CN112193079B - Permanent magnet and electromagnetic hybrid magnet and design method thereof - Google Patents
Permanent magnet and electromagnetic hybrid magnet and design method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN112193079B CN112193079B CN202011007297.6A CN202011007297A CN112193079B CN 112193079 B CN112193079 B CN 112193079B CN 202011007297 A CN202011007297 A CN 202011007297A CN 112193079 B CN112193079 B CN 112193079B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L13/00—Electric propulsion for monorail vehicles, suspension vehicles or rack railways; Magnetic suspension or levitation for vehicles
- B60L13/04—Magnetic suspension or levitation for vehicles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L2200/00—Type of vehicles
- B60L2200/26—Rail vehicles
Abstract
The invention discloses a permanent magnet and electromagnetism hybrid magnet and a design method thereof, wherein the design method of the permanent magnet and electromagnetism hybrid magnet comprises the following steps: calculating the thickness and the pole area of the permanent magnet to ensure that the levitation force generated by the permanent magnet is close to the weight of the train born by the mixed magnet and changes slowly along with the air gap; the window area of the electromagnet is optimized, so that the suspension force generated by the whole magnet can be rapidly adjusted along with the current change. The design method ensures that the mixed magnet has good energy-saving effect and dynamic adjustment performance, solves the problem that the mixed magnet is easy to adsorb a rail in a power-off state, and meets the requirements of energy conservation and safety.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of suspension magnets, in particular to a permanent magnet and electromagnetic hybrid magnet and a design method thereof.
Background
The EMS type maglev train provides levitation force by utilizing the magnet to attract the track, and the train keeps stable suspension by controlling the magnitude of the levitation force so as to realize the non-contact operation of the maglev train and the track. Generally, an EMS type maglev train adopts electromagnets, and in order to improve the carrying capacity of the EMS type maglev train, the current of the electromagnets is often large, so that the levitation energy consumption is large, and the electromagnets generate heat seriously. In the german TR08 maglev train, the load-bearing capacity of the electromagnet is limited because of the heating problem of the electromagnet, and cannot be improved although the load-bearing capacity has a rising space.
One solution to the above problem is to adopt a permanent-magnet and electromagnetic hybrid levitation technique, in which a permanent magnet is added to provide most of the levitation force, and an electromagnet is mainly used for dynamic adjustment to achieve stable levitation. By adopting the scheme, the current required by suspension can be greatly reduced, the heating problem of the electromagnet is fundamentally solved, in order to play a better energy-saving effect, more permanent magnets are usually required, and even if no current is added, the attraction force between the suspension magnets and the track is also larger. With the development of permanent magnetic materials, the magnetic performance of the permanent magnetic material is continuously improved, and the technology is easy to realize.
In the hybrid magnet solution, the addition of the permanent magnet can achieve a good energy saving effect, but also brings new problems. Under the working condition that the magnet attracts the track, the suspension air gap is small, the attraction force between the magnet and the track is large due to the effect of the permanent magnet, and the magnet can be separated from the track only by applying reverse current to weaken the magnetic field intensity. If the power supply just fails under the working condition, reverse current cannot be applied, the magnet can attract the track for a long time, and potential safety hazards exist during operation. The magnetic suspension system is characterized in that the permanent magnet and electromagnetic hybrid suspension technology is unique, and for the suspension system only adopting the electromagnet, only the power supply needs to be cut off under the working conditions, at the moment, the suction force is zero, and the magnet can automatically separate from the track under the action of gravity.
Conversely, if the above safety hazard is to be overcome, the specific gravity of the permanent magnet cannot be too high if the levitation force provided by the permanent magnet alone should be less than the weight of the vehicle borne by the hybrid magnet when the magnet is attracted to the track. An extreme example is that a pure electromagnet does not contain a permanent magnet, and the hidden trouble does not exist.
Therefore, in the permanent magnet and electromagnetic hybrid suspension technology, energy conservation and safety are two contradictory requirements in the selection aspect of the permanent magnet.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a permanent magnet and electromagnetic hybrid magnet and a design method thereof, which can solve the problems of the suspension magnet in the prior art.
The technical scheme of the invention is a design method of a permanent magnet and electromagnetic hybrid magnet, which comprises the following steps:
s10, calculating the thickness and the pole area of the permanent magnet to enable the levitation force generated by the permanent magnet to be smaller than the weight of the train borne by the mixed magnet and to change slowly along with the air gap.
Preferably, the levitation force generated by the single closed magnetic circuit containing the permanent magnet of the permanent magnet-electromagnet hybrid magnet in S10 is calculated by the formula:
preferably, in S10, under the condition that the air gap is minimum and the current is zero, the levitation force generated by the permanent magnet should be less than the vehicle weight borne by the permanent-magnet electromagnetic hybrid magnet, that is, there are:
preferably, S10 further includes:
s11. the suspension force provided by the permanent magnet is equal to
Then, the thickness of the permanent magnet is calculated
And polar area of permanent magnet
。
Preferably, after S11, the method further includes:
s12, comparing the suspension force generated by the permanent magnet under the rated air gap and the minimum air gap, and recording the ratio of the suspension force to the minimum air gap
The thickness and the area of the permanent magnet are optimally selected so that
Is relatively large.
Preferably, after S10, the method further comprises:
s20, optimizing the window area of the electromagnet, so that the suspension force generated by the whole hybrid magnet is rapidly adjusted along with the current change, and the requirement of the dynamic performance of a suspension system is met.
Preferably, after S20, the method further comprises:
s30, calculating the current density in the electromagnet winding to enable the value to be within the range which can be borne by the material, and avoiding overheating of the electromagnet winding.
The invention also provides a permanent magnet and electromagnet hybrid magnet, which comprises a permanent magnet and a plurality of electromagnets arranged side by side, wherein the parameters of the permanent magnet and the electromagnets are obtained by calculation through the design method of the permanent magnet and electromagnet hybrid magnet.
The invention has the following technical effects:
(1) under the condition that the air gap is minimum, the levitation force generated by the permanent magnet does not exceed the dead weight of the vehicle, and even if the control system fails to adjust the current, the magnet can automatically separate from the track under the action of gravity as long as the power supply is cut off, so that the safety requirement is met.
(2) The thickening of the permanent magnet is equivalent to increasing the equivalent air gap length of the magnetic circuit, so that the suspension force provided by the permanent magnet is insensitive to the change of the air gap. Compared with the situation that the air gap is minimum, under the rated working condition, although the air gap is slightly increased, the reduction range of the suspension force provided by the permanent magnet is not large, namely, the permanent magnet can still provide more suspension force, and certain energy-saving effect is achieved.
(3) The current required by the electromagnet under the same condition is reduced, the current density in the electromagnet winding can be limited within the allowable range of materials, and the electromagnet winding does not generate heat rapidly.
(4) The suspension force generated by the electromagnet can be changed rapidly along with the change of the current, and the magnitude of the suspension force generated by the electromagnet can be correspondingly changed only by changing the magnitude of the current in a smaller range, so that the magnitude of the suspension force provided by the whole magnet is adjusted, and the requirement of the dynamic adjustment performance of the maglev train can be met.
The permanent magnet and electromagnetic hybrid magnet designed by the invention is suitable for EMS type maglev trains and other EMS type maglev systems.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a magnet in an embodiment of a permanent magnet-electromagnetic hybrid magnet;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a magnet in another embodiment of a permanent magnet-electromagnetic hybrid magnet;
fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a magnet in another embodiment of the permanent magnet-electromagnetic hybrid magnet.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a permanent magnet and electromagnetic hybrid magnet for an EMS type maglev train, which aims at the problem that the safety requirement and the energy-saving requirement are contradictory, and provides a method for separating and respectively designing a magnetic circuit of a permanent magnet and a magnetic circuit of an electromagnet.
The specific method of the invention is as follows: within the range allowed by safety requirements, the thickness and the pole area of the permanent magnet are properly calculated, so that the suspension force generated by the permanent magnet slowly changes along with the air gap, the permanent magnet can also provide larger suspension force under the suspension working condition, and a certain energy-saving effect is achieved; in addition, the area of the window of the electromagnet is selected in an optimized mode, so that the suspension force generated by the whole magnet is rapidly adjusted along with the current change, and the requirement of the dynamic performance of a suspension system is met; meanwhile, the current density in the electromagnet winding is controlled within the range which can be borne by the material of the electromagnet winding, so that the serious heating of the electromagnet is avoided.
The magnetic circuit of the permanent magnet is shown in fig. 1, wherein magnetic lines of force from the N pole of the permanent magnet 1 pass through the first yoke 2, the second core 6, the air gap 7, the rail 8, the first core 4 and the first yoke 2 in sequence in the direction indicated by the arrow on the dashed frame in the figure, and return to the S pole of the permanent magnet 1, thereby forming a magnetic circuit 9 shown by the dashed frame in fig. 1.
According to the basic rule of magnetic circuit analysis, the calculation formula of the suspension force generated by the magnetic circuit of a single magnet is as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
representing the vacuum permeability, N the number of turns of the single coil winding,
which represents the current in the coil winding(s),
which represents the coercive force of the permanent magnet,
denotes the thickness of the permanent magnet, S denotes the polar area of the iron core,
the length of the air gap in suspension is shown,
which represents the relative permeability of the permanent magnet,
the pole area of the permanent magnet is shown. Specific design steps are given below in connection with equation (1).
(1) According to the technical scheme, in order to meet the safety requirement, when the air gap is minimum and the current is zero, the suspension force generated by the permanent magnet is smaller than the vehicle weight born by the hybrid magnet, namely:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
represents the minimum air gap, determined by the magnet structure;
indicating the number of closed magnetic circuits including permanent magnets;
indicating the weight of the vehicle borne by the individual magnets.
The above formula shows that the thickness and the polar area of the permanent magnet cannot be too large, otherwise, when the magnet attracts the track, the suspension force generated by the permanent magnet after the power supply is cut off is still larger than the self weight of the vehicle, the magnet cannot be separated from the track only by gravity, and certain potential safety hazards exist.
On the premise of satisfying the formula (2), the thickness or the polar area of the permanent magnet can be properly increased, so that the suspension force generated when the air gap is minimum and the current is zero is as close as possible to the vehicle weight borne by the hybrid magnet, the effect of the permanent magnet is exerted as much as possible, and the energy-saving effect is more remarkable. Therefore, the value of the suspension force provided by the permanent magnet when the temporary air gap is minimum and the current is zero is about
。
(2) On the premise of satisfying the formula (2), in order to provide more levitation force for the permanent magnet under the levitation condition, it should be ensured that the levitation force of the permanent magnet is insensitive to the change of the air gap, which has the effect that when the air gap changes from the minimum value to the rated value, the amplitude of the levitation force generated by the permanent magnet is not large, and a better energy-saving effect is achieved. Therefore, the levitation force generated by the permanent magnet under the rated air gap is compared with the levitation force generated by the permanent magnet under the condition that the air gap is minimum, and the ratio of the levitation force generated by the permanent magnet and the levitation force generated by the permanent magnet under the condition that the air gap is minimum is recorded as follows:
wherein the content of the first and second substances,
indicating the rated air gap value under the suspension condition. Due to the fact that
Is always true, therefore
Must be less than 1, i.e. the levitation force decreases with increasing air gap.
According to the designWhen designing the magnetic circuit of the permanent magnet, the thickness and the polar area of the permanent magnet should be optimally selected on the premise of satisfying the formula (2), so that
Is relatively large. According to the analysis of the formula (3),
is as follows
Is increased by increasing the thickness of the permanent magnet
Or reducing the polar area of the permanent magnet
All can increase
The value of (c).
Considering the analysis results of step (1) and step (2) together, when designing the magnetic circuit of the permanent magnet, the thickness of the permanent magnet should be increased, so that the generated magnetic circuit changes slowly with the air gap,
the value is large; meanwhile, the pole area of the permanent magnet is not too large, so that the situation that the suspension force generated by the permanent magnet exceeds the vehicle weight born by the hybrid magnet under the condition of minimum air gap is avoided, and potential safety hazards exist.
For a permanent electromagnetic hybrid magnet, the key of designing an electromagnetic circuit is to reasonably select the window area of an electromagnet winding, and the general principle of selection is as follows: (a) under the suspension working condition, the current density in the electromagnet winding is smaller than the critical current density of rapid heating of the winding material, and the electromagnet cannot rapidly heat; (b) under the floating working condition, the maximum current density in the electromagnet winding is smaller than the maximum value which can be borne by the winding material. The work can use the general design experience of the electromagnet for reference.
According to the method, the invention designs the structural embodiment of the full-magnetic-pole permanent-magnet electromagnetic hybrid magnet of the EMS type maglev train, as shown in figure 2. The permanent magnet and electromagnetic hybrid magnet of the embodiment comprises a permanent magnet 1, a first magnet yoke 2, a first coil 3, a first iron core 4, a second coil 5, a second iron core 6 and a second magnet yoke 10, wherein the first iron core 4 and the second iron core 6 are made of magnetic conductive materials, the first coil 3 is formed by winding the first iron core 4 through a conductive material wire, one end magnetic pole is formed by one first coil 3 and one first iron core 4, the second coil 5 is formed by winding the second iron core 6 through a conductive material wire, and one middle magnetic pole is formed by one second coil 5 and one second iron core 6.
In the embodiment, two end magnetic poles and six middle magnetic poles are arranged in a row; the permanent magnet 1 is of a rectangular structure, and a neodymium iron boron permanent magnet material can be selected generally, and the first magnet yoke 2 is positioned outside an S pole and an N pole of the permanent magnet 1 and is made of a magnetic conductive material such as soft iron generally; the first magnetic yoke 2 and the permanent magnet 1 are positioned between two adjacent magnetic poles, and the first magnetic yoke 2 is attached to the bottom of the magnetic poles, so that the shape of the first magnetic yoke 2 must be consistent with the shape of the permanent magnet 1 and the magnetic poles; the second magnetic yoke 10 is located between two adjacent magnetic poles and attached to the bottom of the magnetic poles.
As shown in fig. 2, in the magnetic circuit including the permanent magnets, the magnetic field directions of the two adjacent permanent magnets 1 are opposite to each other and the magnetic field directions of the two adjacent second coils 5 are also opposite to each other after the energization in order to form the closed magnetic circuit 9. In the magnetic circuit without the permanent magnet, in order to form the closed magnetic circuit 9, the magnetic fields of the first coil 3 (or the second coil 5) and the adjacent second coil 5 are opposite in direction after energization. Because the magnetic field direction of the electromagnetic coils is related to the winding direction of the coils and the current direction, the winding directions of the electromagnetic coils are the same, and the magnetic field directions of two adjacent electromagnetic coils are opposite by changing the connection mode of the positive pole and the negative pole of the electromagnetic coils.
As shown in fig. 2, in order to optimize the closed magnetic circuit 9, the width of the second core 6 is generally smaller than that of the first core 4, and the width of the second coil 5 is also smaller than that of the first coil 3.
As shown in fig. 2, the hybrid magnet of the EMS type maglev train of this embodiment has 8 magnetic poles, forming 7 closed magnetic circuits, wherein 3 magnetic circuits contain permanent magnets, and 4 magnetic circuits do not contain permanent magnets. Of course, the number of magnetic poles and the number of magnetic circuits including permanent magnets may be increased or decreased as necessary.
In another embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 3, the permanent-magnet electromagnetic hybrid magnet includes a permanent magnet 1 and a plurality of electromagnets arranged side by side; the magnetic poles of the electromagnet comprise iron cores and coils arranged outside the iron cores, the directions of magnetic fields between two adjacent magnetic poles are opposite, and the arrangement direction of the magnetic poles is vertical to the direction of the magnetic field at the centers of the magnetic poles; the permanent magnet 1 is arranged below the magnetic poles and positioned at the boundary of two adjacent magnetic poles, and the direction of a magnetic field in the permanent magnet 1 is vertical to the direction of a magnetic field at the center of the electromagnet; two adjacent magnetic poles and the permanent magnet 1 below the two adjacent magnetic poles form a closed magnetic circuit; the permanent magnet provides a magnetic force less than the train weight carried by the hybrid magnet when the air gap is at a minimum. The permanent magnet 1 is a bar magnet. In the case of a minimum air gap and zero current, the permanent magnet 1 provides a levitation force of 85-95% of the weight of the train borne by the hybrid magnet. The permanent magnet and electromagnetic hybrid magnet comprises a magnetic yoke arranged on the magnetic pole of the permanent magnet 1, and the magnetic yoke is attached to the lower surface of the iron core.
Specifically, mixed magnet of permanent magnetism electromagnetism is including setting up two tip magnetic poles at both ends and setting up 5 middle magnetic poles in the middle of, and tip magnetic pole and middle magnetic pole are linear arrangement, mixed magnet of permanent magnetism electromagnetism is still including setting up two permanent magnet 1 in middle magnetic pole one side. The mixed magnet of the EMS type maglev train of this embodiment has 7 magnetic poles, forms 6 closed magnetic circuits, wherein 2 magnetic circuits contain permanent magnet 1, and 4 magnetic circuits do not contain permanent magnet 1. Of course, the number of magnetic poles and the number of magnetic circuits including the permanent magnet 1 may be increased or decreased as necessary.
The technical features of the above embodiments can be arbitrarily combined, and for the sake of brevity, all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are not described, but should be considered as the scope of the present specification as long as there is no contradiction between the combinations of the technical features. The above examples only show some embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A design method of a permanent magnet and electromagnetic hybrid magnet is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s10, calculating the thickness and the pole area of the permanent magnet to enable the levitation force generated by the permanent magnet to be smaller than the weight of the train borne by the mixed magnet and to change slowly along with the air gap;
the calculation formula of the levitation force generated by the single closed magnetic circuit containing the permanent magnet of the permanent magnet electromagnetic hybrid magnet in S10 is as follows:
wherein, mu0Denotes the vacuum permeability, N denotes the number of turns of a single coil winding, i denotes the current in the coil winding, HcRepresents the coercive force of a permanent magnet, deltamDenotes the thickness of the permanent magnet, S denotes the pole area of the core, delta denotes the length of the levitation air gap, mumDenotes the relative permeability, S, of the permanent magnetmRepresents the pole area of the permanent magnet;
in S10, under the condition of minimum air gap and zero current, the levitation force generated by the permanent magnet should be less than the vehicle weight borne by the permanent-magnet electromagnetic hybrid magnet, that is, there are:
wherein, deltaminRepresents the minimum air gap, determined by the magnet structure; num represents the number of closed magnetic circuits including permanent magnets; gcheRepresenting the weight of the vehicle borne by a single magnet;
s10 further includes:
s11. the suspension force provided by the permanent magnet is equal to 0.9GcheWhile, the thickness delta of the permanent magnet is calculatedmAnd the polar area S of the permanent magnetm(ii) a After S11, the method further comprises:
s12, comparing the suspension force generated by the permanent magnet under the rated air gap and the minimum air gap, and recording the ratio of the suspension force to the suspension force as kFOptimally selecting the thickness and the polar area of the permanent magnet so that k isFIs relatively large.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising, after S10:
s20, optimizing the window area of the electromagnet, so that the suspension force generated by the whole hybrid magnet is rapidly adjusted along with the current change, and the requirement of the dynamic performance of a suspension system is met.
3. The method for designing a permanent-magnet/electromagnetic hybrid magnet according to claim 2, further comprising, after S20:
s30, calculating the current density in the electromagnet winding to enable the value to be within the range which can be borne by the material, and avoiding overheating of the electromagnet winding.
4. A permanent-magnet-electromagnetic hybrid magnet, comprising a permanent magnet and a plurality of electromagnets arranged side by side, wherein the parameters of the permanent magnet and the electromagnets are calculated according to the design method of the permanent-magnet-electromagnetic hybrid magnet according to any one of claims 1 to 3.
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Inventor after: Zhou Wenwu Inventor after: Zhang Pingyang Inventor after: Xiao Li Inventor after: Liu Hengkun Inventor before: Cheng Hu Inventor before: Zhou Wenwu Inventor before: Zhang Pingyang Inventor before: Xiao Li Inventor before: Liu Hengkun |
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