CN112205399B - Construction method of electrically-driven controlled-release and migrating gel-based pesticide system, constructed pesticide system and application thereof - Google Patents
Construction method of electrically-driven controlled-release and migrating gel-based pesticide system, constructed pesticide system and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
- A01N25/10—Macromolecular compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
- A01M21/00—Apparatus for the destruction of unwanted vegetation, e.g. weeds
- A01M21/04—Apparatus for destruction by steam, chemicals, burning, or electricity
- A01M21/043—Apparatus for destruction by steam, chemicals, burning, or electricity by chemicals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
- A01N57/18—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
- A01N57/20—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds containing acyclic or cycloaliphatic radicals
Abstract
The invention discloses a construction method of an electrically-driven controlled-release and migrating gel-based nano pesticide system, which relates to the technical field of pesticide controlled release and comprises the following steps: (1) dispersing attapulgite powder into a pesticide aqueous solution, stirring, centrifuging, collecting attapulgite-pesticide compound, and drying, wherein the pesticide is an anionic pesticide; (2) dissolving the attapulgite-pesticide compound in water, adding sodium alginate, stirring to form a suspension, and then injecting the suspension into a calcium chloride solution under magnetic stirring to obtain hydrogel, namely the gel-based nano pesticide system with electrically-driven controlled release and migration. The invention also provides a pesticide system constructed by the construction method and application thereof. The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention provides a simple, convenient, low-cost and prospective method for controlled release and accurate pesticide delivery, the carrier does not pollute the environment, and the release and migration of the pesticide can be controlled through electric drive, so that the target crops can be acted.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of pesticide controlled release, in particular to a construction method of an electrically-driven controlled release and migration gel-based pesticide system, the constructed pesticide system and application thereof.
Background
The pesticide plays an important role in agricultural production activities, is an effective method for preventing and controlling weeds, and has important significance for promoting stable yield and yield increase of grains, improving income of farmers and guaranteeing national grain safety. However, the utilization rate of pesticides in China is low, only about 30%, and traditional pesticides are easy to enter the environment through runoff, volatilization and leaching, so that not only is a serious environmental problem caused, but also the health of human beings is even harmed. Therefore, the health sustainable development of modern agriculture urgently requires that a new technology is adopted to control the pesticide loss and improve the pesticide utilization efficiency.
In recent years, a plurality of intelligent controlled-release pesticide systems with pH and temperature responses appear in the agricultural field. The release behavior of the pesticide in these intelligent systems is regulated and controlled by pH or temperature, so as to improve the utilization rate of the pesticide and meet the needs of crops. However, these response type controlled release systems still have some defects to limit their wide application, such as that pH response controlled release systems hinder the growth of crops due to the use of acid or alkali, and temperature-sensitive controlled release systems have the disadvantage of high energy consumption. Therefore, further developing an environment-friendly controlled-release pesticide system becomes a research hotspot.
At present, most of effective ways for reducing pesticide loss and improving the utilization efficiency of pesticides are slow/controlled release pesticides, the lasting period of the pesticides is prolonged, and the utilization rate of the pesticides is improved. A slow/controlled release pesticide system is constructed by compounding various organic and inorganic nano materials and pesticides, so that the slow/controlled release function of the pesticides is realized. For example, patent publication No. CN105052902A discloses a controlled-release pesticide nanoemulsion and a preparation method thereof, the controlled-release pesticide nanoemulsion comprises: the pesticide comprises a pesticide active ingredient and a carrier, wherein the pesticide active ingredient is a water-insoluble pesticide, and the carrier is polyurethane.
Although the methods can reduce the pesticide loss and improve the utilization rate of the pesticide to a certain extent, the current sustained/controlled release system still has the following disadvantages, in particular: (1) controlled release is difficult to achieve accurately; (2) the preparation process is complex and the production cost is high.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is that the pesticide slow/controlled release system in the prior art has the defects of difficult accurate controlled release and complex preparation.
The invention solves the technical problems through the following technical means:
a construction method of an electrically-driven controlled-release and migrating gel-based nano pesticide system comprises the following steps:
(1) dispersing attapulgite powder into a pesticide aqueous solution, stirring, centrifuging, collecting an attapulgite-pesticide compound, and drying, wherein the pesticide is an anionic pesticide;
(2) and (2) dissolving the attapulgite-pesticide compound dried in the step (1) in water, adding sodium alginate, stirring to form a suspension, and then injecting the suspension into a calcium chloride solution under magnetic stirring to obtain hydrogel, namely the gel-based nano pesticide system with electrically-driven controlled release and migration.
The working principle is as follows: calcium chloride is used as an inorganic cross-linking agent to cross-link sodium alginate, and the cross-linking reaction is as follows: 2 (C)6H7NaO6)x+xCaCl2＝(C12H14CaO12)x+2 xNaCl. The calcium alginate gel ball is an anionic polymer and has electronegativity, the coulomb force generated by the anionic calcium alginate under the drive of an electric field enlarges the pores in the gel ball to release anionic pesticides, and the released pesticides have electronegativity and can migrate to target crops to the positive electrode under the drive of the electric field.
Has the advantages that: the invention adopts the calcium alginate hydrogel to coat the attapulgite loaded with the pesticide to obtain the nanocomposite material with electrically-driven controlled release performance, the preparation method is simple and convenient, the cost is low, the controlled release has foresight property, the pesticide can be accurately delivered, and the carrier does not pollute the environment. Wherein the precise delivery of the pesticide is directed delivery, i.e. the system delivers the pesticide from the cathode to the anode; another aspect is localized delivery, i.e. localized precise delivery of pesticide at a certain voltage by controlling the time.
If the pesticide is loaded on the attapulgite, then the attapulgite loaded with the pesticide is added into the sodium alginate, and then the sodium alginate is dripped into the calcium chloride to further coat the drug-loaded attapulgite through a cross-linking reaction. The whole preparation process of the pesticide system is a sequence of coating the pesticide system into gel balls after carrying the pesticide. Sodium alginate is added dropwise to calcium chloride to form solid gel spheres, which would result in hollow gel spheres if the order of addition of sodium alginate and calcium chloride was reversed.
Preferably, the mass volume ratio of the attapulgite powder to the pesticide aqueous solution in the step (1) is 0.5-6.0 g: 20-100mL, and the drying temperature is 60 ℃.
Preferably, the step (1) specifically comprises the following steps: weighing 0.5-6.0g of attapulgite powder, dispersing in 20-100mL of pesticide aqueous solution, stirring, loading pesticide on the attapulgite to form attapulgite-pesticide compound, collecting the attapulgite-pesticide compound by centrifugation, and drying at 60 deg.C overnight.
Preferably, the anionic pesticide comprises an organophosphorus herbicide containing a carboxylic acid group.
Preferably, the organophosphorus herbicide containing a carboxylic acid group is bialaphos, glufosinate or glyphosate.
Preferably, the mass volume concentration of the pesticide in the pesticide aqueous solution is 1-10 mg/mL.
Preferably, the stirring speed in the step (1) is 200 rpm.
Preferably, the mass-volume ratio of the attapulgite-pesticide composite dried in the step (2) to water is 0.1-1.8 g: 5-25 mL.
Preferably, the step (2) specifically comprises the following steps: weighing 0.1-1.8g of the dried attapulgite-pesticide composite, dissolving the attapulgite-pesticide composite in 5-25mL of water, adding 0.1-1.0g of sodium alginate, stirring to form a suspension, and then dropwise injecting the suspension into a calcium chloride solution under magnetic stirring.
Preferably, the calcium chloride solution is a calcium chloride aqueous solution, and the mass concentration of the calcium chloride aqueous solution is 0.2-4%.
Has the advantages that: the shape of the crosslinked gel gradually approaches to a spherical shape along with the increase of the calcium chloride concentration, the crosslinking degree, namely the calcium chloride concentration directly influences the release amount of the glyphosate, and the inner pores of the crosslinked gel spheres are smaller as the calcium chloride concentration is higher, so that the glyphosate release is slower.
Preferably, the stirring speed when the sodium alginate is added in the step (2) is 200 rpm.
Preferably, the hydrogel is spherical.
The invention also provides an electrically-driven controlled-release and migrating gel-based nano pesticide system constructed by the construction method.
Has the advantages that: the gel-based nano pesticide system with electric drive controlled release and migration constructed by the invention has electric drive responsiveness, and can control the release and migration of pesticides through electric drive, thereby acting on target crops.
The invention also provides an application of the electrically-driven controlled-release and migrating gel-based nano pesticide system constructed by the preparation method in constructing a pesticide weeding system.
Preferably, the pesticide weeding system comprises a pesticide system, an anode, a cathode and water, and the construction method of the pesticide weeding system comprises the following steps: both the cathode and anode were placed in water, the pesticide system was placed near the cathode with the weeds between the cathode and anode, and then a voltage was applied.
The working principle is as follows: the coulomb force generated by the anion calcium alginate under the drive of the electric field enlarges the holes in the gel ball to release the anion pesticide, and the released pesticide has electronegativity and can migrate to the weeds between the cathode and the anode to the anode under the drive of the electric field, so that the weeds die.
Has the advantages that: the invention applies the pesticide system to weed control, and controls the release and migration of the pesticide through electric drive, thereby acting on the weeds.
Influence of the voltage: along with the increase of voltage, the coulomb force of the calcium alginate polymer of the anion is increased, so that the inner pore canal of the calcium alginate polymer is enlarged, thereby being beneficial to the release of pesticide; in addition, the released anionic pesticide can be rapidly transferred to the anode along with the increase of the voltage.
The invention has the advantages that: the invention adopts the calcium alginate hydrogel to coat the attapulgite loaded with the pesticide to obtain the nanocomposite material with the electrically-driven controlled release performance, the preparation method is simple and convenient, the cost is low, the controlled release has foresight, the pesticide can be accurately delivered, the carrier does not pollute the environment, the system has good electrically-driven release and migration performance, and the invention provides a technology with application prospect and environmental protection for accurately releasing, transporting the pesticide and reducing the pesticide pollution.
The gel-based nano pesticide system with electric drive controlled release and migration constructed by the invention has electric drive responsiveness, and can control the release and migration of pesticides through electric drive, thereby acting on target crops.
The shape of the crosslinked gel gradually approaches to a spherical shape along with the increase of the calcium chloride concentration, the crosslinking degree, namely the calcium chloride concentration directly influences the release amount of the glyphosate, and the inner pores of the crosslinked gel spheres are smaller as the calcium chloride concentration is higher, so that the glyphosate release is slower.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a photograph of weeds and crops treated with a pesticide weeding system according to example 2 of the present invention for a certain period of time;
FIG. 2 is a photograph of weeds and crops after a longer treatment with the herbicide system of example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows the survival rate of crops after the construction of the herbicide system of example 2;
FIG. 4 is a graph of calcium alginate gels cross-linked by calcium chloride aqueous solutions of different concentrations in examples 1 to 3 of the present invention; in the figure, a is 0.2% calcium chloride cross-linked calcium alginate gel; b is 0.4% calcium chloride cross-linked calcium alginate gel; c is 4% calcium chloride cross-linked calcium alginate gel;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional internal pore of a gel sphere crosslinked with 0.4% calcium chloride concentration in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional internal pore of a gel sphere crosslinked with calcium chloride at a concentration of 4% in example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the cumulative release rate of glyphosate from hydrogel spheres crosslinked at different calcium chloride concentrations under an electric field according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Test materials, reagents and the like used in the following examples are commercially available unless otherwise specified.
The specific techniques or conditions not specified in the examples can be performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the field or according to the product specification.
Example 1
The construction method of the electrically-driven controlled-release and migrating gel-based nano pesticide system comprises the following steps:
(1) 0.5g of attapulgite powder was weighed out and dispersed in 20mL of an aqueous solution of glyphosate, in this example having a mass volume concentration of 1mg/mL, and stirred at 200rpm, so that glyphosate molecules were loaded onto the attapulgite to form attapulgite-glyphosate, and the attapulgite-glyphosate complex was collected by centrifugation and dried at 60 ℃ overnight.
(2) 0.1g of attapulgite-glyphosate is weighed and dissolved in 5mL of water, 0.1g of sodium alginate is added into the water, the mixture is stirred at the rotating speed of 200rpm to form uniform suspension, and then the suspension is dropwise injected into 50mL of calcium chloride aqueous solution under magnetic stirring to obtain hydrogel spheres with electric stimulation response, namely, the gel-based nano pesticide system with electric-driven controlled release and migration is obtained, wherein the mass concentration of the calcium chloride aqueous solution is 0.2% in the embodiment.
The construction method of the pesticide weeding system comprises the following steps: the hydrogel spheres prepared in the embodiment are placed near a cathode (an inert electrode is used for a cathode and an anode) in water, weeds are planted at a position 2cm away from the cathode, crops are planted at a position 14cm away from the cathode, after an external voltage of 3V is applied by a power generator, the weeds die after 8-12h, the crops are safe, and then the observation is continued for 6-8h, so that the weeds die and the crops far away begin to die.
Example 2
The construction method of the electrically-driven controlled-release and migrating gel-based nano pesticide system comprises the following steps:
(1) 4.5g of attapulgite powder was weighed and dispersed in 80mL of an aqueous glyphosate solution, in this example the aqueous glyphosate solution had a mass volume concentration of 4mg/mL, and stirred at 200rpm, so that the glyphosate molecules were loaded onto the attapulgite to form attapulgite-glyphosate, and the attapulgite-glyphosate complex was collected by centrifugation and dried at 60 ℃ overnight.
(2) 0.5g of attapulgite-glyphosate is weighed and dissolved in 15mL of water, 0.6g of sodium alginate is added into the water, the mixture is stirred at the rotating speed of 200rpm to form a uniform suspension, and then the suspension is dropwise injected into 50mL of calcium chloride aqueous solution under magnetic stirring to obtain hydrogel spheres with electric stimulation response, namely, the gel-based nano pesticide system with electric-driven controlled release and migration is obtained, wherein the mass concentration of the calcium chloride aqueous solution is 0.4% in the embodiment.
The construction method of the pesticide weeding system comprises the following steps: the hydrogel spheres prepared in the embodiment are placed near a cathode (an inert electrode is used for a cathode and an anode) in water, weeds are planted at the position 8cm away from the cathode, crops are planted at the position 20cm away from the cathode, after an external source of 25V is applied through a power generator, the weeds die after 2-6h, the crops are safe, and then observation is continued for 4-6h, so that the weeds die and the crops far away begin to die.
Example 3
The construction method of the electrically-driven controlled-release and migrating gel-based nano pesticide system comprises the following steps:
(1) 6.0g of attapulgite powder was weighed out and dispersed in 100mL of an aqueous glyphosate solution, in this example the aqueous glyphosate solution had a mass volume concentration of 10mg/mL, and stirred at 200rpm, so that the glyphosate molecules were loaded onto the attapulgite to form attapulgite-glyphosate, and the attapulgite-glyphosate complex was collected by centrifugation and dried at 60 ℃ overnight.
(2) Weighing 1.8g of attapulgite-glyphosate, dissolving in 25mL of water, adding 1.0g of sodium alginate, stirring at 200rpm to form a uniform suspension, and then, dropwise injecting the suspension into 50mL of calcium chloride aqueous solution under magnetic stirring to obtain hydrogel spheres with electrical stimulation response, namely, obtaining an electrically-driven controlled-release and migrating gel-based nano pesticide system, wherein the mass concentration of the calcium chloride aqueous solution is 4%.
The construction method of the pesticide weeding system comprises the following steps: the hydrogel spheres prepared in the embodiment are placed near a cathode (an inert electrode is used for a cathode and an anode) in water, weeds are planted at a position 12cm away from the cathode, crops are planted at a position 30cm away from the cathode, after the external voltage of 40V is applied by a power generator, the weeds die after 1-4h, the crops are safe, and then the observation is continued for 2-5h, so that the weeds die and the crops far away begin to die.
(one) survival rates of weeds and crops in the herbicide System of example 2 were determined
As can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, weeds died after 1-4 hours, while crops were safe, and both weeds and crops died after 2-5 hours of continued observation.
FIG. 3 is a graph of the survival of weeds and crops at various times, showing that controlled release and migration of pesticides can be precisely adjusted by controlling the time of application of pressure.
(II) measurement of shape and cumulative Glyphosate Release amount of the pesticidal System in example 1-example 3
FIG. 4 is a graph of calcium alginate gels crosslinked with different concentrations of calcium chloride in water in examples 1-3, wherein the shape of the crosslinked gel gradually approaches a sphere as the concentration of calcium chloride increases, and a is 0.2% calcium chloride crosslinked calcium alginate gel; b is 0.4% calcium chloride cross-linked calcium alginate gel; c is 4% calcium chloride cross-linked calcium alginate gel.
Fig. 5 shows the pores inside the cross section of the gel spheres crosslinked with low concentration (0.4%), and it can be seen that the pores inside the cross section of the gel spheres crosslinked with low concentration of calcium chloride are larger, which is beneficial to release pesticide.
Fig. 6 shows the pores inside the cross section of the gel spheres crosslinked with high calcium chloride concentration (4%), and it can be seen that the pores inside the cross section of the gel spheres crosslinked with high calcium chloride concentration are small and unfavorable for releasing pesticide.
The method for measuring the cumulative release rate of the glyphosate comprises the following steps: taking out 0.3mL of the supernatant of the released system, measuring the absorbance of the solution at the maximum absorption wavelength lambda of 242nm by using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer, and calculating the concentration (mg/mL) of glyphosate according to the Lambert beer law; the supernatant was removed and 0.3mL of the corresponding release medium was added to ensure that the total volume of the release system remained unchanged. Finally, the cumulative release rate is calculated according to the following formula:
wherein, Ct(mg/mL)，Vt(0.3mL) is the glyphosate concentration and volume, V, of the sample taken at time ttotal(25mL) is the total volume of release medium, m0(10mg) is the mass of the gel beads. Each set of experiments was run in triplicate.
Fig. 7 is the cumulative release rate of glyphosate from gel beads crosslinked at different calcium chloride concentrations discussed in example 2 at a voltage of 25V, and it can be seen that the crosslinking degree, i.e. calcium chloride concentration directly affects the release amount of glyphosate, and the higher the calcium chloride concentration is, the smaller the pores inside the crosslinked gel beads are, so that the release of glyphosate is slowed down.
The above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A construction method of a pesticide weeding system is characterized by comprising the following steps: the pesticide weeding system comprises an electrically-driven controlled-release and migrating gel-based nano pesticide system, an anode, a cathode and water, and the construction method of the pesticide weeding system comprises the following steps: placing both the cathode and the anode in water, placing the pesticide system near the cathode with weeds located between the cathode and the anode, and then applying a voltage;
the construction method of the electrically-driven controlled-release and migrating gel-based nano pesticide system comprises the following steps of:
(1) dispersing attapulgite powder into a pesticide aqueous solution, stirring, centrifuging, collecting an attapulgite-pesticide compound, and drying, wherein the pesticide is an anionic pesticide;
(2) and (2) dissolving the attapulgite-pesticide compound dried in the step (1) in water, adding sodium alginate, stirring to form a suspension, and then injecting the suspension into a calcium chloride solution under magnetic stirring to obtain hydrogel, namely the gel-based nano pesticide system with electrically-driven controlled release and migration.
2. The method for constructing a pesticidal herbicidal system according to claim 1, characterized in that: the mass-volume ratio of the attapulgite powder to the pesticide aqueous solution in the step (1) is 0.5-6.0 g: 20-100mL, and the drying temperature is 60 ℃.
3. The method for constructing a pesticidal herbicidal system according to claim 2, characterized in that: the anionic pesticide includes an organophosphorus herbicide containing a carboxylic acid group.
4. A method of constructing a pesticidal herbicidal system according to claim 3, characterized in that: the organophosphorus herbicide containing a carboxylic acid group is bialaphos, glufosinate or glyphosate.
5. The method for constructing a pesticidal herbicidal system according to claim 1, characterized in that: the mass volume concentration of the pesticide in the pesticide aqueous solution is 1-10 mg/mL.
6. The method for constructing a pesticidal herbicidal system according to claim 1, characterized in that: the mass volume ratio of the attapulgite-pesticide compound dried in the step (2) to water is 0.1-1.8 g: 5-25 mL.
7. The method for constructing a pesticidal herbicidal system according to claim 1, characterized in that: the calcium chloride solution is a calcium chloride aqueous solution, and the mass concentration of the calcium chloride aqueous solution is 0.2-4%.
8. A pesticidal herbicidal system constructed by the construction method as set forth in any one of claims 1 to 7.
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