CN112210486A - Electric impedance type cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip - Google Patents
Electric impedance type cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip Download PDFInfo
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- CN112210486A CN112210486A CN202010925552.9A CN202010925552A CN112210486A CN 112210486 A CN112210486 A CN 112210486A CN 202010925552 A CN202010925552 A CN 202010925552A CN 112210486 A CN112210486 A CN 112210486A
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- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 94
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 210000000601 blood cell Anatomy 0.000 abstract description 3
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 abstract description 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 210000003651 basophil Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000001772 blood platelet Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000003979 eosinophil Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000003743 erythrocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000004698 lymphocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000001616 monocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 210000000440 neutrophil Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 210000000805 cytoplasm Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012742 biochemical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003855 cell nucleus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000006285 cell suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007850 fluorescent dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002032 lab-on-a-chip Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012273 nephrostomy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012811 non-conductive material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008855 peristalsis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000626 ureter Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
- G01N15/1031—Investigating individual particles by measuring electrical or magnetic effects thereof, e.g. conductivity or capacity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M23/00—Constructional details, e.g. recesses, hinges
- C12M23/02—Form or structure of the vessel
- C12M23/16—Microfluidic devices; Capillary tubes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M41/00—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation
- C12M41/30—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation of concentration
- C12M41/36—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation of concentration of biomass, e.g. colony counters or by turbidity measurements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M47/00—Means for after-treatment of the produced biomass or of the fermentation or metabolic products, e.g. storage of biomass
- C12M47/04—Cell isolation or sorting
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
Abstract
The invention discloses an electric impedance cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip.A signal containing high-frequency and low-frequency components is input to a first electric impedance detection electrode and a second electric impedance detection electrode of an alternating current response detection area, the alternating current response characteristic of a cell is obtained by outputting the signal, and after the characteristic of the cell is determined, the signal is transmitted to 8 separation piezoelectric elements to generate sound waves matched with the cell; only one pair of piezoelectric elements in the same plane is in a working state each time, particles are pushed to enter the corresponding flow channel, and mutual influence is reduced as much as possible when each branch is separated; when aiming at blood cells, the device can obtain the specific number of 8 types of cells and obtain the separated cells with activity, and if necessary, the cells can be further separated more finely or the cells can be detected more specifically aiming at a certain disease.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of cell sorting and counting, in particular to an electric impedance cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip.
Background
The microfluidic technology refers to the treatment or operation of micro fluid by using a micro pipeline, and is mainly applied to the fields of biochemical analysis, environmental monitoring and the like. Microfluidic chips carrying microchannels, also known as lab-on-a-chip and micro total analysis systems, can perform operations such as sorting, counting, etc. on specific particles by using properties of fluid that are different from those of the fluid in a macroscopic state when the fluid moves in the microchannels.
Cell sorting in microscale means that cells are distinguished and separated according to different mechanical and physical properties, such as volume, shape, etc.
Blood cells are specifically classified into erythrocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, platelets and other cells, to a total of 8 types of cells.
In the existing sorting counting chip, only single cells can be separated, and specific separation and counting can not be carried out aiming at multiple cells. If the application number is: CN201910493156.0, application name: in the patent application of the cell sorting device, the downstream of a main flow channel is divided into three branches, a middle branch is connected with a waste liquid port, two symmetrical branches on two sides are connected with a collecting port, and finally, the separation of single cells can only be realized.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are as follows: the invention aims to solve the defects in the prior art and provides an electric impedance cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip for simultaneously separating and counting multiple cells aiming at a complex sample.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the invention relates to an electric impedance cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip, which comprises
Including encapsulation base and setting be in the runner group in the encapsulation base, its characterized in that: the flow channel group comprises a detection sample inlet area, an alternating current response detection area and an acoustic separation area which are sequentially communicated;
the acoustic separation area comprises a main flow channel, a separation piezoelectric unit arranged on the outer circular surface of the main flow channel and a flow dividing unit arranged at the tail end of the main flow channel;
the separation piezoelectric unit comprises separation piezoelectric elements which are uniformly and equidistantly distributed around the main flow channel;
the flow dividing unit comprises flow dividing pipes which are communicated with the main flow passage in groups;
a shunt counting area is arranged in the shunt pipe.
Furthermore, a focusing piezoelectric element which can focus the cells and stabilize the cells at the center of the main flow channel by using acoustic resistance is arranged on the front section of the separation piezoelectric unit on the main flow channel;
and a focusing piezoelectric element is arranged on the front section of the shunt tube in the shunt counting area.
Further, a large cell shunting section and a small cell shunting section are arranged on the packaging base along the tail end of the main flow channel; the large cell shunting sections are annularly and equally distributed at the main runner, and a small cell shunting section is arranged between the two adjacent large cell shunting sections;
the shunt tubes comprise a large cell shunt tube and a small cell shunt tube;
the large cell shunt section is communicated with the large cell shunt pipe; the small cell shunt section is communicated with the small cell shunt pipe.
Further, a first transition section is arranged between the large cell shunt section and the large cell shunt pipe; and a second transition section is arranged between the small cell shunting section and the small cell shunting pipe.
Further, the first transition section and the second transition section are in a diffusion shape, and the distance between the first transition section and the second transition section increases along the cell flow direction.
Further, an electrical impedance detection electrode group is arranged in the alternating current response detection area and the shunt counting area; the electrical impedance detection electrode group comprises a first electrical impedance detection electrode and a second electrical impedance detection electrode which are identical in structure and distributed in parallel; the inner diameter of a communication flow channel between the first electrical impedance detection electrode and the second electrical impedance detection electrode is smaller than the inner diameters of flow channels at two sides of the first electrical impedance detection electrode and the first electrical impedance detection electrode;
the first electrical impedance detection electrode comprises a cylindrical electrode main body, the front section of the cylindrical electrode main body is provided with an arc contact surface matched with the runner pipe, and the other end of the cylindrical electrode main body extends out of the packaging base.
Further, the detection sample inlet area comprises a sample flow channel and a sheath flow channel wrapping the sample flow channel, and the sheath flow channel is communicated with a flow channel of the alternating current response detection area; the sheath fluid flow channel supplies flow through the sheath fluid flow channel.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. compared with the design of two branches, the design provided with 8 branches has larger sectional area at the branch of the flow passage, but the number of the branches is increased, so that the sectional area corresponding to each branch at the branch of the flow passage at the acoustic separation stage is reduced, the allowable separation error is greatly reduced because the main flow passage is connected by the branches for a circle, and the separation precision is greatly reduced if the method of fluid separation or acoustic separation in the two branches is still used; in the invention, a signal containing high-frequency and low-frequency components is input to a first electrical impedance detection electrode and a second electrical impedance detection electrode of an alternating current response detection area, alternating current response characteristics of cells are obtained by outputting the signal, and after the characteristics of the cells are determined, the signal is transmitted to 8 separated piezoelectric elements to generate sound waves matched with the cells; only one pair of piezoelectric elements in the same plane is in a working state each time, particles are pushed to enter the corresponding flow channel, and mutual influence is reduced as much as possible when each branch is separated; when aiming at blood cells, the device can obtain the specific number of 8 types of cells and obtain the separated cells with activity, and if necessary, the cells can be further separated more finely or the cells can be detected more specifically aiming at a certain disease.
2. The shunt counting area is arranged on the shunt tube, so that the whole functionality of the chip can be enhanced, and the work of sorting and counting cells can be completed at one time; the design of 8 branches corresponding to 8 outlets is combined, so that after various different cells are sorted, detailed counting is carried out, the data of the sample cell suspension can be obtained more specifically, namely the types of the contained cells and the specific number of each cell, the time required by the experiment is shortened, and the collection of sample liquid is realized.
3. The acoustic sorting is adopted in the sorting mode of the cells, so that the possible damage of fluorescent staining marks to the cells is effectively avoided, the cells are protected to a greater extent, and the cells can be reused after sorting, counting and collecting.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic overall view of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the end of the main runner of the package base of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the distribution of the starting ends of the first transition section and the second transition section on the package base according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the distribution of the ends of the shunt tubes on the package base according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a specific structure of an electrical impedance detection electrode set according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
For the understanding of the present invention, the following detailed description will be given with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are provided for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1-6, an electrical impedance cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip of the present invention comprises a packaging base 9 and a channel set disposed in the packaging base 9, wherein the channel set comprises a detection sample inlet region 1, an ac response detection region 2 and an acoustic separation region 3, which are sequentially communicated; the detection sample inlet area 1 comprises a sample flow channel 11 and a sheath flow channel 12 wrapping the sample flow channel 11, and the sheath flow channel 12 is communicated with the flow channel of the alternating current response detection area 2; the sheath fluid flow channel 12 is fed through the sheath fluid flow channel 120;
an electrical impedance detection electrode group 20 is arranged in the alternating current response detection area 2 and the shunt counting area 5;
because the cell can be regarded as an impedance element, it is formed from three portions of cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, every portion contains two characteristic values of conductance and dielectric constant, when no cell is flowed through the detection electrode, the current produced by AC response detection electrode and liquid in the interior of flow channel can be formed into a stable loop, if the applied excitation signal is D.C. signal, the pulse produced by cell can indicate that the resistance in the detection loop is increased, at this time the amplitude of pulse and volume of particle are formed into linear relationship, when a cell is placed in the flow channel between two AC response detection electrodes, the impedance of whole AC response detection loop is changed, and an AC excitation signal containing high frequency and low frequency simultaneously can be applied, so that the correspondent impedance signal can simultaneously reflect cell membrane capacitance, cytoplasm conductivity, Nuclear conductivity, etc. and through the information, we can identify the cell.
As shown in fig. 6, the electrical impedance detection electrode group 20 includes a first electrical impedance detection electrode 2-1 and a second electrical impedance detection electrode 2-2 which are identical in structure and are distributed in parallel; the inner diameter of a communication flow passage 27 between the first electrical impedance detection electrode 2-1 and the second electrical impedance detection electrode 2-2 is smaller than the inner diameters of a liquid inlet flow passage 28 and a liquid outlet flow passage 29 at two sides of the first electrical impedance detection electrode 2-1 and the second electrical impedance detection electrode 2-2;
the first electrical impedance detection electrode 2-1 comprises a cylindrical electrode main body 21, the front section of the cylindrical electrode main body 21 is provided with an arc contact surface matched with the runner pipe, and the other end of the cylindrical electrode main body extends out of the packaging base 9;
the acoustic separation area 3 comprises a main flow channel 30, a separation piezoelectric unit 31 arranged on the outer circular surface of the main flow channel 30 and a flow dividing unit 4 arranged at the tail end of the main flow channel 30; a focusing piezoelectric element 32 which can focus the cells and stabilize the cells at the center of the main channel 30 by using acoustic resistance is arranged on the front section of the separation piezoelectric unit 31 on the main channel 30; on the shunt tube 40, a focusing piezoelectric element 32 is provided in the front stage of the shunt counting region 5.
The separation piezoelectric unit 31 includes 8 groups of separation piezoelectric elements 310 uniformly and equidistantly distributed around the primary flow passage 30; a signal containing high-frequency and low-frequency components is input to the first electrical impedance detection electrode 2-1 and the second electrical impedance detection electrode 2-2 of the alternating current response detection area 2, alternating current response characteristics of cells are obtained through output signals, after the characteristics of the cells are determined, the signals are transmitted to 8 separation piezoelectric elements 310, sound waves matched with the cells are generated, and the cells are driven to enter corresponding shunt sections through sound.
The flow dividing unit 4 comprises 8 groups of flow dividing pipes 40 communicated with the main flow passage 30;
a shunt counting area 5 is arranged in the shunt tube 40. On the packaging base 9, 4 large cell shunt sections 6 are arranged, the large cell shunt sections are annularly and equally distributed at the main flow channel 30, and a small cell shunt section 7 is arranged between two adjacent large cell shunt sections 6; the shunt 40 includes a large cell shunt 41 and a small cell shunt 42;
a first transition section 60 is arranged between the large cell shunt section 6 and the large cell shunt pipe 41; a second transition section 70 is arranged between the small cell shunt section 7 and the small cell shunt tube 42. The first transition section 60 and the second transition section 70 are in a diffusion shape, and the distance between the first transition section 60 and the second transition section 70 increases along the cell flowing direction.
As shown in fig. 3-5, at the end of the main channel, a large cell splitting section 6 and a small cell splitting section 7 are provided along the end of the main channel 30; wherein, the four large cell shunt sections 6 are respectively used for neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes; the four small cell shunt sections 7 are respectively used for introducing red blood cells, platelets, lymphocytes and other cells; as shown in fig. 4, a first transition section 60 is provided between the large cell shunt section 6 and the large cell shunt 41; a second transition section 70 is arranged between the small cell shunt section 7 and the small cell shunt tube 42; in the cell flowing direction, the first transition section 60 and the second transition section 70 are in a diffusion shape, and the distance between the eight shunt tubes 40 is gradually increased until the large cell end outlets 411 of the four large cell shunt tubes 41 form a square shape as shown in fig. 5, so that neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes can be separated in sequence; a small cell end outlet 412 is arranged between two adjacent large cell end outlets 411, and can sequentially and clockwise discharge red blood cells, platelets, lymphocytes and other cells. Wherein, the space between the eight shunt tubes 40 is gradually increased, and the eight shunt tubes are distributed from the petal shape in the figure 3 to the square shape in the figure 5; the problem that the reasonable space distribution of specific cells cannot be really carried out when the main flow channel 30 is divided equally is effectively solved; meanwhile, the increase of the distance between the shunt tubes 40 is also beneficial to the installation and distribution of the electrical impedance detection electrode group 20.
Wherein, on the packaging base 9 made of non-conductive material, the acoustic separation area 3 and the shunt tube 40 section provided with the focusing piezoelectric element 32 are both provided with cavities, which is convenient for the installation and maintenance of the focusing piezoelectric element 32.
The foregoing illustrates and describes the principles, general features, and advantages of the present invention. The present invention can be integrated into a nephrostomy tube for ureter detection and monitoring peristalsis or deformation of any tubular object, and it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and the above embodiments and descriptions are only for further illustrating the principle of the present invention, and various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the claimed invention. The scope of the invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (7)
1. An electric impedance type cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip comprises a packaging base (9) and a flow channel group arranged in the packaging base (9), and is characterized in that: the flow channel group comprises a detection sample inlet area (1), an alternating current response detection area (2) and an acoustic separation area (3) which are sequentially communicated;
the acoustic separation area (3) comprises a main flow channel (30), a separation piezoelectric unit (31) arranged on the outer circular surface of the main flow channel (30) and a flow dividing unit (4) arranged at the tail end of the main flow channel (30);
the separation piezo-element (31) comprises 8 groups of separation piezo-elements (310) evenly distributed equidistantly around the primary flow channel (30);
the flow dividing unit (4) comprises 8 groups of flow dividing pipes (40) communicated with the main flow passage (30);
a shunt counting area (5) is arranged in the shunt pipe (40).
2. The electrical impedance cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip of claim 1, wherein: a focusing piezoelectric element (32) which can focus the cells and stabilize the cells at the center of the main channel (30) by using acoustic resistance is arranged on the front section of the separation piezoelectric unit (31) on the main channel (30);
and a focusing piezoelectric element (32) is arranged on the shunt tube (40) at the front section of the shunt counting area (5).
3. The electrical impedance cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip of claim 1, wherein: a large cell shunt section (6) and a small cell shunt section (7) are arranged on the packaging base (9) along the tail end of the main flow channel (30); the number of the large cell shunting sections (6) is 4, the large cell shunting sections are annularly and equally distributed at the position of the main flow channel (30), and small cell shunting sections (7) are arranged between two adjacent large cell shunting sections (6);
the shunt tube (40) comprises a large cell shunt tube (41) and a small cell shunt tube (42);
the large cell shunt section (6) is communicated with the large cell shunt pipe (41); the small cell shunt section (7) is communicated with the small cell shunt tube (42).
4. The electrical impedance cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip of claim 3, wherein: a first transition section (60) is arranged between the large cell shunt section (6) and the large cell shunt pipe (41); a second transition section (70) is arranged between the small cell shunt section (7) and the small cell shunt tube (42).
5. The electrical impedance cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip of claim 3, wherein: the first transition section (60) and the second transition section (70) are in a diffusion shape, and the distance between the first transition section (60) and the second transition section (70) is increased along the cell flow direction.
6. The electrical impedance cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip of claim 1, wherein: an electrical impedance detection electrode group (20) is arranged in the alternating current response detection area (2) and the shunt counting area (5); the electrical impedance detection electrode group (20) comprises a first electrical impedance detection electrode (2-1) and a second electrical impedance detection electrode (2-2) which are identical in structure and distributed in parallel; the inner diameter of a communication flow channel between the first electrical impedance detection electrode (2-1) and the second electrical impedance detection electrode (2-2) is smaller than the inner diameter of the flow channel at the two sides of the first electrical impedance detection electrode (2-1) and the second electrical impedance detection electrode (2-2);
the first electrical impedance detection electrode (2-1) comprises a cylindrical electrode main body (21), an arc-shaped contact surface matched with the runner pipe is arranged at the front section of the cylindrical electrode main body (21), and the other end of the cylindrical electrode main body extends out of the packaging base (9).
7. The electrical impedance cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip of claim 1, wherein: the detection sample inlet area (1) comprises a sample flow channel (11) and a sheath flow channel (12) wrapping the sample flow channel (11), and the sheath flow channel (12) is communicated with a flow channel of the alternating current response detection area (2); the sheath fluid flow channel (12) is fed through a sheath fluid flow channel (120).
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202010925552.9A CN112210486A (en) | 2020-09-04 | 2020-09-04 | Electric impedance type cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip |
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| CN202010925552.9A CN112210486A (en) | 2020-09-04 | 2020-09-04 | Electric impedance type cell detection and acoustic sorting counting chip |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112986107A (en) * | 2021-02-03 | 2021-06-18 | 东南大学 | Cell flow type electrical impedance detection method based on asymmetric sinusoidal flow channel |
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| CN112986107B (en) * | 2021-02-03 | 2022-03-11 | 东南大学 | Cell flow type electrical impedance detection method based on asymmetric sinusoidal flow channel |
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