CN112209705A - Water-based tape casting method of ceramic green tape - Google Patents
Water-based tape casting method of ceramic green tape Download PDFInfo
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- CN112209705A CN112209705A CN202011166086.7A CN202011166086A CN112209705A CN 112209705 A CN112209705 A CN 112209705A CN 202011166086 A CN202011166086 A CN 202011166086A CN 112209705 A CN112209705 A CN 112209705A
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229920001909 styrene-acrylic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011268 mixed slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerol group Chemical group OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- IBLKWZIFZMJLFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-phenoxypropan-2-ol Chemical group CC(O)COC1=CC=CC=C1 IBLKWZIFZMJLFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000013530 defoamer Substances 0.000 description 3
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/10—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminium oxide
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- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
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Abstract
The invention discloses a water-based tape casting method of a ceramic green tape, which comprises the following steps: mixing the styrene-acrylic emulsion and the silicone-acrylic emulsion in proportion to prepare mixed emulsion; sequentially adding ceramic powder, water, mixed emulsion, a dispersing agent, a plasticizer and a film-forming auxiliary agent into a ball-milling tank, and carrying out ball-milling and premixing; after premixing, adjusting the pH value of the mixed slurry to 9-11, adding a defoaming agent, and continuing ball milling for secondary mixing; and (4) performing secondary mixing until the granularity of the slurry meets the requirement, and performing defoaming and tape casting to obtain the laminated ceramic green tape. The solid content of the slurry can reach 85% at most, the thickness of the casting single-layer film can reach 0.45mm at most, the prepared ceramic green belt is smooth, high in strength and good in flexibility, can be wound and curled, the number of laminated layers is reduced, and the uniformity of the product is better; meanwhile, the invention adopts water as the main solvent and adopts the mixed solution of styrene-acrylic emulsion and silicone-acrylic emulsion as the binder, thereby reducing the harm to the environment and human body and saving the production cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of ceramic green belt preparation, in particular to a water-based tape casting method of a ceramic green belt.
Background
The casting method is an important forming process for preparing a high-performance ceramic green belt material, and the method is a method for preparing the ceramic green belt by adding a solvent, a binder, a plasticizer, a dispersing agent, a defoaming agent, a film forming auxiliary agent and the like into powder, preparing slurry with proper viscosity after ball milling, filtering and vacuum defoaming, and casting the slurry on a film belt through matching of a scraper and the film belt coated with organic silicon.
At present, organic tape casting with organic matters as solvents is mostly adopted at home and abroad to prepare ceramic green tapes, and the ceramic green tapes prepared by the organic tape casting have uniform structure, high strength and good flexibility and are convenient to cut and process; however, the organic casting process uses a large amount of toxic and flammable organic solvents, which causes serious environmental pollution and high cost. Therefore, in recent years, water-based casting systems using water as a solvent, which not only can realize green production but also is low in cost, have been studied, and water-based casting using water as a solvent has been an irreversible trend instead of organic casting.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a water-based tape casting method of a ceramic green tape, belonging to a green pollution-free forming method; the method adopts water as a main solvent, and improves the solid content in the slurry and reduces the surface tension by selecting proper binder, plasticizer, dispersant, defoamer and film-forming assistant under the condition of meeting the requirement of casting viscosity; the ceramic green tape obtained by the method has the advantages of smooth and flat surface, high strength, good flexibility and winding and curling.
The invention discloses a water-based tape casting method of a ceramic green tape, which comprises the following steps:
mixing the styrene-acrylic emulsion and the silicone-acrylic emulsion in proportion to prepare mixed emulsion;
sequentially adding ceramic powder, water, the mixed emulsion, a dispersing agent, a plasticizer and a film-forming auxiliary agent into a ball-milling tank, and carrying out ball-milling and premixing;
after premixing, adjusting the pH value of the mixed slurry to 9-11, adding a defoaming agent, and continuing ball milling for secondary mixing;
and (4) performing secondary mixing until the granularity of the slurry meets the requirement, and performing defoaming and tape casting to obtain the laminated ceramic green tape.
As a further improvement of the invention, in the mixed emulsion, the mass of the styrene-acrylic emulsion accounts for 50-80% of the total mass.
As a further improvement of the invention, in the mixed emulsion, the mass fraction of the styrene-acrylic emulsion is 65-75%, and the mass fraction of the silicone-acrylic emulsion is 25-35%.
As a further improvement of the invention, the styrene-acrylic emulsion is obtained by emulsion copolymerization of styrene and acrylate monomers, the solid content of the styrene-acrylic emulsion is 45-49%, and the pH value is 8-9;
the silicone-acrylate emulsion has a solid content of 45-48% and a pH value of 7-9.
As a further improvement of the method, ammonia water is added into the ball milling tank to adjust the pH value to 9-11 before the defoaming agent is added.
As a further improvement of the invention, the ceramic slurry comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
ceramic powder: water: mixing the emulsion: dispersing agent: plasticizer: film-forming auxiliary agent: defoaming agent 1: (0.08-0.12): (0.18-0.25): (0.01-0.03): (0.015 to 0.022): (0.005-0.02): (0.001-0.005).
As a further improvement of the present invention,
the water is deionized water;
the dispersant is an ammonium salt dispersant for water-based paint;
the plasticizer is glycerol;
the film-forming additive is propylene glycol phenyl ether;
the defoaming agent is an organic silicon defoaming agent.
As a further improvement of the invention, the rotation speed of the ball milling tank during ball milling premixing and secondary mixing is not higher than 170 r/min.
As a further improvement of the invention, the total time of ball milling is 8-15 h, and the time of ball milling and premixing is 0.5-2 h.
As a further improvement of the invention, after the secondary mixing, the required slurry particle diameter D is satisfied50Not higher than 2.0 μm.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the solid content of the slurry can reach 85% at most, the thickness of the casting single-layer film can reach 0.45mm at most, the prepared ceramic green belt is smooth, high in strength and good in flexibility, can be wound and curled, the number of laminated layers is reduced, and the uniformity of the product is better; meanwhile, the invention adopts water as the main solvent and adopts the mixed solution of styrene-acrylic emulsion and silicone-acrylic emulsion as the binder, thereby reducing the harm to the environment and human body and saving the production cost.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a water-based tape casting method of ceramic green tape according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the attached drawing figures:
as shown in FIG. 1, the present invention provides a water-based tape casting method of a ceramic green tape, comprising:
step 1, mixing styrene-acrylic emulsion and silicone-acrylic emulsion in proportion to prepare mixed emulsion;
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
in the mixed emulsion, the mass of the styrene-acrylic emulsion accounts for 50-80% of the total mass; preferably, the mass fraction of the styrene-acrylic emulsion is 65-75%, and the mass fraction of the silicone-acrylic emulsion is 25-35%.
The styrene-acrylic emulsion is obtained by emulsion copolymerization of styrene and an acrylate monomer, wherein the solid content of the styrene-acrylic emulsion is 45-49%, and the pH value is 8-9; the silicone-acrylate emulsion has a solid content of 45-48% and a pH value of 7-9.
Step 2, sequentially adding ceramic powder, water, mixed emulsion, a dispersing agent, a plasticizer and a film forming auxiliary agent into a ball milling tank, and carrying out ball milling and premixing;
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
ceramic powder: water: mixing the emulsion: dispersing agent: plasticizer: the mass ratio of the film-forming additive is 1: (0.08-0.12): (0.18-0.25): (0.01-0.03): (0.015 to 0.022): (0.005-0.02).
The water is deionized water, the dispersant is preferably ammonium salt dispersant for water-based paint, the plasticizer is preferably glycerol, and the film-forming assistant is preferably propylene glycol phenyl ether (PPH);
the ball milling tank can be a planetary ball milling tank, the premixing time is 0.5-2 h, and the premixing rotating speed is not higher than 170 revolutions per minute.
Step 3, after premixing, adjusting the pH value of the mixed slurry in the ball milling tank to 9-11, adding a defoaming agent, and continuing ball milling for secondary mixing;
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
adding ammonia water into the ball milling tank to adjust the pH value to 9-11;
the defoaming agent is preferably an organic silicon defoaming agent which needs to be diluted before use, and the ceramic powder comprises the following components in parts by weight: the mass ratio of the defoaming agent (after dilution) is 1: (0.001 to 0.005);
the rotating speed during the secondary mixing is not higher than 170 r/min, and the total time of the pre-mixing and the secondary mixing ball milling is 8-15 h.
Step 4, after the slurry granularity meets the requirement through secondary mixing, defoaming and casting to obtain a laminated ceramic green tape;
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
after the secondary mixing, the slurry particle diameter D meeting the requirement50The particle size is not higher than 2.0 mu m, and the solid content of the slurry can reach 85 percent at most; before defoaming, discharging through a 250-mesh screen; the thickness of the single-layer green tape after casting can reach 0.45mm at most, and the curling storage performance of the single-layer green tape is not influenced.
The principle of the preparation method of the invention is as follows:
1. most of the existing tape casting processes use organic solvents which are not friendly to the environment and operators as solvents, and the invention uses water as the solvent, thereby having no pollution to the environment and no harm to the health of the operators;
2. the existing water system casting process generally uses water-soluble high molecular polymer, such as polyvinyl alcohol, as an adhesive, and the prepared slurry has high viscosity and low solid content, and can not completely meet the requirements of the casting process on the characteristics of moderate viscosity and high solid content of the slurry. The invention uses the styrene-acrylic emulsion and the silicone-acrylic emulsion which are easily dispersed in water but not dissolved in water as the adhesive, the prepared casting slurry has moderate viscosity and high solid content, and completely meets the requirements of the casting process on the slurry characteristics.
3. The mixed emulsion formed by the styrene-acrylic emulsion and the silicone-acrylic emulsion is added, and the proper casting slurry viscosity can be obtained by adjusting the proportion of the styrene-acrylic emulsion and the silicone-acrylic emulsion. The effect cannot be well achieved by adding the styrene-acrylic emulsion or the silicone-acrylic emulsion alone.
Example 1
The invention provides a water-based tape casting method of a ceramic green tape, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, adding 100g of alumina ceramic powder prepared according to a formula into a planetary ball milling tank, wherein the granularity D of the powder is5010.0 μm;
step 2, taking 10g of deionized water, 20g of mixed emulsion (wherein 14g of styrene-acrylic emulsion and 6g of silicone-acrylic emulsion), 1.5g of ammonium salt dispersant for the water-based paint, 2g of glycerol and 0.5g of PPH, respectively adding into a planetary ball milling tank, and ball milling for 1h at 120 r/min;
step 3, putting the mixture into a ball milling tankAdding ammonia water, adjusting the pH value to 11, adding 1.5g (5 times dilution) of diluted organic silicon defoamer, continuing ball milling for 8-10 hours at 150 r/min, and obtaining the ceramic powder with the particle size D in the slurry50When the particle size is less than 2.0 mu m, the particle size is qualified;
step 4, pouring the slurry meeting the particle size requirement from the ball milling tank, sieving the slurry by a 250-mesh sieve, and then carrying out vacuum defoaming; and casting in an automatic casting machine to obtain the ceramic green belt with good performance.
Example 2
The invention provides a water-based tape casting method of a ceramic green tape, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, 100g of zirconia ceramic powder B prepared according to a formula is added into a planetary ball milling tank, and the granularity D of the powder50It was 15.0. mu.m.
Step 2, taking 12g of deionized water, 18g of mixed emulsion (wherein 9g of styrene-acrylic emulsion and 9g of silicone-acrylic emulsion), 2g of ammonium salt dispersant for the water-based paint, 2g of glycerol and 0.5g of PPH, respectively adding into a planetary ball milling tank, and ball milling for 1h at 120 r/min;
step 3, adding ammonia water into the ball milling tank, adjusting the pH value to 11, adding 1.5g (5 times dilution) of diluted organic silicon defoaming agent, continuing ball milling for 10-12 hours at 150 revolutions per minute, and obtaining the ceramic powder with the particle size D50When the particle size is less than 2.0 mu m, the particle size is qualified;
step 4, pouring the slurry meeting the particle size requirement from the ball milling tank, sieving the slurry by a 250-mesh sieve, and then carrying out vacuum defoaming; and casting in an automatic casting machine to obtain the ceramic green belt with good performance.
Example 3
The invention provides a water-based tape casting method of a ceramic green tape, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, adding 100g of piezoelectric ceramic powder C prepared according to a formula into a planetary ball milling tank, wherein the granularity of the powder is D505.0 μm;
step 2, taking 12g of deionized water, 25g of mixed emulsion (wherein 16g of styrene-acrylic emulsion and 9g of silicone-acrylic emulsion), 1g of ammonium salt dispersant for the water-based paint, 2g of glycerol and 0.5g of PPH, respectively adding into a planetary ball milling tank, and ball milling at 120 r/min for 0.5 h;
step 3,Adding ammonia water into a ball milling tank, adjusting the pH value to 11, adding 1.5g (5 times dilution) of diluted organic silicon defoamer, continuing ball milling at 150 revolutions per minute for 8-9 hours, wherein the particle diameter D of ceramic powder in the material50When the particle size is less than 2.0 mu m, the particle size is qualified;
step 4, pouring the slurry meeting the particle size requirement from the ball milling tank, sieving the slurry by a 250-mesh sieve, and then carrying out vacuum defoaming; and casting in an automatic casting machine to obtain the ceramic green belt with good performance.
Example 4
The invention provides a water-based tape casting method of a ceramic green tape, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, adding 100g of ferrite ceramic powder D prepared according to a formula into a planetary ball milling tank, wherein the granularity of the powder D is5020.0 μm;
step 2, taking 8g of deionized water, 20g of mixed emulsion (wherein 16g of styrene-acrylic emulsion and 4g of silicone-acrylic emulsion), 1g of ammonium salt dispersant for the water-based paint, 2g of glycerol and 0.5g of PPH, respectively adding into a planetary ball milling tank, and ball milling for 1h at 120 r/min;
step 3, adding ammonia water into the ball milling tank, adjusting the pH value to 11, adding 1.5g (5 times dilution) of diluted organic silicon defoaming agent, continuing ball milling at 170 revolutions per minute for 12-15 hours, and obtaining the ceramic powder with the particle size D50When the particle size is less than 2.0 μm, the particle size is qualified.
And 4, pouring the slurry meeting the particle size requirement from the ball milling tank, sieving the slurry by a 250-mesh sieve, and then carrying out vacuum defoaming. And casting in an automatic casting machine to obtain the ceramic green belt with good performance.
The invention has the advantages that:
the solid content of the slurry can reach 85% at most, the thickness of the casting single-layer film can reach 0.45mm at most, the prepared ceramic green belt is smooth, high in strength and good in flexibility, can be wound and curled, the number of laminated layers is reduced, and the uniformity of the product is better; meanwhile, the invention adopts water as the main solvent and adopts the mixed solution of styrene-acrylic emulsion and silicone-acrylic emulsion as the binder, thereby reducing the harm to the environment and human body and saving the production cost.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes will occur to those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method of water-based tape casting of a ceramic green tape, comprising:
mixing the styrene-acrylic emulsion and the silicone-acrylic emulsion in proportion to prepare mixed emulsion;
sequentially adding ceramic powder, water, the mixed emulsion, a dispersing agent, a plasticizer and a film-forming auxiliary agent into a ball-milling tank, and carrying out ball-milling and premixing;
after premixing, adjusting the pH value of the mixed slurry to 9-11, adding a defoaming agent, and continuing ball milling for secondary mixing;
and (4) performing secondary mixing until the granularity of the slurry meets the requirement, and performing defoaming and tape casting to obtain the laminated ceramic green tape.
2. The water-based tape casting method according to claim 1, wherein the mass of the styrene-acrylic emulsion in the mixed emulsion is 50% to 80% of the total mass.
3. The water-based tape casting method according to claim 2, wherein in the mixed emulsion, a mass fraction of a styrene-acrylic emulsion is 65% to 75%, and a mass fraction of the silicone-acrylic emulsion is 25% to 35%.
4. The aqueous tape casting method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the styrene-acrylic emulsion is obtained by emulsion copolymerization of styrene and an acrylate monomer, and the styrene-acrylic emulsion has a solid content of 45% to 49% and a pH value of 8 to 9;
the silicone-acrylate emulsion has a solid content of 45-48% and a pH value of 7-9.
5. The water-based tape casting method according to claim 1, wherein ammonia water is added to the ball mill pot to adjust the pH to 9 to 11 before the defoaming agent is added.
6. A water-based tape casting method according to claim 1, wherein the ceramic slurry comprises the following components in mass ratio:
ceramic powder: water: mixing the emulsion: dispersing agent: plasticizer: film-forming auxiliary agent: defoaming agent 1: (0.08-0.12): (0.18-0.25): (0.01-0.03): (0.015 to 0.022): (0.005-0.02): (0.001-0.005).
7. The water-based casting method according to claim 1 or 6,
the water is deionized water;
the dispersant is an ammonium salt dispersant for water-based paint;
the plasticizer is glycerol;
the film-forming additive is propylene glycol phenyl ether;
the defoaming agent is an organic silicon defoaming agent.
8. A water-based tape casting method according to claim 1, wherein the rotation speed of said ball-milling pot at the time of ball-milling premixing and secondary mixing is not higher than 170 rpm.
9. The aqueous tape casting method of claim 1, wherein the total time of ball milling is 8 to 15 hours, and the time of ball milling and premixing is 0.5 to 2 hours.
10. A water-based tape casting method according to claim 1, wherein after the secondary mixing, a slurry particle diameter D satisfying the requirement is obtained50Not higher than 2.0 μm.
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