high power. However, the size of the gyrotron traveling wave tube is too small when the gyrotron traveling wave tube works in a higher frequency band, so that the power output of the gyrotron traveling wave tube is limited when the gyrotron traveling wave tube works in a high frequency band.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a tile-shaped waveguide-based multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube to overcome the problem of insufficient output power of the gyrotron traveling wave tube in the prior art when the gyrotron traveling wave tube works in a high-frequency band.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a tile-shaped waveguide-based multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube comprises an electron gun, a high-frequency structure, a collector, an input window and an output window; the input window is connected with an external microwave signal and provides the external microwave signal to the high-frequency structure, and the output window is used for outputting the amplified microwave signal; the electron gun, the high-frequency structure and the collector are coaxially and sequentially arranged along the direction of the high-frequency structure; the electron gun comprises an anode, the anode is a single anode, and a cathode is arranged in the anode; the cathode, the anode and the high-frequency structure are coaxially and sequentially arranged along the direction of the high-frequency structure.
The cathode 1 is provided with an emitting surface, the emitting surface is coaxial with the cathode, and one surface of the emitting surface, which is opposite to the high-frequency structure, is provided with n tile-shaped emitting lobes for emitting electron beams, wherein n is an integer greater than 1; an emission inhibition area for inhibiting electron beam emission is arranged between two adjacent tile-shaped emission lobes, and an emission inhibition film is attached to the emission inhibition area;
the high-frequency structure is connected with the anode, tile-shaped waveguides with the same number as the tile-shaped emission lobes are arranged in the high-frequency structure, and the tile-shaped waveguides are independent from each other so as to ensure that electron beams emitted by the tile-shaped emission lobes enter the tile-shaped waveguides respectively.
Preferably, the tile-shaped emission lobe is a tungsten substrate, and the emission material impregnated on the tungsten substrate is barium salt.
Preferably, the height of the emission suppressing film relative to the emission surface is higher than that of the tile-shaped emission lobe relative to the emission surface, so as to reduce the influence of repulsive force between negatively charged electron beams at the initial stage of electron emission and realize precise electron beam shaping.
Preferably, the central angle of the tile-shaped waveguide is larger than that of the tile-shaped emission lobe so as to ensure that electrons can all enter the tile-shaped waveguide.
The invention provides a tile-shaped waveguide-based multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube, and the adopted magnetic field is an external magnetic field. The structure of the invention is that the high-frequency structure is reset on the basis of the existing magnetic control injection electron gun, and the electron gun is adaptively improved based on the high-frequency structure so as to be adaptive to the high-frequency structure. In the electron gun, n tile-shaped emission lobes distributed in the direction of an angle are arranged on one surface of an emission surface of the electron gun facing a high-frequency structure, and the number of the tile-shaped emission lobes is the same as that of the tile-shaped waveguides, so that each electron beam is ensured to enter 1 tile-shaped waveguide. In practical use, the number of emission lobes is not suitable to be excessive because the utilization rate of electrons is reduced along with the increase of the emission lobes; in order to obtain better utilization rate of electrons, the number n of tile-shaped emission lobes is preferably controlled within the range of n being more than or equal to 4 and less than or equal to 10. In addition, in the emission suppression area, the height of the attached emission suppression film relative to the emission surface is 0.2mm-0.5mm higher than that of the tile-shaped emission lobe relative to the emission surface, so that the influence of repulsive force between negatively charged electron beams in the initial stage of electron emission can be reduced, and accurate electron beam shaping can be realized. The working process of the invention is as follows: n tile-shaped emission lobes distributed in an angular mode generate n cyclotron electron beams under the action of anode voltage and an external magnetic field, and the electron beam forming position generates certain angular drift from an emission surface, so that the central angle of the tile-shaped waveguide is larger than that of the tile-shaped emission lobes during design, and electrons can completely enter the tile-shaped waveguide; aligning electron beam with within tile waveguide
Figure BDA0002703506750000021
The mode microwaves interact to realize microwave amplification.
Due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the following advantages:
1. in the invention, the mode that the height of the emission inhibiting film relative to the emission surface is higher than that of the tile-shaped emission lobe relative to the emission surface is adopted; the influence of the repulsive force between negatively charged electron beams can be reduced when the electron emission is initial, and the accurate forming of the electron beams is ensured.
2. Because the tile-shaped waveguide is adopted as the high-frequency structure, the whole structure is simpler and is easy to manufacture. In the same frequency band, compared with the traditional cylindrical waveguide gyrotron traveling wave tube and the traditional spiral corrugated waveguide gyrotron traveling wave tube, the tile-shaped waveguide has larger size and larger electron beam power capacity, so that the microwave output with higher power can be realized; in a higher frequency band, the circular waveguide and the spiral corrugated waveguide are too small in size and difficult to process, and the tile-shaped waveguide also has a processing space.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram of an electron gun in an embodiment tile waveguide based multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a cathode structure of an electron gun in a multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube based on a tile-shaped waveguide according to an embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a high frequency structure diagram in a multiple beam gyrotron traveling wave tube based on a tile-shaped waveguide according to an embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a slowly varying magnetic field distribution diagram of an electron gun region after a magnetic field is applied to a multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube based on a tile-shaped waveguide according to an embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a graph of electron beam trajectories generated by an electron gun in an embodiment tile waveguide-based multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube;
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the variation of electron beam angular drift amount generated by an electron gun in a multi-beam cyclotron traveling wave tube based on a tile-shaped waveguide according to an embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a graph of high frequency structural dispersion for an embodiment;
reference numerals:
1. a cathode; 2. an anode; 3. a tile-shaped waveguide; 4. a tile-shaped launch lobe; 5. an emission-suppressing region; 6. post-forming the electrode; 7. and (4) front forming the pole.
Detailed Description
In order that the above objects, features and advantages of the present invention can be more clearly understood, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
The invention provides a tile-shaped waveguide-based multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube, which comprises: the electron gun, the high-frequency structure, the collector, the input window and the output window; wherein the electron gun, the high-frequency structure and the collector are coaxially arranged.
Fig. 2 shows an embodiment of the electron gun according to the invention. As shown in fig. 2, the electron gun comprises an anode 2, the anode 2 is a single anode, and a cathode 1 coaxial with the anode is arranged in the anode 2; the cathode is provided with a rear forming electrode 6, an emitting surface and a front forming electrode 7, and the rear forming electrode 6, the emitting surface and the front forming electrode 7 are coaxial with the cathode 1; the rear forming electrode 6, the emitting surface and the front forming electrode 7 are stacked in sequence along the direction of the high-frequency structure and gradually reduced to form a structure similar to a cone. 4 tile-shaped emission lobes for emitting electron beams are distributed in an angular manner in an area, which is opposite to one surface of the high-frequency structure and is not shielded by the front forming electrode, of the emission surface, and the emission lobes are impregnated with barium salt serving as an emission substance. An emission suppression region 5 for suppressing electron beam emission is arranged between two adjacent tile-shaped emission lobes; the emission-suppressing film layer is attached to the emission-suppressing region 5 so that the height of the emission-suppressing region with respect to the emission surface is higher than the height of the tile-shaped emission lobe with respect to the emission surface by 0.2 mm. By the arrangement, the influence of repulsive force between negatively charged electron beams can be reduced at the beginning of electron emission, and accurate electron beam forming is realized. The rear forming electrode and the front forming electrode are used for adjusting the electric field around the cathode emission surface.
The anode 2 is a hollow metal shell and comprises a hollow cylinder 201, a hollow circular truncated cone 202, a hollow cylinder 203, a hollow circular truncated cone 204 and a hollow cylinder 205 which are coaxially arranged in sequence along the direction of the high-frequency structure. Wherein the radius of one end of the hollow round platform 202 is the same as that of the hollow cylinder 201, and the radius of the other end is the same as that of the hollow cylinder 203; the inclined plane has large gradient, and the height h of the circular truncated cone is 17.4 mm. The radius of one end of the hollow round platform 204 is the same as that of the hollow cylinder 203, the radius of the other end of the hollow round platform is the same as that of the hollow cylinder 205, the height h of the round platform is 138mm, and the inclination of the inclined plane is smaller. The hollow cylinder 205 is connected to a high frequency structure. The cathode 1 is arranged inside the hollow cylinder 201, is coaxial with the anode 2 and has a bottom flush with the bottom of the anode hollow cylinder 201.
Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of the high frequency structure according to the invention. As shown in fig. 3, 4 identical tile-shaped waveguides are uniformly distributed in the same cylinder at an angular direction and axially penetrate through the cylinder to form 4 tile-shaped channels for electron injection and circulation.
As shown in fig. 1, the high-frequency structure is coaxial with the cathode 1 and the anode 2 of the electron gun, and the number of the tile-shaped waveguides and the tile-shaped emission lobes in the high-frequency structure is the same; the central angle theta of the tile-shaped waveguide during design1Greater than the central angle theta of the tile-shaped emitting lobecAnd the tile-shaped channel has a fixed angle difference with the tile-shaped emission lobe in the angular direction, so that the formed electron beam is not intercepted and smoothly enters the high-frequency structure.
In the using process of the invention, voltage is applied to the cathode 1 and the anode 2, current is applied to the cathode 1, a slowly varying magnetic field is applied to the outside of the cyclotron traveling wave tube, electrons are respectively emitted by the tile-shaped emission lobes 4 and axially advance under the action of the voltage and the magnetic field of the anode 2, cyclotron electron beams with a certain transverse-longitudinal velocity ratio are formed in a constant magnetic field area, and the electron beams respectively enter corresponding high-frequency structures; microwave is input from the input window, wave injection interaction is carried out in the high-frequency structure, electrons transfer energy to the microwave to realize microwave amplification, the microwave is output from the output window after being amplified, and the working electrons are recovered in the collector.
The use frequency band of the gyrotron traveling wave tube needs to be considered, parameters of the magnetron injection electron gun and high-frequency structure size are designed according to the use frequency band, and the gyrotron traveling wave tube is not universal in the full frequency band. If the gyrotron traveling wave tube is applied to the W wave band, the gyrotron traveling wave tube is manufactured according to the structure by adopting the following parameters:
tables 1-2 show the main structural parameters and working parameters of the W-band tile-shaped waveguide cyclotron traveling wave tube magnetron injection electron gun and the tile-shaped waveguide.
TABLE 1W wave band tile-shaped waveguide cyclotron traveling wave tube main structural parameters
Radius of emission band rc(mm) 16.2
Width d of emission bandc(mm) 1.7
Emission band angle thetac(°) 30
Post-forming polar radius re(mm) 18
Radius of the anode ra(mm) 31.9
Inner diameter r of tile-shaped waveguide1(mm) 5.9
Outer diameter r of tile-shaped waveguide2(mm) 4.2
Tile waveguide angle θ1(°) 50
Angular difference Δ θ (°) 11.9
TABLE 2W wave band tile-shaped waveguide cyclotron traveling wave tube working parameters
Figure BDA0002703506750000041
Figure BDA0002703506750000051
In the current design example of the W-band gyrotron traveling wave tube, the radius of the tile-shaped waveguide is 4.2-5.9mm, which is far larger than the radius of 2mm of the traditional cylindrical waveguide, and as the size of the tile-shaped waveguide is increased, the space charge limit of the electron beam is reduced, so that the intensity of the electron beam which can be accommodated in the waveguide is also increased under the smaller space charge limit, and the power of the electron beam can be improved.
Electrons emitted by the emission band do cyclotron motion under the action of an electric field and a slowly-changing rising magnetic field, and form an electron beam with the transverse speed/longitudinal speed ratio of 1.02 along with angular drift, and the longitudinal speed of the electron beam is scattered to be 2.98%. The electrons are injected into the high frequency tile shaped channel as shown in figure 5. The tile-shaped channel and the emission band have certain angular drift, the angular drift is improved along with the increase of the working voltage, the working voltage is 60kV in the example, and the electron beam angular drift is 11.9 degrees. As shown in FIG. 6, in order to ensure the electron beam is transmitted in the center of the channel, the high-frequency tile-shaped channel and the cathode emission band have the same offset angle in the upward direction.
Fig. 7 is a dispersion plot of a tile waveguide. As shown in FIG. 7, the electron beam cyclotron dispersion curve and the high-frequency tile waveguide
Figure BDA0002703506750000052
The modes are intersected at 94GHz, the electron beam and the microwave signal can effectively interact, and microwave amplification output of the W frequency band is achieved.
In the above, the collector, the input window, the output window, the connection of each component, and the like of the gyrotron traveling wave tube can be realized by the prior art, and therefore, they are not described in detail. The above-described embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention. Through the design example, the multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube based on the tile-shaped waveguide overcomes the problems of limited microwave power capacity and limited electron beam power capacity caused by small size of the traditional circular waveguide and the traditional spiral corrugated waveguide.

Claims (3)

1. A tile-shaped waveguide-based multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube comprises an electron gun, a high-frequency structure, a collector, an input window and an output window; the input window is connected with an external microwave signal and provides the external microwave signal to the high-frequency structure, and the output window is used for outputting the amplified microwave signal; electron gun, high frequency structure and collector set gradually along the high frequency structure direction is coaxial, its characterized in that:
the electron gun comprises an anode, the anode is a single anode, and a cathode is arranged in the anode; the cathode, the anode and the high-frequency structure are coaxially and sequentially arranged along the direction of the high-frequency structure, and are characterized in that: the cathode is provided with an emission surface, the emission surface is coaxial with the cathode, and one surface of the emission surface, which is opposite to the high-frequency structure, is provided with n tile-shaped emission lobes for emitting electron beams, wherein n is an integer greater than 1; an emission inhibition area for inhibiting electron beam emission is arranged between two adjacent tile-shaped emission lobes, and an emission inhibition film is attached to the emission inhibition area;
the high-frequency structure is connected with the anode, tile-shaped waveguides with the same number as the tile-shaped emission lobes are arranged in the high-frequency structure, and the tile-shaped waveguides are independent from each other so as to ensure that electron beams emitted by the tile-shaped emission lobes enter the tile-shaped waveguides respectively; the central angle of the tile-shaped waveguide is larger than that of the tile-shaped emission lobe, and a fixed angle difference exists between the angular direction of the tile-shaped channel and the angular direction of the tile-shaped emission lobe, so that the formed electron beam is not intercepted and smoothly enters a high-frequency structure.
2. The tile waveguide-based multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube according to claim 1, wherein: the tile-shaped emission valve is a tungsten substrate, and the emission material impregnated on the tile-shaped emission valve is barium salt.
3. The tile waveguide-based multi-beam gyrotron traveling wave tube according to claim 1, wherein: the height of the emission suppressing film with respect to the emission surface is higher than the height of the tile-shaped emission lobe with respect to the emission surface.
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