CN112151218A - CORC superconducting cable electrifying conductor - Google Patents
CORC superconducting cable electrifying conductor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN112151218A CN112151218A CN202010922167.9A CN202010922167A CN112151218A CN 112151218 A CN112151218 A CN 112151218A CN 202010922167 A CN202010922167 A CN 202010922167A CN 112151218 A CN112151218 A CN 112151218A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- superconducting
- corc
- layer
- metal
- carrying conductor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
- H01B12/02—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by their form
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment
Landscapes
- Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a power-on conductor of a CORC superconducting cable, which comprises: metal tubes and superconductors; the superconductor is wound on the metal tube layer by layer; the metal pipe comprises an inner layer and an outer layer, wherein the inner layer and the outer layer are connected through a framework, and the inner layer and the outer layer are respectively subjected to gridding treatment. The invention can reduce the eddy current loss of the metal tube under the alternating magnetic field.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of electrified conductors, in particular to a CORC superconducting cable electrified conductor.
Background
Compared with the conventional power cable, the superconducting cable has the advantages of low alternating current loss, strong current capacity, compact structure, smaller size and the like. The superconducting cable has very important significance for the high-power and long-distance transmission of electric energy of a future power system. Compared with a low temperature superconducting tape (LTS), the performance of the second generation high temperature superconducting tape (HTS) is excellent, and the current carrying capacity is strong, so that the HTS is most likely to be a candidate material in power grid application.
The development of high-strength high-temperature superconducting cables is hindered by mechanical limitations such as high aspect ratio and planar shape of the superconducting tapes and by characteristics such as anisotropy under the action of an external magnetic field. Compared with a single superconducting strip, the high-temperature superconducting complex structure model has obvious advantages in structure, stronger current carrying capacity, higher flexibility, stronger mechanical stress and the like. At present, the structures of domestic and foreign high-temperature superconducting cables mainly comprise high-temperature superconducting round core cables (CORC), Roebel coated conductor cables (RACCs) and twisted stacked ribbon cables (TSTCs)
The CORC conductor is formed by spirally winding a high-temperature superconducting coated conductor on a flexible metal pipe in multiple layers, wherein the spiral winding angle is 45 degrees, so that the alternating current loss can be reduced. Meanwhile, the space in the metal tube is used as a flow pipeline of low-temperature coolant, which is beneficial to the heat dissipation of the superconductor. Because the CORC cable is only composed of the flexible metal core and the superconducting tapes, the high-temperature superconducting round core cable (CORC) has high mechanical flexibility, a compact structure, high current-carrying capacity and the like.
The metal tube serves as the main component of the cable for supporting the high temperature superconducting conductor. In the case of metal tubes, the eddy currents generated by the metal tubes under the action of the ac electromagnetic field are not negligible, which results in additional ac losses in power applications. The ac magnetization loss of a CORC cable is mainly composed of two parts: magnetization losses in the superconducting tape and eddy current losses in the metal tube, which are important components of the total ac losses.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a power-on conductor of a CORC superconducting cable, which can reduce the eddy current loss of a metal pipe under an alternating magnetic field.
A CORC superconducting cable energization conductor comprising:
a metal tube support frame and a superconductor;
the superconductor is wound on the metal tube support frame layer by layer;
the metal tube support frame comprises an inner layer and an outer layer, wherein the inner layer is connected with the outer layer through a framework, and the inner layer and the outer layer are respectively subjected to gridding treatment.
The superconductor is made of high-temperature superconducting material.
The high-temperature superconducting material is a superconducting tape based on bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, yttrium barium copper oxide and an iron-based high-temperature superconductor.
The superconducting tape is 2 layers, each layer comprising: 3 superconducting tapes; the superconducting tapes on each layer are sequentially wound on the metal pipe supporting frame at an angle of 45 degrees, and the winding directions of the adjacent two layers of superconducting tapes are opposite.
The inner layer and the outer layer are respectively subjected to gridding treatment, and the gridding treatment specifically comprises the following steps: grooves are formed in the inner layer and the outer layer along the axial direction; the thickness of the groove makes the inner layer and the outer layer open.
The gridding is realized by using laser etching, chemical etching and mechanical cutting.
The shape and the number of the grooves and the thickness of the metal pipe support frame are determined according to mechanical stress to be endured by the metal pipe support frame;
the outer diameter of the outer layer is experimentally determined from the degradation of the critical current of the superconductor.
The positions of the grooves of the inner layer and the outer layer correspond.
The metal tube support frame is composed of metal or metal alloy.
The metal includes: stainless steel, or copper, or aluminum.
In the invention, the metal pipe support frames are made into two layers, the middle of the two layers are connected by a framework, and the metal pipe support frames of each layer are respectively gridded. The eddy current path of a part of eddy current can be blocked and/or the generation of a large loop eddy current path can be reduced, so that the eddy current loss of the metal pipe support frame under the alternating magnetic field is reduced.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view showing a configuration of a current-carrying conductor of a CORC superconducting cable according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the metal tube support frame of the present invention after meshing the inner and outer layers.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and detailed description.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a CORC superconducting cable electrified conductor according to the invention after meshing an inner layer and an outer layer of a metal pipe support frame; FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the metal tube support frame of the present invention after meshing the inner and outer layers. This is described below in conjunction with fig. 1 and 2.
As shown, a CORC superconducting cable current carrying conductor includes:
a metal tube support frame 2 and a superconductor 3;
the superconductor 3 is wound on the metal tube support frame 2 layer by layer;
the metal pipe support frame 2 comprises an inner layer 21 and an outer layer 22, wherein the inner layer 21 is connected with the outer layer 22 through a framework, and the inner layer 21 and the outer layer 22 are respectively subjected to gridding treatment.
The superconductor 3 is made of a high-temperature superconducting material.
The high-temperature superconducting material is a superconducting tape based on bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, yttrium barium copper oxide and an iron-based high-temperature superconductor.
The superconducting tape is 2 layers, each layer comprising: 3 superconducting tapes; the superconducting tapes on each layer are sequentially wound on the metal pipe supporting frame at an angle of 45 degrees, and the winding directions of the adjacent two layers of superconducting tapes are opposite.
The inner layer 21 and the outer layer 22 are respectively subjected to gridding treatment, specifically: grooves are formed in the inner layer and the outer layer along the axial direction; the thickness of the groove makes the inner layer and the outer layer open.
The gridding is realized by using laser etching, chemical etching and mechanical cutting.
The shape and the number of the grooves and the thickness of the metal pipe support frame are determined according to mechanical stress to be endured by the metal pipe support frame;
the outer diameter of the outer layer 22 is experimentally determined from the degradation of the superconductor critical current.
The positions of the grooves of the inner layer 21 and the outer layer 22 correspond.
The metal tube support frame is composed of metal or metal alloy.
The metal includes: stainless steel, or copper, or aluminum.
The following describes an application scenario of the present invention. The invention can improve the supporting force of the central metal pipe supporting frame and reduce the total alternating current loss of the CORC superconducting cable. The existing structure of the CORC superconducting cable is fully utilized, and under the condition of ensuring the supporting capability and mechanical stress of the CORC superconducting cable, the inner layer metal pipe and the outer layer metal pipe are meshed by reforming the shape of the metal pipe supporting frame, so that the alternating current loss of the CORC superconducting cable is reduced.
The term "gridding" as used herein refers to etching or cutting a plurality of grooves into the inner layer and the outer layer of the metal tube support frame along the axial direction by using laser etching, chemical etching, mechanical cutting, and the like. The shape and number of the grooves are determined according to the mechanical stress of the metal tube actually required. The positions of the grooves of the metal pipes on the inner layer and the outer layer need to be corresponding, because the inner layer and the outer layer are connected through the framework.
The CORC superconducting cable electrified conductor is formed by winding a superconductor, a metal pipe and other structures layer by layer according to certain requirements.
The superconductor is made of high-temperature superconducting materials, and comprises superconducting tapes based on bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, yttrium barium copper oxide, iron-based high-temperature superconductors and the like, and is used for transmitting current. The superconducting tapes of the cable are wound on the framework at an angle of 45 degrees, and the winding directions of two adjacent layers are opposite.
The metal pipe can be used as a central support structure and can be made of metals such as stainless steel, copper, aluminum and the like, and can also be made of metal alloy. The metal pipe is divided into two layers, an inner layer and an outer layer, and the middle is connected by a framework. And meshing the inner layer and the outer layer. The outer diameter of the outer pipe of the metal pipe needs to be determined experimentally according to the degradation of the critical current of the superconductor. When the outer diameter is larger than 5mm, the critical current is not degraded. Therefore, the outer diameter should preferably be larger than 5 mm. The thickness of the metal tube needs to be determined according to the mechanical stress it withstands, and calculating the thickness of the metal tube, the connection skeleton between the two layers, is common knowledge of a person skilled in the art of electrical engineering. The hollow part of the metal tube is a low-temperature coolant channel used for transmitting low-temperature coolant, and the coolant is liquid nitrogen generally used.
As shown in the figure, the power conductor of the CORC superconducting cable comprises a metal pipe support frame 2 and a power superconductor 3. For completeness, the figure also shows an inner flow channel 1 and an outer flow channel 4, with low ac losses and high support forces.
The metal tube support frame 2 is made of a metal tube, the outer layer and the inner layer of the metal tube are meshed, a laser etching method or a mechanical cutting method can be adopted, and the inner layer and the outer layer of the metal tube are required to be punched through by the thickness of the groove. The hollow part of the support frame 2 provides a refrigerant channel 1, generally as a channel for the inflow of refrigerant.
The electrified conductor 3 is made of high-temperature superconducting materials, including but not limited to bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, yttrium barium copper oxide, iron-based high-temperature superconductor and other based superconducting tapes for transmitting current. The superconducting tapes of the cable are 2 layers in total, and each layer is provided with 3 superconducting tapes. The superconducting tapes of each layer are sequentially wound on the framework at an angle of 45 degrees, and the winding directions of the adjacent two layers of superconducting tapes are opposite.
As shown in fig. 2, the thickness of the outer layer 21 and the inner layer 22 of the metal pipe is 0.6mm, and considering that the bending degree of the superconducting tape affects the degradation of critical current and practical engineering reasons, the size of the metal pipe is selected as follows: the outer diameter of the outer layer metal pipe is 6.4mm, the inner diameter is 5.2mm, the wall thickness is 0.6mm, the outer diameter of the inner layer metal pipe is 2.4mm, the inner diameter is 1.2mm, and the wall thickness is 0.6mm.
The thickness of the inner layer of connecting framework 23 and the outer layer of connecting framework 23 is 0.2mm, the connecting frameworks are 12 and distributed at equal intervals, and the existence of the connecting frameworks improves the supporting force of the metal pipe.
The width of the grooves 24 in the metal pipe at the outermost layer is 1.47mm, the length is 2.3mm, the thickness is 0.6mm, the number is 12, and the grooves are uniformly and symmetrically distributed on the metal pipes at the inner layer and the outer layer along the axial direction. This reduces the flow path of the vortex and also increases its supporting force. The metal pipe is used as a mechanical support, the inner layer and the outer layer of the metal pipe are communicated by the groove, and the cooling agent directly contacts the superconducting tape, so that the heat dissipation of the superconducting conductor is greatly increased. The inner space is communicated with the outflow space, when the outflow space is filled with low-temperature coolant, the thin-layer space is also filled with the low-temperature coolant, and the low-temperature coolant can be in closed circulation or open-loop flow in the inner space and the outer space. Thus, the superconductor dissipates heat more quickly because of the presence of cryogenic coolant on both sides of the intermediate phase.
In the design process of the CORC cable, the stress state of the superconducting tape, the alternating current loss of the CORC cable and the heat dissipation capacity of the superconducting tape are influenced by the selection and the design of the metal pipe. The invention provides a design of a metal core tube in the center of a CORC cable. A scheme for reducing the AC loss of metal tubes and enhancing the supporting force of the metal tubes is characterized in that the metal tubes are made into two layers, the middle of each layer is connected with a framework, and the metal tubes of each layer are respectively gridded.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
firstly, a part of eddy current flowing path is blocked and/or the generation of large loop eddy current path is reduced, thereby reducing the eddy current loss of the metal pipe under the alternating magnetic field; secondly, the supporting force is improved compared with that of a single-layer metal pipe; and thirdly, the contact area between the coolant and the strip is greatly increased, and heat dissipation is facilitated.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A CORC superconducting cable current carrying conductor, comprising:
a metal tube support frame and a superconductor;
the superconductor is wound on the metal tube support frame layer by layer;
the metal tube support frame comprises an inner layer and an outer layer, wherein the inner layer is connected with the outer layer through a framework, and the inner layer and the outer layer are respectively subjected to gridding treatment.
2. A superconducting CORC cable current-carrying conductor according to claim 1, wherein the superconductor is made of a high temperature superconducting material.
3. A superconducting CORC cable current-carrying conductor according to claim 2, characterized in that said high-temperature superconducting material is a superconducting tape based on bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide, yttrium barium copper oxide, iron-based high-temperature superconductor.
4. A CORC superconducting cable current carrying conductor according to claim 3,
the superconducting tape is 2 layers, each layer comprising: 3 superconducting tapes; the superconducting tapes on each layer are sequentially wound on the metal pipe supporting frame at an angle of 45 degrees, and the winding directions of the adjacent two layers of superconducting tapes are opposite.
5. A CORC superconducting cable current-carrying conductor according to claim 1, wherein the inner and outer layers are respectively gridded, specifically: grooves are formed in the inner layer and the outer layer along the axial direction; the thickness of the groove makes the inner layer and the outer layer open.
6. A CORC superconducting cable current-carrying conductor according to claim 5, wherein said gridding is achieved using laser etching, chemical etching, mechanical cutting.
7. A CORC superconducting cable current carrying conductor according to claim 5,
the shape and the number of the grooves and the thickness of the metal pipe support frame are determined according to mechanical stress to be endured by the metal pipe support frame;
the outer diameter of the outer layer is experimentally determined from the degradation of the critical current of the superconductor.
8. A CORC superconducting cable current carrying conductor according to claim 5, wherein the grooves of said inner and outer layers correspond in position.
9. A CORC superconducting cable current carrying conductor according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal tube support frame is composed of a metal or a metal alloy.
10. A CORC superconducting cable current carrying conductor according to claim 9, characterized in that the metal comprises: stainless steel, or copper, or aluminum.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010922167.9A CN112151218B (en) | 2020-09-04 | 2020-09-04 | CORC superconducting cable electrifying conductor |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010922167.9A CN112151218B (en) | 2020-09-04 | 2020-09-04 | CORC superconducting cable electrifying conductor |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN112151218A true CN112151218A (en) | 2020-12-29 |
| CN112151218B CN112151218B (en) | 2021-11-30 |
Family
ID=73890536
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202010922167.9A Active CN112151218B (en) | 2020-09-04 | 2020-09-04 | CORC superconducting cable electrifying conductor |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN112151218B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116110676A (en) * | 2023-03-08 | 2023-05-12 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Magnet structure based on high-temperature superconductive CORC cable |
Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0011267A1 (en) * | 1978-11-13 | 1980-05-28 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Superconductive electromagnet apparatus |
| US4365175A (en) * | 1980-09-29 | 1982-12-21 | Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. | Fast starting cold shield cooling circuit for superconducting generators |
| CN1950639A (en) * | 2004-12-01 | 2007-04-18 | 住友电气工业株式会社 | Vacuum heat insulation tube |
| CN102737806A (en) * | 2012-06-11 | 2012-10-17 | 华中科技大学 | Structure for conducting and cooling high-temperature superconducting magnet |
| CN102866370A (en) * | 2011-07-06 | 2013-01-09 | 西门子(深圳)磁共振有限公司 | Superconducting magnet device and magnetic resonance imaging system |
| WO2015006350A2 (en) * | 2013-07-09 | 2015-01-15 | Advanced Conductor Technologies Llc | Multiphase coaxial superconducting cables and corc degaussing system |
| CN107799264A (en) * | 2016-09-07 | 2018-03-13 | 中国电力科学研究院 | A kind of fixed mount of high-temperature superconducting magnet |
| CN108447616A (en) * | 2018-03-07 | 2018-08-24 | 北京原力辰超导技术有限公司 | A kind of winding method of high-temperature superconductive cable |
| CN108463017A (en) * | 2018-04-25 | 2018-08-28 | 威海纳百川新材料科技有限公司 | A kind of high-temperature electromagnetic induction heating apparatus |
| CN209487165U (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2019-10-11 | 深圳供电局有限公司 | A kind of cryogenic liquid forced cooling cable structure |
-
2020
- 2020-09-04 CN CN202010922167.9A patent/CN112151218B/en active Active
Patent Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0011267A1 (en) * | 1978-11-13 | 1980-05-28 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Superconductive electromagnet apparatus |
| US4365175A (en) * | 1980-09-29 | 1982-12-21 | Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. | Fast starting cold shield cooling circuit for superconducting generators |
| CN1950639A (en) * | 2004-12-01 | 2007-04-18 | 住友电气工业株式会社 | Vacuum heat insulation tube |
| CN102866370A (en) * | 2011-07-06 | 2013-01-09 | 西门子(深圳)磁共振有限公司 | Superconducting magnet device and magnetic resonance imaging system |
| CN102737806A (en) * | 2012-06-11 | 2012-10-17 | 华中科技大学 | Structure for conducting and cooling high-temperature superconducting magnet |
| WO2015006350A2 (en) * | 2013-07-09 | 2015-01-15 | Advanced Conductor Technologies Llc | Multiphase coaxial superconducting cables and corc degaussing system |
| CN107799264A (en) * | 2016-09-07 | 2018-03-13 | 中国电力科学研究院 | A kind of fixed mount of high-temperature superconducting magnet |
| CN108447616A (en) * | 2018-03-07 | 2018-08-24 | 北京原力辰超导技术有限公司 | A kind of winding method of high-temperature superconductive cable |
| CN108463017A (en) * | 2018-04-25 | 2018-08-28 | 威海纳百川新材料科技有限公司 | A kind of high-temperature electromagnetic induction heating apparatus |
| CN209487165U (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2019-10-11 | 深圳供电局有限公司 | A kind of cryogenic liquid forced cooling cable structure |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 程锦闽: "交流高温超导电缆构型研究综述", 《知网》 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116110676A (en) * | 2023-03-08 | 2023-05-12 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Magnet structure based on high-temperature superconductive CORC cable |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN112151218B (en) | 2021-11-30 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| KR100706494B1 (en) | Superconducting cable | |
| CN102005267A (en) | Superconducting power transmission cable and power transmission system | |
| EP2487691A1 (en) | Superconductor cable and ac power transmission cable | |
| KR20060076782A (en) | Super-conductive cable operation method and super-conductive cable system | |
| CN112151218B (en) | CORC superconducting cable electrifying conductor | |
| JP5115778B2 (en) | Superconducting cable | |
| CN107799226B (en) | Internal cooling high-temperature superconducting composite conductor | |
| KR20040067954A (en) | Superconducting cable | |
| JPS5912004B2 (en) | Quasi-superconducting coil | |
| JP3541123B2 (en) | Superconducting current lead | |
| JP5397994B2 (en) | Superconducting cable | |
| CN218159772U (en) | High-temperature superconducting CICC conductor based on multilayer cladding stranded wires | |
| CN113571253B (en) | Multi-slot superconducting cable with improved CORC round core conductor | |
| Funaki et al. | Recent activities for applications to HTS transformers in Japan | |
| JP2002056729A (en) | Superconducting cable line | |
| CN113363010A (en) | Stepped high-temperature superconducting CICC conductor with high current carrying capacity | |
| Champailler et al. | Experiments of bending strain on reduced-scale HTS conductors for fusion energy reactors | |
| CN113113185B (en) | High-temperature superconducting cable structure | |
| Kumakura et al. | Conduction-cooled Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox (Bi-2223) magnet for magnetic separation | |
| CN112435799A (en) | Three-phase coaxial superconducting cable current-carrying conductor cooling structure and superconducting cable current-carrying conductor | |
| CN112908554B (en) | Small bending radius low-loss flexible support superconducting cable for superconducting magnet | |
| CN113077934B (en) | Compact superconducting cable supporting structure, preparation method and superconducting cable | |
| JPH0314217B2 (en) | ||
| JP2012174403A (en) | Normal temperature insulating type superconducting cable and method for manufacturing the same | |
| KR100854733B1 (en) | Superconducting Coil |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |